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(1) Bradley LA, McKendree-Smith NL, Alarcon GS, Cianfrini LR. Is fibromyalgia a neurologic
disease? Curr Pain Headache Rep 2002; 6( 2):106-114.
Abstract: Fibromyalgia (FM) is characterized by abnormal pain sensitivity in
response to diverse stimuli as well as persistent widespread pain and other
symptoms such as fatigue and sleep disturbance. Progress has been made in
identifying factors that contribute to the etiopathogenesis of abnormal pain
sensitivity, but there is no single model of pathophysiology or treatment of
FM that has gained wide acceptance among health care professionals. We
review the literature on the etiopathogenesis of abnormal pain sensitivity
in FM and describe an explanatory model that serves as a source of testable
hypotheses in our laboratory. This model posits that interactions of
exogenous (eg, environmental stressors) and endogenous (eg, neuroendocrine
dysfunction) abnormalities in genetically predisposed individuals lead to a
final common pathway, ie, alterations in central nervous system function and
neuropeptide production that underlie central sensitization and abnormal
pain sensitivity. This model also suggests that efforts to develop and
evaluate treatments for FM should focus on interventions with direct or
indirect effects on central functions that influence pain sensitivity
(2) Martinez-Lavin
M, Vidal M, Barbosa RE, Pineda C, Casanova JM, Nava A. Norepinephrine-evoked
pain in fibromyalgia. A randomized pilot study [ISRCTN70707830]. BMC
Musculoskelet Disord 2002; 3(1):2.
Abstract: BACKGROUND: Fibromyalgia syndrome displays sympathetically
maintained pain features such as frequent post-traumatic onset and stimuli-
independent pain accompanied by allodynia and paresthesias. Heart rate
variability studies showed that fibromyalgia patients have changes
consistent with ongoing sympathetic hyperactivity. Norepinephrine- evoked
pain test is used to assess sympathetically maintained pain syndromes. Our
objective was to define if fibromyalgia patients have norepinephrine-evoked
pain. METHODS: Prospective double blind controlled study. Participants:
Twenty FM patients, and two age/sex matched control groups; 20 rheumatoid
arthritis patients and 20 healthy controls. Ten micrograms of norepinephrine
diluted in 0.1 ml of saline solution were injected in a forearm. The
contrasting substance, 0.1 ml of saline solution alone, was injected in the
opposite forearm. Maximum local pain elicited during the 5 minutes
post-injection was graded on a visual analog scale (VAS). Norepinephrine-evoked
pain was diagnosed when norepinephrine injection induced greater pain than
placebo injection. Intensity of norepinephrine-evoked pain was calculated as
the difference between norepinephrine minus placebo-induced VAS scores.
RESULTS: Norepinephrine-evoked pain was seen in 80 % of FM patients (95%
confidence intervals 56.3 -- 94.3%), in 30 % of rheumatoid arthritis
patients and in 30 % of healthy controls (95% confidence intervals 11.9 --
54.3) (p < 0.05). Intensity of norepinephrine-evoked pain was greater in FM
patients (mean plus minus SD 2.5 plus minus 2.5) when compared to rheumatoid
arthritis patients (0.3 plus minus 0.7), and healthy controls (0.3 plus
minus 0.8) p < 0.0001. CONCLUSIONS: Fibromyalgia patients have
norepinephrine-evoked pain. This finding supports the hypothesis that
fibromyalgia may be a sympathetically maintained pain syndrome
(3) von WD. Use
of mindfulness meditation for fibromyalgia. Am Fam Physician 2002;
65(3):380, 384.
(4) Ostuni P,
Botsios C, Sfriso P, Punzi L, Chieco-Bianchi F, Semerano L et al.
Fibromyalgia in Italian patients with primary Sjogren's syndrome . Joint
Bone Spine 2002; 69(1):51-57.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To assess the prevalence of fibromyalgia in primary
Sjogren's syndrome and to evaluate the clinical differences between patients
affected with both primary fibromyalgia and primary Sjogren's syndrome and
those affected only with primary fibromyalgia. METHODS: Clinical features of
fibromyalgia were evaluated in 100 consecutive outpatients with primary
Sjogren's syndrome and, as controls, in 90 patients with
non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, in 75 patients with primary
fibromyalgia and in 30 healthy subjects. RESULTS: Fibromyalgia was recorded
in 22% of patients with primary Sjogren's syndrome, in 12.2% with diabetes
and in 3.3% of healthy controls. In the primary Sjogren's syndrome group the
prevalence was significantly higher than in healthy controls (P < 0.01), but
not significantly different than in diabetes. Moreover, primary Sjogren's
syndrome with fibromyalgia and primary fibromyalgia patients did not differ
with respect to the number of tender points, while the mean pain threshold
was lower in the latter (P = 0.05). Purpura, hypergammaglobulinemia,
rheumatoid factor, and a focus score > or = 1 on lip biopsy were
significantly more frequent in primary Sjogren's syndrome patients without
than with fibromyalgia. CONCLUSIONS: As recently reported by other authors,
our study confirms the moderate increase of fibromyalgia prevalence in
primary Sjogren's syndrome. Typical fibromyalgic findings are quite similar
to those of primary fibromyalgia, but surprisingly, primary Sjogren's
syndrome patients with fibromyalgia show a less severe global involvement
than those with primary Sjogren's syndrome alone
(5) Karper WB,
Hopewell R, Hodge M. Exercise program effects on women with fibromyalgia
syndrome. Clin Nurse Spec 2001; 15(2):67-73.
Abstract: The purpose of this study (evaluation) was to examine the effects
of an exercise program on 13 women with physician-diagnosed fibromyalgia
syndrome (FMS). Participants engaged in exercise for 60 minutes each
session. Group 1 (N=7) was in a 3-day-per-week program for 12 months, and
group 2 (N= 6) was in a 3-day-per-week program for six months. Group 3 (N=
3) consisted of three participants from Group 1 who participated for six
additional months past the 12-month period (total-- 18 months). Group 3
attended five sessions per week during the six additional months. All
participants engaged in aerobic and resistance training. Information was
collected on physical fitness, psychosocial, and FMS symptom variables. A
majority of the participants appeared to experience a positive outcome on
numerous measures of physical fitness, psychosocial factors, and FMS
symptoms. Interview data support results. The 13 participants gained various
benefits from the exercise program and functioned the same or better outside
of the program. Implications for advising FMS patients relative to exercise
are given for clinical nurse specialists
(6) Raak R,
Wahren LK. Background pain in fibromyalgia patients affecting clinical
examination of the skin. J Clin Nurs 2002; 11(1):58-64.
Abstract: The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship
between on-going pain and acute thermal pain in patients suffering from
chronic pain. This experimental study in cold and heat sensitivity was
performed in order to test the following hypothesis: that fibromyalgia
patients scoring high in current background pain tolerate less experimental
thermal pain in the skin than patients with low scores. Ethical aspects of
the study are discussed. The level of tolerable experimental thermal stimuli
was tested and compared between the 'low- score' and the 'high-score'
patients. Background pain seemed to affect the intensity of experimental
cold pain. Clinical routine examinations and bodily care of the skin that
might interfere with background pain in the fibromyalgia patients are
discussed. Clinical practice should be carefully planned in order to assist
fibromyalgia patients in understanding and coping with thermal conditions
that might influence background pain
(7) Gur A,
Karakoc M, Nas K, Cevik R, Sarac J, Demir E. Efficacy of Low Power Laser
Therapy in Fibromyalgia: A Single-blind, Placebo-controlled Trial. Lasers
Med Sci 2002; 17(1):57-61.
Abstract: Low energy lasers are widely used to treat a variety of
musculoskeletal conditions including fibromyalgia, despite the lack of
scientific evidence to support its efficacy. A randomised, single-blind,
placebo- controlled study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of
low-energy laser therapy in 40 female patients with fibromyalgia. Patients
with fibromyalgia were randomly allocated to active (Ga-As) laser or placebo
laser treatment daily for two weeks except weekends. Both the laser and
placebo laser groups were evaluated for the improvement in pain, number of
tender points, skinfold tenderness, stiffness, sleep disturbance, fatigue,
and muscular spasm. In both groups, significant improvements were achieved
in all parameters (p<0.05) except sleep disturbance, fatigue and skinfold
tenderness in the placebo laser group (p>0.05). It was found that there was
no significant difference between the two groups with respect to all
parameters before therapy whereas a significant difference was observed in
parameters as pain, muscle spasm, morning stiffness and tender point numbers
in favour of laser group after therapy (p<0.05). None of the participants
reported any side effects. Our study suggests that laser therapy is
effective on pain, muscle spasm, morning stiffness, and total tender point
number in fibromyalgia and suggests that this therapy method is a safe and
effective way of treatment in the cases with fibromyalgia
(8) Schlienger JL,
Perrin AE, Grunenberger F, Goichot B. [Hormonal perturbations in
fibromyalgia]. Ann Endocrinol (Paris) 2001; 62(6):542-548.
Abstract: Fibromyalgia is a syndrome characterized by chronic
musculoskeletal pain and fatigue without biological detectable disturbances.
The mechanisms of this disease are unknown. It has been postulated that it
can be the consequence of a chronic stress mediated mainly through the
hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis and the sympathetic nervous system. These
fields have been extensively studied. Results were scattered and non
convincing. A reduction of growth hormone and IGF-1 levels decribed in a
third of patients has led to a double blind random clinical trial with
biogenetic growth hormone. Results were equivocal . Other hormonal systems
are grossly normals and circadian rythms are unaltered. Despite some
arguments in favour of a CRH neurons hyperactivity, these results are not
able to consolide a particular physiopathological mechanism and to argument
for a new therapeutic approach. Many of the abnormalies may be the
consequence of psychological disturbances
(9) Valim V,
Oliveira LM, Suda AL, Silva LE, Faro M, Neto TL et al. Peak oxygen uptake
and ventilatory anaerobic threshold in fibromyalgia. J Rheumatol 2002;
29(2):353-357.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To compare maximum oxygen uptake and anaerobic
threshold in patients with fibromyalgia (FM) and healthy sedentary controls
matched by sex, age, weight, and body mass index. METHODS: Fifty women with
FM aged 18-60 years and 50 healthy sedentary controls were studied. All were
submitted to a maximum treadmill incremental test. Expired gas, ventilatory
anaerobic threshold, and maximum oxygen uptake (VO2max) were evaluated. The
influence of FM on quality of life was evaluated by questionnaires: the
Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire and the Medical Outcomes Study Short-Form
(SF-36). RESULTS: In patients with FM, the anaerobic threshold and peak
oxygen uptake were significantly reduced. Maximum heartbeat rate was
significantly lower in FM, indicating submaximum effort. Linear regression
data showed a correlation between peak VO2 and the "Role-physical" domain of
the SF-36. No such correlations were noted with anaerobic threshold.
CONCLUSION: These results confirm the hypothesis of lower physical fitness
in patients with FM. Considering that patients with FM do not achieve a
maximum effort, ventilatory anaerobic threshold should be considered as a
better fitness index than VO2max
(10) Staud R.
Somatization does not fit all fibromyalgia patients: Comment on the article
by Winfield. Arthritis Rheum 2002; 46(2):564-565.
(11) Wassem R,
McDonald M, Racine J. Fibromyalgia: patient perspectives on symptoms,
symptom management, and provider utilization. Clin Nurse Spec 2002;
16(1):24-28.
Abstract: Two surveys of individuals with fibromyalgia were conducted to
assess the frequency and prevalence of symptoms (N = 99) as well as
healthcare providers, medications, and self-care activities used to manage
one's fibromyalgia (N = 54). The pervasiveness of symptoms was striking,
with 24 various symptoms ranging from cognitive to intestinal problems
occurring in at least 75% of the respondents. Significant correlations were
present between health status and both physical (P = .002) and psychological
(P =.008) symptoms. There was also a significant correlation between the
total number of symptoms and the degree of life disruption attributed to
fibromyalgia (P =.015). A variety of healthcare professionals were seen,
with internists, family physicians, and rheumatologist most frequently used.
Although at least 80% of the respondents reported difficulty with anxiety,
confusion, irritability, depression, and cognitive difficulties, less than
10% of the respondents reported seeing a psychiatrist. Most frequently used
medications were: amitriptyline, (fluoxetine HCl) Prozac, ibuprofen
(Motrin), sertraline HCI (Zoloft), and zolpidem (Ambein). Self-care
activities used with the most success were walking, stretching, and
exercising. These studies indicate the need for more research and support
for healthcare providers as well as patients with fibromyalgia
(12) Holman AJ. Is
hypermobility a factor in fibromyalgia? J Rheumatol 2002; 29(2):396-398.
(13) Klein R, Berg
PA. Diagnostic relevance of antibodies to serotonin and phospholipids in
fibromyalgia syndrome. J Rheumatol 2002; 29(2):395-396.
(14) Gur A,
Karakoc M, Nas K, Remzi, Cevik, Denli A et al. Cytokines and depression in
cases with fibromyalgia. J Rheumatol 2002; 29(2):358-361.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: Fibromyalgia (FM) is a chronic, painful musculoskeletal
disorder characterized by widespread pain, pressure, hyperalgesia, morning
stiffness, and an increased incidence of depressive symptoms. The etiology,
however, has remained elusive. The aim of the present study was to examine
the inflammatory response system in FM and to investigate the effect of
depression level on serum cytokines. METHODS: Serum interleukin-1 (IL-I),
IL-2 receptor (IL-2r), IL-6, and IL-8 and the Hamilton Depression Rating
Scale (HDRS) score were determined in 32 healthy volunteers and in 81
patients with FM, classified according to the American College of
Rheumatology criteria. RESULTS: In our study, serum IL-1 and IL-6 were not
statistically significant, but serum IL-8, IL2r, and HDRS score were
significantly higher in patients with FM than the control group (p < 0.01).
In addition, in patients with FM, IL-8 was found to be related to pain
intensity (r = 0.35; p < 0.01). CONCLUSION: IL-8 may play an important role
in the occurrence of pain in FM
(15) Paulson M,
Danielson E, Soderberg S. Struggling for a tolerable existence: the meaning
of men's lived experiences of living with pain of fibromyalgia type. Qual
Health Res 2002; 12(2):238-249.
Abstract: Chronic pain is a major health problem in Sweden because of its
consequences in daily life. Fourteen men with fibromyalgia-type pain were
interviewed regarding their experiences. A phenomenological hermeneutic
method was used to interpret the transcribed interviews. Three major themes
emerged: experiencing the body as an obstruction, being a different man, and
striving to endure. Overall, the meaning of men's lived experience of
chronic pain was experienced as change in the body, self, and relationships.
Striving to live life required achieving balance during both calm and
difficult phases of the illness-- struggling for a tolerable existence.
Information from this study could provide guidelines for health care staff
members to give empathic and supportive care to men living with a long-term
illness
(16) Asbring P,
Narvanen AL. Women's experiences of stigma in relation to chronic fatigue
syndrome and fibromyalgia. Qual Health Res 2002; 12(2):148-160.
Abstract: Chronic fatigue syndrome and fibromyalgia are characterized by
being difficult to diagnose and having an elusive etiology and no clear-cut
treatment strategy. The question of whether these illnesses are stigmatizing
was investigated through interviews with 25 women with these illnesses. The
women experienced stigmatization primarily before receiving a diagnosis, and
the diffuse symptomatology associated with the illnesses were significant
for stigmatization. Stigma consisted of questioning the veracity, morality,
and accuracy of patient symptom descriptions and of psychologizing symptoms.
Coping with stigma was also explored and found to comprise both withdrawal
and approach strategies, depending on the individual's circumstances and
goals
(17) Fors EA,
Sexton H. Weather and the pain in fibromyalgia: are they related? Ann Rheum
Dis 2002; 61(3):247-250.
Abstract: OBJECTIVES: To examine the association between fibromyalgic pain
and weather to determine the nature of their interrelationship. METHODS: The
daily pain ratings of 55 female patients previously diagnosed with
fibromyalgia were recorded on visual analogue scales (VAS) over 28 days.
These ratings were then related to the official weather parameters and a
composite weather variable using time series methodology. Effect sizes r
were calculated from the t values and df. RESULTS: A composite weather
variable did not significantly predict changes in pain, either the same day
(t=-1.15, df=1483, p=0.25) or on the next day (t=-1.55, df=1483,
p=0.12)-that is, the weather was not a factor for changes in the subjective
pain of FM. Patients' pain did not predict weather change in this sample,
and neither same day (t=-0. 69, df=1483, p<0.49) nor previous day pain
(t=-1.31, df=1483, p<0.19) predicted weather changes. A post hoc exploratory
analysis showed that those with <10 years of fibromyalgia experienced
significantly greater weather sensitivity to pain (t=- 2.73, df=389,
p<0.006) than those with longer illness. CONCLUSION: A statistically
significant relationship between fibromyalgic pain and the weather was not
found in this sample, although it is possible that a group of patients with
less chronic fibromyalgia might be weather sensitive
(18) Bliddal H,
Moller HJ, Danneskiold-Samsoe B. [Semiobjective and real pain in
fibromyalgia]. Ugeskr Laeger 2002; 164(3):356-357.
(19) Buskila D,
Press J. Neuroendocrine mechanisms in fibromyalgia-chronic fatigue. Best
Pract Res Clin Rheumatol 2001; 15(5):747-758.
Abstract: Fibromyalgia and chronic fatigue syndrome are poorly understood
disorders that share similar demographic and clinical characteristics.
Because of the clinical similarities between both disorders it was suggested
that they share a common pathophysiological mechanism, namely, central
nervous system dysfunction. This chapter presents data demonstrating
neurohormonal abnormalities, abnormal pain processing and autonomic nervous
system dysfunction in fibromyalgia and chronic fatigue syndrome. The
possible contribution of the central nervous system dysfunction to the
development and symptomatology of these conditions is discussed. The chapter
concludes by reviewing the effect of current treatments and emerging
therapeutic modalities in fibromyalgia and chronic fatigue syndrome
(20) Chester AC.
Surgery for fibromyalgia. Cleve Clin J Med 2002; 69(1):89.
(21) Heffez DS.
Surgery for fibromyalgia. Cleve Clin J Med 2002; 69(1):89-91.
(22) Kohl F.
Somatoforme Schmerzstorung und Fibromyalgie Zur Problematik ihrer
gutachterlichen Bewertung im Rahmen des Schwerbehindertengesetzes (SchwbG)
Somatoform Pain Disorder and Fibromyalgia - difficulties and problems of
their judgement in german consultant praxis. Schmerz 2001; 15(3):192-196.
Abstract: Zusammenfassung. Durch verschiedene Entwicklungen in Medizin und
Gesellschaft haben somatoforme Schmerzstorungen und Fibromyalgie- Syndrome
in den letzten 2 Jahrzehnten erheblich an arztlicher und auch an
sozialrechtlicher Bedeutung gewonnen. Gerade dem gutachterlich Tatigen
begegnen zunehmend komplexere Fragestellungen, die in den gangigen
Leitlinien und auch den amtlichen Bewertungsrichtlinien nicht erwahnt werden
oder denen nicht ausreichend differenziert Rechnung getragen wird. Anhand
der Kasuistik eines in mancher Hinsicht "typischen Falles" des kombinierten
Vorliegens von somatoformer Schmerzstorung und Fibromyalgie sollen
charakteristische und haufig gesehene Aspekte dieser Konstellation
thematisiert und nach Losungswegen der bestimmungsgemassen Beurteilung
gesucht werden, die den rechtlichen Leitlinien der Sozialgesetzgebung und
der veroffentlichten Anhaltspunkte entsprechen. Dabei zeigt sich zum einen
die Problematik, dass diese oftmals in Komorbiditat zusammen auftretenden
Storungsbilder breite definitorische und symptomatische Uberlappungsbereiche
zeigen konnen, wobei eine an biologischen Aussenkriterien sich orientierende
Krankheitsdefinition in beiden Fallen (noch) nicht moglich ist. Zum Zweiten
sind in den vorliegenden "Anhaltspunkten" und den erganzenden
Literaturstellen keine ausreichend prazisen Vorgaben zu erkennen, zumindest
nicht solche, die dem Gutachter eine einfache Orientierung erlauben. Diese
Konstellation erfordert daher eine differenzierte Diskussion sowohl des
Krankheitsbildes als auch der bestimmungsgemass zugrunde zu legenden
Beurteilungskriterien, um zu einer sowohl dem individuellen Gesundheits- und
Funktionszustand als auch den sozialrechtlichen Kriterien genugenden
Bewertung zu kommen. Offene Fragen und gutachterliche Losungsalternativen
werden abschliessend diskutiert. In the last 20 years the fibromyalgia
syndrome and the somatoform pain disorder became more and more important in
clinical medicine and in legal affairs. The consultant meets progressive
more specific questions, which are not sufficiant mentioned in the
medico-legal recommendations and at least national "guide-lines" of medical
societies. Methods: By an casuistic approach wie try to show the
implications of the often seen comorbidity of these two common disorders (i.
e. the fibromyalgia syndrome and the somatoform pain disorder) both in legal
and in medical perspectives. Results: At the moment the medico-legal
recommendations and the national "guide-lines" of medical societies are
often not sufficiant to decide many of the the legal implications and
consultant questiones that result from the comorbidity ot these often seen
"modern disorders". Therefore we try to develop in an single case the
solucion principles of appropriate judgement for the functional effects of
comorbidity with fibromyalgia syndrome and the somatoform pain disorder.
Conclusions: Because of the wide spectrum of comorbid symptoms between these
both disorders one must analyse any specific case very exactly and proove
the individual functional implications of the comorbidity in correlation to
the degree of impairement. We try to show in an casuistic presentation the
possibilities of judgement according the appointments of german law
(23) Dohrenbusch
R. [Are patients with fibromyalgia "hypervigilant"?]. Schmerz 2001;
15(1):38-47.
Abstract: INTRODUCTION: Clinical and experimental studies suggest that a
generalized style of hypervigilant information processing may influence the
pathogenesis of fibromyalgia (FM). This article deals with the question
whether perception and processing of sensory stimuli in patients suffering
from FM can be described in terms of "generalized hypervigilance". METHODS:
The components of hypervigilant stimulus processing were defined and
discussed with reference to the current literature. RESULTS: This literature
review indicates that perceptual thresholds are not reduced in the majority
of FM-patients. A strategy of hypervigilant information processing has
consistently been shown only for suprathreshold aversive stimuli or under
pressure to perform well. This is true for psychophysical as well as for
neurophysiological parameters. The results concerning information processing
of external stimuli cannot be transferred easily to the processing of
somatosensory stimuli. CONCLUSION: On the whole the existing studies argue
against the assumption of trait-like hypervigilant information processing in
FM- patients. A more appropriate explanation of the results is in terms of
the interaction of situational and personal factors
(24) Kurtze N,
Svebak S. Fatigue and patterns of pain in fibromyalgia: Correlations with
anxiety, depression and co-morbidity in a female county sample. Br J Med
Psychol 2001; 74 Part 4:523-537.
Abstract: This study explored the prevalence of fibromyalgia, the
relationship of anxiety and depression with two major symptoms (pain and
fatigue), and the role of co-morbidity. Participants were recruited from the
Nord- Trondelag Health Study (The HUNT Study) in Norway (N = 92 936). They
were females given the diagnosis of fibromyalgia by their doctor (N = 1
816), divided into one sample without (N = 977) and another with (N = 839)
co-morbidity. Owing to colinearity between anxiety and depression, extreme
groups were defined according to high vs. low anxiety and depression scores.
About four-fifths of the initial sample were excluded by this approach,
which permitted a two x two factorial split- plot ANCOVA for the assessment
of the relations of anxiety and depression with pain and fatigue. The
overall prevalence was 3.2%, which obscured a highly biased sex difference
with 5.2% for females and.9% for males. Results from the sample without
co-morbidity (N = 977) supported the idea of independent partial
correlations of anxiety and depression with pain and fatigue. A different
trend was indicated in the co-morbidity sample (N = 839) where fatigue was
only significantly associated with depression, whereas pain was associated
with anxiety. The idea of widespread pain was supported consistently only in
participants without co-morbidity who scored low on anxiety. Age, incident
pain and depression contributed to a discriminant function reflecting the
status of co-morbidity
(25) Heymann RE,
Helfenstein M, Feldman D. A double-blind, randomized, controlled study of
amitriptyline, nortriptyline and placebo in patients with fibromyalgia. An
analysis of outcome measures. Clin Exp Rheumatol 2001; 19(6):697-702.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To study the efficacy and tolerability of amitriptyline
and nortriptyline in a Brazilian population with fibromyalgia and to
evaluate the instruments used to measure the efficacy of the treatment.
METHODS: A total of 118 fibromyalgia patients were randomly assigned to 3
groups: amitriptyline (AM, n = 40), nortriptyline (NOR, n =38) and placebo
(PL, n = 40), and were blindly given 25 mg at bedtime of the assigned
treatment for 8 weeks. Clinical evaluation before and at the end of the
study included the number of tender points (NTP), FIQ score (FIQ), and
global improvement as reported by the patients on a verbal scale (VSGI).
RESULTS: The 3 groups were comparable at baseline for all the parameters
studied. After 8 weeks, the 3 groups improved in all parameters: (36.5% AM,
26.7% NOR and 24% PL patients improved on FIQ; 13.9% AM, 19.5% NOR and 8.57%
PL patients improved on NTP; 86.5% AM, 72.2% NOR and 57.6% PL patients
improved on VSGI). Only the AM group differed from the PL group on VSGI.
Side effects were noted among the groups, but none were serious (16 in the
AM group, 31 in the NOR group, and 25 in the PL group). CONCLUSION: All
three groups improved after treatment. Only the patient's subjective global
assessment of improvement differed between the AM patients and the PL group
(p < or = 0.03). In fibromyalgia, placebo groups are important in drug
trials. Different measures of therapeutic effect are not better than the
patient's self assessment
(26) Bradley LA,
McKendree-Smith NL. Central nervous system mechanisms of pain in
fibromyalgia and other musculoskeletal disorders: behavioral and psychologic
treatment approaches. Curr Opin Rheumatol 2002; 14(1):45-51.
Abstract: Pain is one of the most important and challenging consequences of
musculoskeletal disorders. This article examines the role of central nervous
system structures in the physiology of pain. It also describes the
neuromatrix, a construct that provides a framework for understanding the
interaction between physiologic mechanisms and psychosocial factors in the
development and maintenance of chronic pain. This construct suggests that
behavioral and psychologic interventions may alter the pain experience
primarily through their effects on emotional states and cognitive processes.
The literature on cognitive-behavioral interventions for patients with
rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis indicates that they are
well-established treatments for these disorders. However, the efficacy of
these interventions for patients with fibromyalgia has not been established.
It is anticipated that the development of valid measures of readiness for
behavioral change may allow investigators to identify the patients with
musculoskeletal disorders who are most likely to benefit from
cognitive-behavioral intervention
(27) Hurtig IM,
Raak RI, Kendall SA, Gerdle B, Wahren LK. Quantitative sensory testing in
fibromyalgia patients and in healthy subjects: identification of subgroups.
Clin J Pain 2001; 17(4):316-322.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To determine perception and pain thresholds in patients
with fibromyalgia syndrome and in healthy controls, and to investigate
whether patients with fibromyalgia syndrome can be grouped with respect to
thermal hyperalgesia and whether these subgroups differ from healthy
controls and in clinical appearance. DESIGN: The authors conducted a
quasi-experimental clinical study. SUBJECTS: Twenty-nine women patients with
fibromyalgia syndrome and 21 healthy pain-free age-matched women
participated in the study. METHODS: Quantitative sensory testing using a
Thermotest instrument was performed on the dorsum of the left hand. Sleep
and pain intensity were rated using visual analog scales. RESULTS: Cold and
heat pain but not perception thresholds differed significantly between
patients with fibromyalgia syndrome and healthy subjects. Based on thermal
pain thresholds, two subgroups could be identified in fibromyalgia syndrome
using cluster analysis. CONCLUSION: Patients with fibromyalgia syndrome were
subgrouped by quantitative sensory testing (i.e., thermal pain thresholds).
Subgroups show clinical differences in pain intensities, number of tender
points, and sleep quality. Cold pain threshold was especially linked to
these clinical aspects
(28) Leibing E,
Ruger U, Schussler G. [Biographic risk factors and mental disorders in
fibromyalgia]. Z Psychosom Med Psychother 1999; 45(2):142-156.
Abstract: Patients with fibromyalgia are compared with rheumatoid arthritis
and coxarthrosis patients respecting biographic risk factors and comorbidity
(mental disorders). As expected, in fibromyalgia there are higher biographic
risk factors and more mental disorders than in the other groups. Moreover,
there is a positive relation between mental disorders and biographic risk
factors in fibromyalgia. Therefore patients with fibromyalgia are no uniform
group, but can be divided in at least two subgroups: One subgroup with high
biographic risk factors and mental disorders and another subgroup without
increased biographic risk factors and without comorbidity (mental
disorders). Consequences for psychosomatic theories are discussed
(29) Kurtze N,
Svebak S. Fatigue and patterns of pain in fibromyalgia: correlations with
anxiety, depression and co-morbidity in a female county sample. Br J Med
Psychol 2001; 74(Pt 4):523-537.
Abstract: This study explored the prevalence of fibromyalgia, the
relationship of anxiety and depression with two major symptoms (pain and
fatigue), and the role of co-morbidity. Participants were recruited from the
Nord- Trondelag Health Study (The HUNT Study) in Norway (N = 92,936). They
were females given the diagnosis of fibromyalgia by their doctor (N =
1,816), divided into one sample without (N = 977) and another with (N = 839)
co-morbidity. Owing to colinearity between anxiety and depression, extreme
groups were defined according to high vs. low anxiety and depression scores.
About four-fifths of the initial sample were excluded by this approach,
which permitted a two x two factorial split- plot ANCOVA for the assessment
of the relations of anxiety and depression with pain and fatigue. The
overall prevalence was 3.2%, which obscured a highly biased sex difference
with 5.2% for females and .9% for males. Results from the sample without
co-morbidity (N = 977) supported the idea of independent partial
correlations of anxiety and depression with pain and fatigue. A different
trend was indicated in the co-morbidity sample (N = 839) where fatigue was
only significantly associated with depression, whereas pain was associated
with anxiety. The idea of widespread pain was supported consistently only in
participants without co-morbidity who scored low on anxiety. Age, incident
pain and depression contributed to a discriminant function reflecting the
status of co-morbidity
(30) Gursel Y,
Ergin S, Ulus Y, Erdogan MF, Yalcin P, Evcik D. Hormonal responses to
exercise stress test in patients with fibromyalgia syndrome . Clin Rheumatol
2001; 20(6):401-405.
Abstract: Twenty patients with fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS) and 20 matched
healthy controls were subjected to an exercise stress test above their
anaerobic threshold. Serum samples for the measurement of growth hormone (GH),
insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), prolactin (PRL), adrenocorticotrophic
hormone (ACTH) and cortisol were taken prior to and after the test at 30-min
intervals. Compared to the controls, the patients with FMS displayed
significantly lower basal GH levels and slightly, though significantly,
higher prolactin levels. Following the exercise test there was a significant
increase in the mean GH level in the patient group (P = 0.0474) and a
significant decrease in the control group (P = 0.0286) 1 hour after the
exercise. A slight decrease in ACTH levels in the control group was observed
(P = 0.0002), but there was no significant change in FMS patients. Cortisol
levels were significantly lower in both groups after the exercise (P =
0.0001). These results suggest the possibility of a perturbation in hormonal
response to exercise in patients with FMS
(31) McGurk C,
Wilson D, Henry W. Diagnosing fibromyalgia. Practitioner 2001;
245(1629):1026-1030.
(32) Offenbacher
M, Schwarz M, Stucki G. [Fewer problems with fibromyalgia patients.
Prescriptions in therapy frustration]. MMW Fortschr Med 2001; 143(48):43-46.
(33) Rothschild
BM. Fibromyalgia: can one distinguish it from simulation? J Rheumatol 2001;
28(12):2762-2763.
(34) Oliver K,
Cronan TA, Walen HR, Tomita M. Effects of social support and education on
health care costs for patients with fibromyalgia. J Rheumatol 2001;
28(12):2711-2719.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: The rising costs of health care are of great concern,
particularly for the chronically ill. Interventions that promote health
status and well being while teaching appropriate use of the health care
system have led to cost savings among patients with osteoarthritis. We
carried out social support and education interventions with patients with
fibromyalgia (FM) and assessed the effect on health care costs, psychosocial
variables, and health status. METHODS: Participants were 600 patients with
FM who were members of a health maintenance organization. They were randomly
assigned to one of 2 experimental groups (social support; social support and
education) or to a no- treatment control group. Assessments were conducted
at baseline and following a one year intervention. Health care cost data
were obtained directly from participants' medical records. RESULTS: Results
indicated significant reductions in all groups' costs of prescriptions,
laboratory tests, and visits to a nurse, nurse practitioner and/or
physicians' assistant. All groups also showed improvements on variables
assessing effect of FM, self-efficacy, depression, and knowledge of FM. The
social support and education group was less helpless after one year than the
other groups; differential changes for all other variables were not
significant. CONCLUSION: The study did not reveal differential changes in
health care costs among participants in the experimental and control groups.
These findings emphasize the importance of using objective health care
utilization data when calculating health care costs, as well as the value of
including a no-treatment control group to prevent erroneous conclusions
about treatment efficacy
(35) Gowans SE,
deHueck A, Voss S, Silaj A, Abbey SE, Reynolds WJ. Effect of a randomized,
controlled trial of exercise on mood and physical function in individuals
with fibromyalgia. Arthritis Rheum 2001; 45(6):519-529.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of exercise on mood and physical
function in individuals with fibromyalgia. METHODS: Subjects were randomly
assigned to an exercise (EX) or control (CTL) group. EX subjects
participated in 3 30-minute exercise classes per week for 23 weeks. Subjects
were tested at entry and at 6, 12, and 23 weeks. Tests included the Beck
Depression Inventory (BDI), 6-minute walk, State- Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI),
Mental Health Inventory (MHI), Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire (FIQ),
Arthritis Self-Efficacy Scale (ASES), and a measure of tender points and
knee strength. RESULTS: Fifty subjects (27 EX, 23 CTL) completed the study,
and 31 (15 EX, 16 CTL) met criteria for efficacy analyses. In efficacy
analyses, significant improvements were seen for EX subjects in 6-minute
walk distances, BDI (total, cognitive/ affective), STAI, FIQ, ASES, and MHI
(3 of 5 subscales) scores. These effects were reduced but remained during
intent-to-treat analyses. CONCLUSION: Exercise can improve the mood and
physical function of individuals with fibromyalgia
(36) Brosschot JF,
Aarsse HR. Restricted emotional processing and somatic attribution in
fibromyalgia. Int J Psychiatry Med 2001; 31(2):127-146.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: Medically unexplained symptoms or syndromes, such as
fibromyalgia (FM), might be partly caused or sustained by a mechanism
involving restricted emotional processing (REP) and the subsequent
attribution of emotional arousal to somatic or syndrome-consistent causes.
In this study, it was hypothesized that FM patients, compared to healthy
individuals, would be higher on trait measures of REP (defensiveness and
alexithymia), and would show affective-autonomic response dissociation, that
is, higher standardized scores of heart rate responses than affective
responses, during negative emotional stimulation. Additionally, FM patients
were expected to attribute their bodily symptoms more to somatic than to
psychological causes. METHOD: Emotional movie excerpts were shown to 16
female FM patients and 17 healthy women. Affective response and heart rate
were monitored continuously, while symptoms and their causal attributions
were measured before and after the excerpts. Repressor coping style and
alexithymia were measured, along with negative affectivity and habitual
attributions of somatic complaints. RESULTS: FM patients nearly all showed
the relatively uncommon combination of high defensiveness and high
anxiousness. Compared with healthy women FM patients were more alexithymic,
showed a higher level of affective-autonomic response dissociation, and
lower within-subject emotional variability. The groups showed opposite
attributional patterns, with FM patients attributing symptoms less to
psychological causes and more to somatic causes. There was no evidence of a
shift in these attributions caused by the emotional stimuli. CONCLUSIONS:
The results provide preliminary support for the hypotheses. Both at trait
and at state level, FM showed restricted emotional processing on most of the
parameters measured, and a high ratio of somatic to psychological symptom
attribution, coupled with high negative affectivity
(37) Wolak T,
Weitzman S, Harman-Boehm I, Friger M, Sukenik S. [Prevalence of fibromyalgia
in type 2 diabetes mellitus]. Harefuah 2001; 140(11):1006-9, 1120 , 1119.
Abstract: This study aimed to assess the prevalence of fibromyalgia and
other pain characteristics among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. We
assessed 137 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and a control group of
139 patients matched for age and sex that do not suffer from diabetes
mellitus. We examined 9 of 18 typical tender points and 4 control points
with a dolorimeter. There was no difference in the prevalence of
fibromyalgia among men in both groups. However, diabetic men had more tender
points than men in the control group and their threshold for pain at the
corresponding tender points was significantly lower compared to that of the
men in the control group. The diabetic men also reported more pain than
patients in the control group. Diabetic women, on the other hand, had a
significantly higher prevalence of fibromyalgia than women in the control
group: 23.3% versus 10.6% respectively (p = 0.043). There was no significant
difference in the number of tender points and the pain threshold in the two
groups of women. Diabetic women reported more pain than the women in the
control group. In both diabetic men and women the number of tender points
and dolorimeter count directly correlated with the duration of diabetes
(38) Schaller JL,
Behar D. Modafinil in fibromyalgia treatment. J Neuropsychiatry Clin
Neurosci 2001; 13(4):530-531.
(39) Vasey FB,
Mills CR, Wells AF. Silicone breast implants and fibromyalgia. Plast
Reconstr Surg 2001; 108(7):2165-2168.
(40) Gursoy S,
Erdal E, Herken H, Madenci E, Alasehirli B. Association of T102C
polymorphism of the 5-HT2A receptor gene with psychiatric status in
fibromyalgia syndrome. Rheumatol Int 2001; 21(2):58-61.
Abstract: Serotonin (5-HT) is a key neurotransmitter in the central nervous
system. It is suggested that serotonergic dysfunction may be involved in the
pathophysiology of fibromyalgia syndrome (FS). In this study, we aimed to
investigate T102C polymorphism of the 5-HT2A receptor gene in FS.
Fifty-eight patients with FS and 58 unrelated healthy volunteer controls
were included in the study. In both groups, the C/C, C/T, and T/T genotypes
of the 5-HT gene were represented in 31% (22.4% in controls), 50% (53.4%),
and 19% (24.1%), respectively. The 5-HT2A receptor gene polymorphism results
were not significantly different between patients and controls (chi squared
test, P>0.05). There was a significant correlation between patients with the
T/T genotype and the subgroup according to the SCL-90-R test, (analysis of
variance, P<0.05). We also saw that patients with the T/T genotype had the
lowest pain threshold. CONCLUSION. T102C polymorphism of the 5-HT2A receptor
gene is not associated with the etiology of FS. Our results also indicate
that the T/T genotype may be responsible for psychiatric symptoms of FS
(41) Bliddal H,
Moller HJ, Schaadt ML, Danneskiold-Samsoe B. [Biochemical changes in
fibromyalgia. Can serum hyaluronic acid be used diagnostically?]. Ugeskr
Laeger 2001; 163(45):6284-6286.
Abstract: AIM: To assess the levels of hyaluronic acid (HA) in Danish
patients with fibromyalgia (FM). METHODS: Serum levels of HA were determined
in 53 patients with established FM and 55 control samples with a radiometric
assay (Pharmacia). Values were correlated to clinical parameters of disease
severity (duration of disease, tender point scales, visual analogue scales).
RESULTS: There were no differences in the HA levels of patients and
controls. In all the patients, except one, values were within the reference
intervals. Nor was there an association between HA levels and clinical
findings. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with FM do not generally have increased
serum levels of HA, and other serum measurements have not been helpful in
the diagnosis of FM. Some biochemical changes have been described in FM,
however, and these have mainly been observed in the spinal fluid
(42) Parker AJ,
Wessely S, Cleare AJ. The neuroendocrinology of chronic fatigue syndrome and
fibromyalgia. Psychol Med 2001; 31(8):1331-1345.
Abstract: BACKGROUND: Disturbance of the HPA axis may be important in the
pathophysiology of chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) and fibromyalgia. Symptoms
may be due to: (1) low circulating cortisol; (2) disturbance of central
neurotransmitters; or (3) disturbance of the relationship between cortisol
and central neurotransmitter function. Accumulating evidence of the complex
relationship between cortisol and 5-HT function, make some form of
hypothesis (3) most likely. We review the methodology and results of studies
of the HPA and other neuroendocrine axes in CFS. METHOD: Medline, Embase and
Psychlit were searched using the Cochrane Collaboration strategy. A search
was also performed on the King's College CFS database, which includes over
3000 relevant references, and a citation analysis was run on the key paper (Demitrack
et al. 1991). RESULTS: One-third of the studies reporting baseline cortisol
found it to be significantly low, usually in one-third of patients.
Methodological differences may account for some of the varying results. More
consistent is the finding of reduced HPA function, and enhanced 5-HT
function on neuroendocrine challenge tests. The opioid system, and arginine
vasopressin (AVP) may also be abnormal, though the growth hormone (GH) axis
appears to be intact, in CFS. CONCLUSIONS: The significance of these
changes, remains unclear. We have little understanding of how neuroendocrine
changes relate to the experience of symptoms, and it is unclear whether
these changes are primary, or secondary to behavioural changes in sleep or
exercise. Longitudinal studies of populations at risk for CFS will help to
resolve these issues
(43) Brown GT,
Delisle R, Gagnon N, Sauve AE. Juvenile fibromyalgia syndrome: proposed
management using a cognitive- behavioral approach. Phys Occup Ther Pediatr
2001; 21(1):19-36.
Abstract: In recent years, fibromyalgia has become an increasingly
recognized chronic syndrome. Although it occurs more frequently in adults,
it is also seen among school-age children and adolescents. In such cases, it
is known as juvenile fibromyalgia syndrome (JFS). The widespread pain and
other possible symptoms associated with JFS can have a negative impact on
the occupational performance and developmental tasks of children and
adolescents. As experts in the areas of occupational performance, daily
functional skills, and child development, occupational therapists have a
potential role to play in the assessment and management of children and
adolescents with JFS. To date, however, no occupational therapy management
approach for clients with JFS has been documented in the professional
literature. In this paper, we outline the clinical features of JFS,
pertinent assessment areas, and potential management strategies using a
cognitive-behavioral approach
(44) Farber L,
Stratz TH, Bruckle W, Spath M, Pongratz D, Lautenschlager J et al.
Short-term treatment of primary fibromyalgia with the 5-HT3-receptor
antagonist tropisetron. Results of a randomized, double-blind, placebo-
controlled multicenter trial in 418 patients. Int J Clin Pharmacol Res 2001;
21(1):1-13.
Abstract: We investigated the efficacy and tolerability of short-term
treatment with tropisetron, a selective, competitive 5-HT3-receptor
antagonist in fibromyalgia. The trial was designed as a prospective,
multicenter, double-blind, parallel-group, dose-finding study. We randomly
assigned 418 patients suffering from primary fibromyalgia to receive either
placebo, 5 mg, 10 mg or 15 mg tropisetron once daily for 10 days. Clinical
response was measured by changes in pain score, visual analog scale, tender
point count and ancillary symptoms. Responders were prospectively defined as
patients showing a 35% or higher reduction in pain score. Treatment with 5
mg tropisetron resulted in a significantly higher response rate (39.2%) than
placebo (26.2%) (p < 0.05). In the visual analog scale, the group
administered 5 mg tropisetron showed a significant improvement (p < 0.05)
and the group administered 10 mg tropisetron showed a nonsignificant
clinical benefit. The number of painful tender points was significantly
reduced (p = 0.002) in the 5 mg tropisetron group. Regarding ancillary
symptoms, the 5 mg tropisetron group showed a significant improvement (p <
0.05) in sleep and dizziness. The patients' overall assessment of efficacy
was significantly higher for 5 mg (p = 0.016) and 10 mg (p = 0.002)
tropisetron than for placebo. The safety and tolerability of tropisetron was
good; gastrointestinal tract symptoms were the most frequently reported
adverse events. Short-term treatment of fibromyalgia patients with 5 mg
tropisetron for 10 days proved to be efficacious and well tolerated. In this
study a bell-shaped dose- response curve was seen
(45) Wigley RD,
Page B, Chambers EM. Hyaluronic acid serum levels in fibromyalgia,
nonspecific arm disorder, and controls. J Rheumatol 2001; 28(11):2563.
(46) Huisman AM,
White KP, Algra A, Harth M, Vieth R, Jacobs JW et al. Vitamin D levels in
women with systemic lupus erythematosus and fibromyalgia. J Rheumatol 2001;
28(11):2535-2539.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: Many patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)
and fibromyalgia (FM) may spend less time exposed to the sun than healthy
individuals and thus might have low vitamin D levels. It is known that
hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) inhibits conversion of 25(OH)- to 1,25(OH)2-
vitamin D both in vitro and in patients with sarcoidosis. We assessed winter
serum 25(OH)- and 1,25(OH)2-vitamin D levels in patients with SLE and FM.
METHODS: We recruited 25 consecutive female SLE and 25 female FM patients in
London, Ontario, between January and March 2000. Subjects completed a brief
questionnaire. Serum levels of 25(OH)-, 1,25(OH)2-vitamin D, and parathyroid
hormone (PTH) were measured. RESULTS: In SLE patients mean 25(OH)-vitamin D
was 46.5 nmol/l and mean 1,25(OH)2-vitamin D was 74.4 pmol/l. In FM patients
these means were 51.5 nmol/l and 90.1 pmol/l, respectively. Serum
25(OH)-vitamin D levels did not significantly differ between SLE and FM
patients, nor after adjusting for age and vitamin D, milk consumption, and
sun block use. In 14 of the SLE patients and 12 of the FM patients
25(OH)-vitamin D levels < 50 nmol/l were found. SLE patients not using
vitamin D supplements had lower 25(OH)-vitamin D levels than those who did.
1,25(OH)2-vitamin D tended to be lower in the SLE compared to the FM
patients. This difference could be attributed to HCQ use: HCQ users (n = 17)
had lower 1,25(OH)2-vitamin D levels than nonusers (n = 33); the mean
adjusted difference was 24.4 pmol/l (95% CI 2.8-49.9). CONCLUSION: Half the
SLE and FM patients had 25(OH)-vitamin D levels < 50 nmol/l, a level at
which PTH stimulation occurs. Our data suggest that in SLE patients HCQ
might inhibit conversion of 25(OH)-vitamin D to 1,25(OH)2- vitamin D
(47) Moldofsky HK.
Disordered sleep in fibromyalgia and related myofascial facial pain
conditions . Dent Clin North Am 2001; 45(4):701-713.
Abstract: Myofascial pain and fibromyalgia have a recognized relationship to
sleep disturbances. Understanding the comorbidity of these entities helps
the practitioner, physician and dentist alike, be better prepared to manage
the causative factors related to these conditions rather than treating only
the symptoms. The increasing recognition of the coexistence of fibromyalgia,
myofascial pain in the head and neck region, and the presence of
temporomandibular disorders further increases the need for the dentist to be
aware of sleep as a contributory factor from the diagnostic and the
therapeutic aspects. This awareness results in more comprehensive management
and an improved opportunity for optimal patient management as well as
improved sleep and diminished pain levels
(48) Jacobs JW,
Geenen R. Are antidepressant drugs efficacious in the treatment of
fibromyalgia? West J Med 2001; 175(5):314.
(49) Cohen H,
Neumann L, Kotler M, Buskila D. Autonomic nervous system derangement in
fibromyalgia syndrome and related disorders. Isr Med Assoc J 2001;
3(10):755-760.
Abstract: Fibromyalgia syndrome is a chronic, painful musculoskeletal
disorder of unknown etiology and/or pathophysiology. During the last decade
many studies have suggested autonomic nervous system involvement in this
syndrome, although contradictory results have been reported. This review
focuses on studies of the autonomic nervous system in fibromyalgia syndrome
and related disorders, such as chronic fatigue syndrome and irritable bowel
syndrome on the one hand and anxiety disorder on the other, and highlights
techniques of dynamic assessment of heart rate variability. It raises the
potentially important prognostic implications of protracted autonomic
dysfunction in patient populations with fibromyalgia and related disorders,
especially for cardiovascular morbidity and mortality
(50) Kirnap M,
Colak R, Eser C, Ozsoy O, Tutus A, Kelestimur F. A comparison between
low-dose (1 microg), standard-dose (250 microg) ACTH stimulation tests and
insulin tolerance test in the evaluation of hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal
axis in primary fibromyalgia syndrome. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2001;
55(4):455-459.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: Primary fibromyalgia syndrome (PFS) is a nonarticular
rheumatological syndrome characterized by disturbances in the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal
(HPA) axis. The site of the defect in the HPA axis is a matter of debate.
Our aim was to evaluate the HPA axis by the insulin-tolerance test (ITT),
standard dose (250 microg) ACTH test (SDT) and low dose (1 microg) ACTH test
(LDT) in patients with PFS. DESIGN AND PATIENTS: Sixteen patients (13
female, three male) with PFS were included in the study. Sixteen healthy
subjects (12 female, four male) served as matched controls. ACTH stimulation
tests were carried out by using 1 microg and 250 microg intravenous (i.v.)
ACTH as a bolus injection after an overnight fast, and blood samples were
drawn at 0, 30 and 60 min. The ITT was performed by using i.v. soluble
insulin, and serum glucose and cortisol levels were measured before and
after 30, 60, 90 and 120 min. The 1 microg and 250 microg ACTH stimulation
tests and the ITT were performed consecutively. RESULTS: Peak cortisol
responses to both the low dose test (LDT) and standard dose test (SDT) (589
+/- 100 nmol/l; 777 +/- 119 nmol/l, respectively) were lower in the PFS
group than in the control group (1001 +/- 370 nmol/l; 1205 +/- 386 nmol/l,
respectively) (P < 0.0001). Peak cortisol responses to ITT (730 +/- 81 nmol/l)
in the PFS group were lower than in the control group (1219 +/- 412 nmol/l)
(P < 0.0001). Six of the 16 patients with PFS had peak cortisol responses to
LDT lower than the lowest peak cortisol response of 555 nmol/l obtained in
healthy subjects after LDT. There was a significant difference between the
peak cortisol responses to LDT (589 +/- 100 nmol/l) and peak cortisol
responses to ITT (730 +/- 81 nmol/l) in the PFS group (P < 0.0001). Peak
cortisol responses to SDT (777 +/- 119 nmol/l) were similar to peak cortisol
responses to ITT (730 +/- 81 nmol/l) in the PFS group. CONCLUSION: We
conclude that the perturbation of the HPA axis in PFS is characterized by
underactivation of the HPA axis. Some patients with PFS may have subnormal
adrenocortical function. LDT is more sensitive than SDT or ITT in the
investigation of the HPA axis to determine the subnormal adrenocortical
function in patients with PFS
(51) Viitanen JV.
Feasibility of fitness tests in subjects with chronic pain (fibromyalgia):
discordance between cycling and 2-km walking tests. Rheumatol Int 2001;
21(1):1-5.
Abstract: Altogether, 69 out of 98 fibromyalgia (FMS) patients who attended
a 2- week multidisciplinary inpatient course and a 1-week control period 3
months later completed 2-km walking tests and stepwise-increased cycling
tests at entry and after 3 months. The purpose was to compare the
feasibility of the two fitness tests for assessment of FMS patients. The
results showed a substantially lower fitness level in the results of the
2-km walking test than in the cycling test in the same patients: mean
maximum VO2 was 28.5 ml/kg per min vs 34.6 ml/kg per min, respectively. At
entry and after the 3-month training period, the correlations between the
two tests were very poor, i.e., with Spearman's r coefficients of 0.37 and
0.34, respectively (P < 0.01), intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC)
0.20 (95% CI -0.29 to 0.50) and 0.47 (95% CI 0.15 to 0.67), reliability
coefficients (alpha) 0.54 and 0.47, and Kendal-T coefficients 0.32 and 0.41
for ordinal correlation of the test results. The results did not correlate
with pain, which remained at initial levels for the 3 months of follow-up.
Principally, these tests should both measure the same property, i.e., the
fitness of fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS) patients, but the results differed
substantially. The 2-km walking test showed a markedly lower fitness level
than the cycling test in the same patients. The primary explanation for this
difference might be difficulties in controlling test performance. especially
in walking. The 2-km walking test would not appear recommendable for
subjects with chronic pain syndrome, e.g., fibromyalgia
(52) Brady DM,
Schneider MJ. Fibromyalgia syndrome: a new paradigm for differential
diagnosis and treatment. J Manipulative Physiol Ther 2001; 24(8):529-541.
(53) Galeotti N,
Ghelardini C, Zoppi M, Bene ED, Raimondi L, Beneforti E et al. A reduced
functionality of Gi proteins as a possible cause of fibromyalgia. J
Rheumatol 2001; 28(10):2298-2304.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: The etiopathogenesis of fibromyalgia (FM), a syndrome
characterized by widespread pain and hyperalgesia, is still unknown. Since
the involvement of Gi proteins in the modulation of pain perception has been
widely established, the aim of the present study was to determine whether an
altered functionality of the Gi proteins occurred in patients with FM.
METHODS: Patients with FM and other painful diseases such as neuropathic
pain, rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and osteoarthritis, used as reference
painful pathologies, were included in the study. The functionality,
evaluated as capability to inhibit forskolin-stimulated adenylyl cyclase
activity, and the level of expression of Gi proteins were investigated in
peripheral blood lymphocytes. RESULTS: Patients with FM showed a
hypofunctionality of the Gi protein system. In contrast, unaltered Gi
protein functionality was observed in patients with neuropathic pain, RA,
and osteoarthritis. Patients with FM also showed basal cAMP levels higher
than controls. The reduced activity of Gi proteins seems to be unrelated to
a reduction of protein levels since only a slight reduction (about 20- 30%)
of the Gi3alpha subunit was observed. CONCLUSIONS: Gi protein
hypofunctionality is the first biochemical alteration observed in FM that
could be involved in the pathogenesis of this syndrome. In the complete
absence of laboratory diagnostic tests, the determination of an increase in
cAMP basal levels in lymphocytes, together with the assessment of a Gi
protein hypofunctionality after adenylyl cyclase stimulation, may lead to
the biochemical identification of patients with FM
(54) Donaldson MS,
Speight N, Loomis S. Fibromyalgia syndrome improved using a mostly raw
vegetarian diet: An observational study. BMC Complement Altern Med 2001;
1(1):7.
Abstract: BACKGROUND: Fibromyalgia engulfs patients in a downward,
reinforcing cycle of unrestorative sleep, chronic pain, fatigue, inactivity,
and depression. In this study we tested whether a mostly raw vegetarian diet
would significantly improve fibromyalgia symptoms. METHODS: Thirty people
participated in a dietary intervention using a mostly raw, pure vegetarian
diet. The diet consisted of raw fruits, salads, carrot juice, tubers, grain
products, nuts, seeds, and a dehydrated barley grass juice product. Outcomes
measured were dietary intake, the fibromyalgia impact questionnaire (FIQ),
SF-36 health survey, a quality of life survey (QOLS), and physical
performance measurements. RESULTS: Twenty-six subjects returned dietary
surveys at 2 months; 20 subjects returned surveys at the beginning, end, and
at either 2 or 4 months of intervention; 3 subjects were lost to follow-up.
The mean FIQ score (n = 20) was reduced 46% from 51 to 28. Seven of the 8
SF-36 subscales, bodily pain being the exception, showed significant
improvement (n = 20, all P for trend < 0.01). The QOLS, scaled from 0 to 7,
rose from 3.9 initially to 4.9 at 7 months (n = 20, P for trend 0.000001).
Significant improvements (n = 18, P < 0.03, paired t-test) were seen in
shoulder pain at rest and after motion, abduction range of motion of
shoulder, flexibility, chair test, and 6-minute walk. 19 of 30 subjects were
classified as responders, with significant improvement on all measured
outcomes, compared to no improvement among non-responders. At 7 months
responders' SF-36 scores for all scales except bodily pain were no longer
statistically different from norms for women ages 45-54. CONCLUSION: This
dietary intervention shows that many fibromyalgia subjects can be helped by
a mostly raw vegetarian diet
(55) Al Allaf AW,
Khan F, Moreland J, Belch JJ, Pullar T. Investigation of cutaneous
microvascular activity and flare response in patients with fibromyalgia
syndrome. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2001; 40(10):1097-1101.
Abstract: OBJECTIVES: To assess microvascular activity in the skin of
patients with fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS) as compared with normal controls.
METHODS: Fifteen patients, who fulfilled the American College of
Rheumatology criteria for FMS, and 15 age- and sex-matched healthy controls,
were studied. The microvascular activity of the skin overlying the trapezius
muscle was quantified using iontophoresis of acetylcholine as an
endothelial-dependent vasodilator and sodium nitroprusside as an
endothelial-independent vasodilator. We also studied the flare response by
iontophoresing acetylcholine continuously for 10 min to stimulate a ring of
nociceptor c-fibre endings in the skin. RESULTS: There was no significant
difference in cutaneous vascular responses to short-duration iontophoresis
of acetylcholine and sodium nitroprusside at the three different doses used.
The area under the curve (AUC) (mean+/-s.e.m.) for acetylcholine baseline,
20, 40, and 80 s were 6+/-0.7, 23+/-6, 45+/-7 and 66+/-10 AU for patients
and 11+/- 4, 24+/-3, 49+/-7 and 62+/-12 AU for controls, respectively
(P=0.2, 0.9, 0.7, 0.8, respectively). The corresponding figures for sodium
nitroprusside were 5+/-1, 18+/-7, 51+/-14 and 68+/-14 AU for patients and
8+/-3, 13+/-2, 39+/-5 and 61+/-9 AU for controls, respectively (P=0.2, 0.5,
0.4, 0.7, respectively). There was also no significant difference in the
flare response in patients with FMS as compared with control subjects
(119+/-15 and 131+/-13 AU, respectively; P=0.57). CONCLUSION: There are no
significant differences in cutaneous microvascular reactivity between
patients with FMS and control subjects
(56) Walen HR,
Cronan PA, Bigatti SM. Factors associated with healthcare costs in women
with fibromyalgia. Am J Manag Care 2001; 7 Spec No:SP39-SP47.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To examine how women with high and low healthcare costs
differ by using the Anderson Health Behavior Model of Utilization as a
theoretical framework. STUDY DESIGN: One-year longitudinal design. PATIENTS
AND METHODS: A total of 537 female health maintenance organization members
with fibromyalgia participating in a study examining the effects of social
support and education on health status and healthcare use were divided into
2 groups using a median split on health costs. Predisposing variables
(demographic variables, self- efficacy, depression, and social support),
enabling characteristics (income), and need variables (health status,
perceived health status, disease severity, duration of symptoms, and
comorbidity) were measured. Patients completed a battery of questionnaires
at baseline assessment, and healthcare costs were assessed 1 year before and
1 year after baseline assessment. Healthcare data were collected from
medical records. Healthcare costs were estimated by multiplying the number
of each type of healthcare contact by the most recent national average cost
figures. RESULTS: Multivariate analysis of covariance controlling for costs
during the year before baseline assessment was performed. Low- cost patients
had fewer comorbid conditions, better health status, higher self-perceived
health status, less disease severity, greater self-efficacy for functioning,
lower depression scores, and higher social support scores. Chi2 analyses
revealed no significant differences between groups on marital status but a
significant difference in income: low-cost patients were more likely to
report higher incomes. CONCLUSIONS: There were several significant
differences between people with higher and lower healthcare costs. Although
effect sizes were small, many variables may be responsive to intervention
(57) Eisinger J.
[Fibromyalgia: non-entity or double agent?]. Rev Med Interne 2001;
22(9):809-811.
(58) Kahn MF.
[Fibromyalgia: the pros for a cease-fire between supporters of the
psychosomatic-social and those of the all biochemical aspects]. Rev Med
Interne 2001; 22(9):807-808.
(59) Patient
information. Living with fibromyalgia. Cleve Clin J Med 2001; 68(10):837.
(60) Clauw DJ.
Elusive syndromes: treating the biologic basis of fibromyalgia and related
syndromes. Cleve Clin J Med 2001; 68(10):830, 832-830, 834.
Abstract: Newer theories suggest that patients with fibromyalgia have a
biologic predisposition to perceiving pain with more sensitivity than people
without fibromyalgia. Several biologic triggers are implicated as possibly
initiating or worsening the symptoms of fibromyalgia. Treatments to manage
pain, help with sleep, and, when needed, treat cognitive disturbances show
some success
(61) Van
Houdenhove B, Neerinckx E, Onghena P, Lysens R, Vertommen H. Premorbid
"overactive" lifestyle in chronic fatigue syndrome and fibromyalgia. An
etiological factor or proof of good citizenship? J Psychosom Res 2001;
51(4):571-576.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: In a former study, we have shown that patients
suffering from chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) or chronic pain, when
questioned about their premorbid lifestyle, reported a high level of
"action- proneness" as compared to control groups. The aim of the present
study was to control for the patients' possible idealisation of their
previous attitude towards action. METHODS: A validated Dutch self- report
questionnaire measuring "action-proneness" (the HAB) was completed by 62
randomly selected tertiary care CFS and fibromyalgia (FM) patients, as well
as by their significant others (SOs). RESULTS: HAB scores of the patients
and those of the SOs were very similar and significantly higher than the
norm values. Whether or not the SO showed sympathy for the patient's illness
did not influence the results to a great extent. SOs with a negative
attitude towards the illness even characterized the patients as more
"action-prone." CONCLUSIONS: These results provide further support for the
hypothesis that a high level of "action-proneness" may play a predisposing,
initiating and/or perpetuating role in CFS and FM
(62) Granot M,
Buskila D, Granovsky Y, Sprecher E, Neumann L, Yarnitsky D. Simultaneous
recording of late and ultra-late pain evoked potentials in fibromyalgia.
Clin Neurophysiol 2001; 112(10):1881-1887.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To characterize laser evoked potentials (LEP), pain
psychophysics and local tissue response in fibromyalgia patients. METHODS:
LEP were recorded in 14 women with fibromyalgia in response to bilateral
stimulation of tender and control points in upper limbs by 4 blocks of 20
stimuli at each point. Subsequently, heat pain thresholds were measured and
supra-threshold magnitude estimations of heat pain stimuli were obtained on
a visual analogue scale. Finally, the extent of the local tissue response
induced by the previous stimuli was evaluated. RESULTS: Laser stimuli
elicited two long latency waves: A late wave (mean latency 368.9+/-66.9 ms)
in most patients (13/14) from stimuli at all points, and an ultra-late wave
(mean latency 917.3+/- 91.8 ms) in 78.5% of the patients at the control
points and in 71.4% at the tender points. Amplitude of ultra-late waves was
higher at the tender points (20.67+/-11.1 microV) than at the control points
(10.47+/- 4.1 microV) (P=0.016). Pain thresholds were lower in the tender
(41.2+/- 2.7 degrees C) than the control points (43.9+/-3.2 degrees C)
(P=0.008). Local tissue response was significantly more intense at tender
than control points (P=0.004). CONCLUSIONS: Ultra-late laser evoked
potentials can be recorded simultaneously with late potentials. Our findings
are compatible with presence of peripheral C-fiber sensitization, mostly at
tender points, probably combined with generalized central sensitization of
pain pathways in fibromyalgia
(63) Park DC,
Glass JM, Minear M, Crofford LJ. Cognitive function in fibromyalgia
patients. Arthritis Rheum 2001; 44(9):2125-2133.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To evaluate fibromyalgia (FM) patients for the presence
of cognitive deficits and to test the hypothesis that abnormalities would
fit a model of cognitive aging. METHODS: We studied 3 groups of patients: FM
patients without concomitant depression and in the absence of medications
known to affect cognitive function (n = 23), age- and education-matched
controls (n = 23), and education-matched older controls who were
individually matched to be 20 years older (+/- 3 years) than the FM patients
(n = 22). We measured speed of information processing, working memory
function, free recall, recognition memory, verbal fluency, and vocabulary.
We correlated performance on cognitive tasks with FM symptoms, including
depression, anxiety, pain, and fatigue. We also determined if memory
complaints were correlated with cognitive performance. RESULTS: As expected,
older controls performed more poorly than younger controls on speed of
processing, working memory, free recall, and verbal fluency. FM patients
performed more poorly than age-matched controls on all measures, with the
exception of processing speed. FM patients performed much like older
controls, except that they showed better speed of processing and poorer
vocabulary. Impaired cognitive performance in FM patients correlated with
pain complaints, but not with depressive or anxiety symptoms. FM patients
reported more memory problems than did the older and younger controls, and
these complaints correlated with poor cognitive performance. CONCLUSION:
Cognitive impairment in FM patients, particularly memory and vocabulary
deficits, are documented in the study. Nevertheless, the intact performance
on measures of information processing speed suggests that the cognitive
deficits are not global. FM patients' complaints about their memory are
likely to be legitimate, since their memory function is not age appropriate
(64) Peres MF,
Young WB, Kaup AO, Zukerman E, Silberstein SD. Fibromyalgia is common in
patients with transformed migraine. Neurology 2001; 57(7):1326-1328.
Abstract: Fibromyalgia (FM) and transformed migraine (TM) are common chronic
pain disorders. The authors estimated the prevalence of FM in 101 patients
with TM, and analyzed its relationship to depression, anxiety, and insomnia.
FM was diagnosed in 35.6% of cases. Patients with FM had more insomnia, were
older, and had headaches that were more incapacitating than patients without
FM. Insomnia and depression predicted FM in patients with TM
(65) Maquet D,
Croisier JL, Crielaard JM. [What happens to the fibromyalgia syndrome?]. Ann
Readapt Med Phys 2001; 44(6):316-325.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To realize a clarification about fibromyalgia,
attempting to consider diagnostic criteria, prevalence, pathophysiology and
therapeutic approach. METHOD: A systematic literature search was conducted
to select articles about fibromyalgia and connected diseases. The database
are Premedline, Medline and Medlineplus. RESULTS: Fifty- eight articles
about fibromyalgia and twelve articles about connected diseases were
selected to realize this review of literature. DISCUSSION: Fibromyalgia
constitutes a syndrome characterized by widespread musculo-skeletal pain,
present above the waist and below the waist and in the axial skeleton.
Widespread pain must have been present for at least three months. "Spasmophilie",
chronic fatigue syndrome and myofascial syndrome represent diseases
connected with fibromyalgia: differential diagnosis must be established.
Researches related to fibromyalgia suggest a reduction of muscular
performances associated with histological and biochemical anomalies.
Patients are characterized by shorter and nonrestorative sleep.
Psychological, neuroendocrine and central alterations appear often
associated with fibromyalgia. The reduction of pressure tolerance and pain
thresholds may be linked to the alterations of neuroendocrine substances.
Literature recommend a multidisciplinary therapeutic approach in management
of fibromyalgia. CONCLUSION: The pathophysiologic mechanisms in fibromyalgia
appear multiple and interdependent. With the aim to optimizing treatment,
investigations are necessary to determine biochemical repercussions of
various therapeutic approaches
(66) Mengshoel AM,
Haugen M. Health status in fibromyalgia--a followup study. J Rheumatol 2001;
28(9):2085-2089.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To examine symptoms, physical function, and nutritional
status in patients with fibromyalgia (FM) after 6 to 8 years. METHODS: Of 51
women with FM initially included in exercise and patient education programs
6 and 8 years ago, 33 agreed to participate. Median (range) age was 45.5
years (33-64) and symptom duration 18 years (8- 46). Symptoms (visual analog
scales), cardiovascular capacity (Aastrand's test), and restriction on daily
activities (Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire) were measured. Employment
status and experience of coping with everyday life were addressed in an
interview. Nutritional status was evaluated by anthropometric measurements
and dietary intake. RESULTS: All the 33 participants had widespread chronic
pain, and 79% had enough tender points to satisfy the FM classification
criteria. Compared with initital data there were significant reductions in
the number of tender points (p = 0.004) in the exercise group, and in
fatigue (p = 0.008) and pain (p = 0.5) in the patient education group.
Cardiovascular capacity was within normal limits in 33% of the participants.
Currently, 26 performed regular physical activity and of these, 10 were
engaged in organized exercise. Seventy-two percent reported regular use of
dietary supplements and attached importance to a healthy diet. Still, there
was a significant increase in weight and body fat, and 24% were obese (BMI >
30). The coping strategies adopted were adjustments to the new situation and
distraction from symptoms. CONCLUSION: No worsening of symptoms and no
change in employment status, as well as frequent participation in physical
activities, suggests a benign longterm outcome in these patients with FM
(67) Affleck G,
Tennen H, Zautra A, Urrows S, Abeles M, Karoly P. Women's pursuit of
personal goals in daily life with fibromyalgia: a value-expectancy analysis.
J Consult Clin Psychol 2001; 69(4):587-596.
Abstract: Eighty-nine women with fibromyalgia completed the Life Orientation
Test, identified health and social goals, and answered questions from the
Goal Systems Assessment Battery (P. Karoly & L. Ruehlman, 1995) about their
valuation of, and self-efficiency in attaining, each goal. For 30 days, they
responded to palm-top computer interviews about their pain and fatigue and
rated their goal effort, goal progress, and pain- and fatigue-related goal
barriers. Goal barriers increased and goal efforts and progress decreased on
days with greater pain and fatigue; goals valued more highly were pursued
more effortfully and successfully; more optimistic individuals were less
likely to perceive goal barriers and, on days that were more fatiguing than
usual, were less likely to reduce their effort and to retreat from progress
in achieving their health goal; and more pessimistic individuals perceived
greater goal barriers on days that were less painful than usual
(68) van West D,
Maes M. Neuroendocrine and immune aspects of fibromyalgia. BioDrugs 2001;
15( 8):521-531.
Abstract: Fibromyalgia is a form of non-articular rheumatism characterised
by long term (>3 months) and widespread musculoskeletal aching, stiffness
and pressure hyperalgesia at characteristic soft tissue sites, called soft
tissue tender points. The biophysiology of fibromyalgia, however, has
remained elusive and the treatment remains mainly empirical. This article
reviews the neuroendocrine-immune pathophysiology of fibromyalgia. There is
no major evidence that fibromyalgia is accompanied by activation of the
inflammatory response system, by immune activation or by an inflammatory
process. There is some evidence that fibromyalgia is accompanied by some
signs of immunosuppression, suggesting that immunomodifying drugs could have
potential in the treatment of fibromyalgia. Recent trials with cytokines,
such as interferon-alpha, have been undertaken in patients with
fibromyalgia. Immunotherapy with these agents, however, may induce symptoms
reminiscent of fibromyalgia and depression in a considerable number of
patients. Lowered serum activity of prolyl endopeptidase (PEP), a cytosolic
endopeptidase that cleaves peptide bonds on the carboxyl side of proline in
proteins of relatively small molecular mass, may play a role in the
biophysiology of fibromyalgia through diminished inactivation of algesic and
depression-related peptides, e.g. substance P. Trials with PEP agonists
could be worthwhile in fibromyalgia. The muscle energy depletion hypothesis
of fibromyalgia is supported by findings that this condition is accompanied
by lowered plasma levels of branched chain amino acids (BCAAs), i.e. valine,
leucine and isoleucine. Since there is evidence that BCAA supplementation
decreases muscle catabolism and has ergogenic values, a supplemental trial
with BCAAs in fibromyalgia appears to be justified
(69) Lubrano E,
Iovino P, Tremolaterra F, Parsons WJ , Ciacci C, Mazzacca G. Fibromyalgia in
patients with irritable bowel syndrome. An association with the severity of
the intestinal disorder. Int J Colorectal Dis 2001; 16(4):211-215.
Abstract: Fibromyalgia (FM) syndrome and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) are
functional disorders in which altered somatic and or visceral perception
thresholds have been found. The aim of this study was to evaluate the
prevalence of FM in a group of patients with IBS and the possible
association of FM with patterns and severity of the intestinal disorder. One
hundred thirty consecutive IBS patients were studied. The IBS was divided
into four different patterns according to the predominant bowel symptom and
into three levels of severity using a functional severity index. All
patients underwent rheumatological evaluation for number of positive tender
points, number of tender and swollen joints, markers of inflammation, and
presence of headache and weakness. Moreover, patients' assessments of
diffuse pain, mood and sleep disturbance, anxiety, and fatigue were also
measured on a visual analogue scale. The diagnosis of FM was made based on
American College of Rheumatology classification criteria. Nonparametric
tests were used for statistical analysis. Fibromyalgia was found in 20% of
IBS patients. No statistical association was found between the presence of
FM and the type of IBS but a significant association was found between the
presence of FM and severity of the intestinal disorder. The presence of FM
in IBS patients seems to be associated only with the severity of IBS. This
result confirms previous studies on the association between the two
syndromes
(70) Gervais RO,
Russell AS, Green P, Allen LM, III, Ferrari R, Pieschl SD. Effort testing in
patients with fibromyalgia and disability incentives. J Rheumatol 2001;
28(8):1892-1899.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To examine whether symptom exaggeration is a factor in
complaints of cognitive dysfunction using 2 new validated instruments in
patients with fibromyalgia (FM). METHODS: Ninety-six patients with FM and 16
patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) were administered 2 effort or
symptom validity tests designed to detect exaggerated memory complaints as
part of a battery of psychological tests and self-report questionnaires.
RESULTS: A large percentage of patients with FM who were on or seeking
disability benefits failed the effort tests. Only 2 patients with FM who
were working and/or not claiming disability benefits and no patient with RA
scored below the cutoffs for exaggeration of memory difficulties.
CONCLUSION: This study illustrates the importance of assessing for
exaggeration of cognitive symptoms and biased responding in patients with FM
presenting for disability related evaluations
(71) Poyhia R, Da
Costa D, Fitzcharles MA. Previous pain experience in women with fibromyalgia
and inflammatory arthritis and nonpainful controls. J Rheumatol 2001;
28(8):1888-1891.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To examine the frequency of commonly occurring pain and
adverse experiences throughout life by self-report in women with
fibromyalgia (FM) and chronic inflammatory arthritis (IA) and nonpainful
healthy women. METHODS: Fifty-one patients with FM and 44 with IA and 52
nonpainful healthy controls were consecutively interviewed in a tertiary
clinic setting regarding the occurrence of lifetime common pain experience
and adverse events, as well as a family history of FM and/or a childhood
pain environment. RESULTS: Patients with FM reported significantly more
irritable bowel syndrome, migraine headaches, severe menstrual pain,
physical and psychological trauma affecting well being, family history of
FM, and family pain environment than subjects with IA or controls. Both
patient groups had more adult hospitalizations and surgeries than the
controls. CONCLUSION: Patients with FM report a high rate of varied pain and
adverse experiences throughout life. This real or perceived experience of
pain supports the concept that FM is a lifetime disorder of pain processing
(72) Azad KA, Alam
MN, Haq SA, Nahar S, Chowdhury MA, Ali SM et al. Vegetarian diet in the
treatment of fibromyalgia. Bangladesh Med Res Counc Bull 2000; 26(2):41-47.
Abstract: Brain tryptophan is low in fibromyalgia. Intake of protein rich in
large neutral amino acids is reported to lower brain tryptophan. This study
was undertaken to assess whether any reduction of such proteins by exclusion
of animal protein from the diet reduced pain and morbidity in fibromyalgia
patients. It was an open, randomized controlled trial. 37 subjects with
fibromyalgia were enrolled in the vegetarian diet and 41 in the
amitriptyline groups. The outcome was assessed with the help of frequencies
of fatigue, insomnia & non-restorative sleep, pain score on a 10-point VAS
and tender point count. Fatigue, insomnia and non- restorative sleep were
present in 41, 26 and 32 subjects before and in 3, 0 and 0 subjects
respectively at six weeks of treatment in the amitriptyline group. The pain
score and tender point count were 6.2 +/- 1.9 & 16.1 +/- 2.3 before and 2.3
+/- 1.3 & 6.4 +/- 3.0 after treatment. All these differences were
significant (P < 0.001). In the vegetarian diet group, fatigue, insomnia and
non-restorative sleep were present in 36, 24 and 27 subjects before and in
34, 29 and 29 subjects at six weeks of treatment. The pain score and tender
point count were 5.7 +/- 1.8 and 15.7 +/- 2.4 before and 5.0 +/- 1.8 & 14.7
+/- 3.6 after treatment. All these differences were insignificant except
that in the pain score. The decrease in the pain score, though significant,
was much smaller than that in the amitriptyline group. So, it may be
concluded that vegetarian diet is a poor option in the treatment of
fibromyalgia
(73) Kersh BC,
Bradley LA, Alarcon GS, Alberts KR, Sotolongo A, Martin MY et al.
Psychosocial and health status variables independently predict health care
seeking in fibromyalgia. Arthritis Rheum 2001; 45(4):362-371.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To determine whether variables derived from the self-
regulatory model of health and illness behavior accurately predict status as
a patient or nonpatient with fibromyalgia (FM). METHODS: Subjects were 79
patients who met American College of Rheumatology (ACR) criteria for FM and
39 community residents who met ACR criteria for FM but had not sought
medical care for their symptoms (nonpatients). Subjects were administered 14
measures that produced 6 domains of variables: background demographics and
pain duration; psychiatric morbidity; and personality, environmental,
cognitive, and health status factors. These domains were entered in 4
different hierarchical logistic regression analyses to predict status as
patient or nonpatient. RESULTS: The full regression model was statistically
significant (P < 0.0001) and correctly identified 90.7% of the subjects with
a sensitivity of 92.4% and a specificity of 87.2%. The best individual
predictors of group status were self-reports of self- efficacy, negative
affect, recent stressful events, and perceived pain. Relative to nonpatients,
patients reported higher levels of negative affect and perceived pain and a
greater number of recent stressful experiences, as well as lower levels of
self-efficacy. CONCLUSION: Consistent with the self-regulatory model of
health and illness behavior, psychosocial and health status variables
predict health care- seeking behavior in persons with FM independently of
background demographics and psychiatric morbidity. These variables may
influence the severity of symptoms experienced by persons with this disorder
as well as their health care-seeking behavior, but they are not necessary to
produce abnormal pain sensitivity in FM
(74) Poyhia R, Da
Costa D, Fitzcharles MA. Pain and pain relief in fibromyalgia patients
followed for three years. Arthritis Rheum 2001; 45(4):355-361.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To examine the natural clinical course of pain in
fibromyalgia (FM) and patients' reports of the use of interventions for pain
relief. METHODS: This prospective 3-year study examined pain, and the
treatment thereof, in a cohort of 82 women with FM, of whom 59 (72%) were
reassessed on 3 subsequent occasions. Pain was measured by the following
parameters: visual analog scale (VASpain), tender point count (TP), and the
occurrence of widespread pain (WP). Function was assessed by the Health
Assessment Questionnaire and the Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire, and
depression and anxiety by the Arthritis Impact Measurement Scales. All
treatments for FM were recorded, and patients identified the treatment that
they believed had helped their symptoms of FM. RESULTS: Pain reporting as
measured by all parameters decreased significantly for the whole group over
the duration of the study. The mean VASpain decreased from 66 to 55, the
mean TP count decreased from 13.5 to 10.5, and the number of patients with
WP decreased from 100% to 63%. VASpain correlated positively with TP and WP.
One third of patients experienced a reduction in pain by at least 30% from
baseline as well as a better outcome in overall status of FM. There was a
decline in the use of prescribed medications, whereas the use of alternative
products increased. Physical treatment modalities were more often perceived
to be of benefit than prescribed medications. CONCLUSION: We have observed a
spontaneous improvement in pain reporting and less medication use in FM
patients, suggesting that the course of this condition may be more favorable
than has previously been reported
(75) Kiser RS,
Cohen HM, Freedenfeld RN, Jewell C, Fuchs PN. Olanzapine for the treatment
of fibromyalgia symptoms. J Pain Symptom Manage 2001; 22(2):704-708.
Abstract: Fibromyalgia is a chronic condition that is diagnosed primarily by
the presence of generalized pain along with tenderness on palpation of
certain body regions. Unfortunately, the pharmacological treatment of
fibromyalgia remains problematic. Two patients are described who highlight
the use of the atypical neuroleptic olanzapine for the control of symptoms
related to fibromyalgia. Prior to the use of olanzapine, both patients had
received a multitude of treatments, none of which greatly improved their
ability to function in daily activities. With olanzapine, both patients
reported a significant decrease in pain and marked improvement in daily
functioning. In one case, the pain returned during a period of time when
olanzapine was discontinued, an effect that was reversed when olanzapine was
reintroduced. The paucity of serious side effects (i.e., extrapyramidal
signs) with the atypical neuroleptic olanzapine strongly favors further
exploration and use of this drug for the treatment of fibromyalgia symptoms
(76) Davis MC,
Zautra AJ, Reich JW. Vulnerability to stress among women in chronic pain
from fibromyalgia and osteoarthritis. Ann Behav Med 2001; 23(3):215-226.
Abstract: In two investigations, we studied vulnerability to the negative
effects of stress among women in chronic pain from 2 types of
musculoskeletal illnesses, fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS) and osteoarthritis
(OA). In Study 1, there were 101 female participants 50 to 78 years old: 50
had FMS, 29 had OA knee pain and were scheduled for knee surgery, and 22 had
OA but were not planning surgery. Cross-sectional analyses showed that the
three groups were comparable on demographic variables, personality
attributes, negative affect, active coping, and perceived social support. As
expected, FMS and OA surgery women reported similar levels of bodily pain,
and both groups scored higher than OA nonsurgery women. However, women with
FMS reported poorer emotional and physical health, lower positive affect, a
poorer quality social milieu, and more frequent use of avoidant coping with
pain than did both groups of women with OA. Moreover, the perception and use
of social support were closely tied to perceived social stress only among
the FMS group. In Study 2, we experimentally manipulated negative mood and
stress in 41 women 37 to 74 years old: 20 women had FMS, and 21 women had
OA. Participantsfrom each group were randomly assigned to either a negative
mood induction or a neutral mood (control) condition, and then all
participants discussed a stressful interpersonal eventfor 30 min.
Stress-related increases in pain were exacerbated by negative mood induction
among women with FMS but not women with OA, and pain during stress was
associated with decreases in positive affect in women with FMS but not women
with OA. These findings suggest that among women with chronic pain, those
with FMS may be particularly vulnerable to the negative effects of social
stress. They have fewer positive affective resources, use less effective
pain-coping strategies, and have more constrained social networks than their
counterparts with OA, particularly those who experience similar levels
ofpain. They also seem to experience more prolonged stress-related increases
in pain under certain circumstances, all of which may contribute to a
lowering of positive affect and increased stress reactivity over time
(77) Nicassio PM.
Perspectives on stress in fibromyalgia. Ann Behav Med 2001; 23(3):147-148.
(78) Gogoleva EF.
[New approaches to diagnosis and treatment of fibromyalgia in spinal
osteochondrosis]. Ter Arkh 2001; 73(4):40-45.
Abstract: AIM: To compare effectiveness of manual and bioresonance therapies
for fibromyalgia (FM) in spinal osteochondrosis (SO). MATERIAL AND METHODS:
The trial enrolled 60 FM patients with x-ray diagnosis of SO. In addition to
routine clinical examination all the patients have undergone kinesthetic
study with estimation of the muscular syndrome index, brain echoscopy,
neurological examination, electropuncture diagnosis. Group 1 patients
received manual therapy (MT) and point massage (PM); group 2 patients
received MT, PM and bioresonance therapy (BRT). The treatment took 5-6
weeks. The examinations were made before the treatment and 1-1.5 months
after it. RESULTS: The response was observed in both the groups, but in
group 2 it occurred more frequently and earlier, was higher and longer. BRT
produces no side effects, has no contraindications, acts on the body
systemically. It is rather effective against symptoms of neurocirculatory
dystonia frequently diagnosed in FM patients
(79) Anders C,
Sprott H, Scholle HC. Surface EMG of the lumbar part of the erector trunci
muscle in patients with fibromyalgia. Clin Exp Rheumatol 2001; 19(
4):453-455.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To determine differences supposed in EMG parameters of
the erector trunci region between patients with fibromyalgia and healthy
subjects during defined investigation situations. METHODS: During sitting
and standing in upright position surface EMG (SEMG) from 15 subjects with
fibromyalgia and 10 healthy controls was performed using a 16-channel
technique where the electrodes were applied in a well- defined grid pattern
(gain 5000, 3 db points at 5 Hz and 700 Hz respectively). SEMG
quantification was done by Fourier algorithm using 512 measurement points
for calculation. RESULTS: An increased EMG amplitude could be recorded
during rest in fibromyalgia patients compared with controls. Spatial
amplitude differences (frequency range 100-500 Hz) in the low back region
were significantly (p < 0.01) decreased in the patients' group during
sitting. CONCLUSION: It is the first time that a decreased difference in EMG
amplitude of different parts within a certain muscle could be proven in
patients with fibromyalgia. As far as is known from the literature this
result seems to be a uniquefinding in fibromyalgia patients
(80) Buchard PA.
[Can we still give a fibromyalgia diagnosis?]. Rev Med Suisse Romande 2001;
121(6):443-447.
Abstract: This article is an attempt at a critical analysis of the
fibromyalgia concept. The author applies himself to describing how the
profile of this syndrome, associating chronic widespread pain to allodynia,
became more and more precise, until it obtained the status of disease. He
emphasizes that the concept lost its initial meaning when the criteria,
resulting from an ambitious scientific methodology, were used to establish a
diagnosis on an individual scale. He comes to the conclusion that after a
century of existence, fibromyalgia does not possess any specific quality
that would distinguish it from other chronic widespread pain syndromes to
make it a pure nosological entity. It is an artificial construct that adds
nothing to the understanding of a pain phenomenon and allows no rational
therapeutic approach
(81) Thomas AW,
White KP, Drost DJ, Cook CM, Prato FS. A comparison of rheumatoid arthritis
and fibromyalgia patients and healthy controls exposed to a pulsed (200
microT) magnetic field: effects on normal standing balance. Neurosci Lett
2001; 309(1):17-20.
Abstract: Specific weak time varying pulsed magnetic fields (MF) have been
shown to alter animal and human behaviors, including pain perception and
postural sway. Here we demonstrate an objective assessment of exposure to
pulsed MF's on Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) and Fibromyalgia (FM) patients and
healthy controls using standing balance. 15 RA and 15 FM patients were
recruited from a university hospital outpatient Rheumatology Clinic and 15
healthy controls from university students and personnel. Each subject stood
on the center of a 3-D forceplate to record postural sway within three
square orthogonal coil pairs (2 m, 1.75 m, 1.5 m) which generated a
spatially uniform MF centered at head level. Four 2-min exposure conditions
(eyes open/eyes closed, sham/MF) were applied in a random order. With eyes
open and during sham exposure, FM patients and controls appeared to have
similar standing balance, with RA patients worse. With eyes closed, postural
sway worsened for all three groups, but more for RA and FM patients than
controls. The Romberg Quotient (eyes closed/eyes open) was highest among FM
patients. Mixed design analysis of variance on the center of pressure (COP)
movements showed a significant interaction of eyes open/closed and sham/MF
conditions [F=8.78(1,42), P<0.006]. Romberg Quotients of COP movements
improved significantly with MF exposure [F=9.5(1,42), P<0.005] and COP path
length showed an interaction approaching significance with clinical
diagnosis [F=3.2(1,28), P<0.09]. Therefore RA and FM patients, and healthy
controls, have significantly different postural sway in response to a
specific pulsed MF
(82) Stahl SM.
Fibromyalgia: the enigma and the stigma. J Clin Psychiatry 2001;
62(7):501-502.
(83) Wolfe CV.
Disability evaluation of fibromyalgia. Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am 2001;
12(3):709-718.
Abstract: These cases represent individuals who feel they have a severe
impairment and are "disabled." They have been labeled with fibromyalgia.
They are truly distressed. Their symptoms, their courses, are more chronic
and refractory than those of medically ill patients, and they are high users
of medical services, laboratory investigations, and surgical procedures.
These patients see multiple providers simultaneously and frequently switch
physicians. They are difficult to care for, and they reject psychosocial
factors as an influence on their symptoms. Such persons "see themselves as
victims worthy of a star appearance on the Oprah Winfrey show. A sense of
bitterness emerges...." Shorter, a historian, believes that fibromyalgia is
"heaven-sent to doctors as a diagnostic label for pain patients who display
an important neurotic component in their illness. Our culture increasingly
encourages patients to conceive vague and nonspecific symptoms as evidence
of real disease and to seek specialist help for them; and the rising
ascendancy of the media and the breakdown of the family encourage patients
to acquire the fixed belief that they have a given illness...." Regarding
the finding of "disability," this is a social construct, and many authors
believe it is society and the judicial system who must decide who can work.
To remain objective, the physician should report the objective clinical
information. Physicians need not and should not sit in judgment of the
veracity of another human being
(84) Nishikai M,
Tomomatsu S, Hankins RW, Takagi S, Miyachi K, Kosaka S et al. Autoantibodies
to a 68/48 kDa protein in chronic fatigue syndrome and primary fibromyalgia:
a possible marker for hypersomnia and cognitive disorders. Rheumatology
(Oxford) 2001; 40(7):806-810.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To identify antinuclear antibodies (ANA) specific for
chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS), and in related conditions such as
fibromyalgia (FM) or psychiatric disorders. METHODS: One hundred and
fourteen CFS patients and 125 primary and secondary FM patients were
selected based on criteria advocated by the Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention and by the American College of Rheumatology, respectively. As
controls, healthy subjects and patients with either various psychiatric
disorders or diffuse connective tissue diseases were included.
Autoantibodies were examined by immunoblot utilizing HeLa cell extracts as
the antigen. RESULTS: Autoantibodies to a 68/48 kDa protein were present in
13.2 and 15.6% of patients with CFS and primary FM, respectively. In
addition, autoantibodies to a 45 kDa protein were found in 37.1 and 21.6% of
the patients with secondary FM and psychiatric disorders, respectively.
Meanwhile, these two autoantibodies were not found at all in connective
tissue disease patients without FM, nor in healthy subjects (P<0.05). As a
group, the anti-68/48 kDa-positive CFS patients presented more frequently
with hypersomnia (P<0.005), short-term amnesia (P<0.07) or difficulty in
concentration (P<0.05) than those CFS patients without the antibodies.
CONCLUSIONS: The presence of the anti-68/48 kDa protein antibodies in a
portion of both CFS and primary FM patients suggests the existence of a
common immunological background. These antibodies may find utility as
possible markers for a clinicoserological subset of CFS/FM patients with
hypersomnia and cognitive complaints
(85) Wallace DJ,
Linker-Israeli M, Hallegua D, Silverman S, Silver D, Weisman MH. Cytokines
play an aetiopathogenetic role in fibromyalgia: a hypothesis and pilot
study. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2001; 40(7):743-749.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To measure soluble factors having a possible role in
fibromyalgia (FM) and compare the profiles of patients with recent onset of
the syndrome with patients with chronic FM. METHODS: The production of
cytokines, cytokine-related molecules, and a CXC chemokine, interleukin
(IL)-8, was examined. Fifty-six patients with FM (23 with <2 yr and 33 with
>2 yr of symptoms) were compared with age- and sex-matched healthy controls.
Cytokines and cytokine-related molecules were measured in sera and in
supernatants of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) that were
incubated with and without lectins and phorbol myristate acetate (PMA).
RESULTS: No differences between FMS and controls were found by measuring
IL-1beta, IL-2, IL-10, serum IL-2 receptor (sIL-2R), interferon gamma (IFN-gamma),
and tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha). Levels of IL-1R antibody
(IL-1Ra) and IL-8 were significantly higher in sera, and IL-1Ra and IL-6
were significantly higher in stimulated and unstimulated FM PBMC compared
with controls. Serum IL-6 levels were comparable to those in controls, but
were elevated in supernatants of in vitro-activated PBMC derived from
patients with >2 yr of symptoms. In the presence of PMA, there were
additional increases in IL-1Ra, IL-8 and IL-6 over control values.
CONCLUSIONS: In patients with FM we found increases over time in serum
levels and/or PBMC-stimulated activity of soluble factors whose release is
stimulated by substance P. Because IL-8 promotes sympathetic pain and IL-6
induces hyperalgesia, fatigue and depression, it is hypothesized that they
may play a role in modulating FM symptoms
(86) Asherson RA,
Pascoe L. The use of botulinum toxin-A in the treatment of patients with
fibromyalgia. J Rheumatol 2001; 28(7):1740.
(87) Pall ML.
Common etiology of posttraumatic stress disorder, fibromyalgia, chronic
fatigue syndrome and multiple chemical sensitivity via elevated nitric
oxide/peroxynitrite. Med Hypotheses 2001; 57( 2):139-145.
Abstract: Three types of overlap occur among the disease states chronic
fatigue syndrome (CFS), fibromyalgia (FM), multiple chemical sensitivity
(MCS) and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). They share common symptoms.
Many patients meet the criteria for diagnosis for two or more of these
disorders and each disorder appears to be often induced by a relatively
short-term stress which is followed by a chronic pathology, suggesting that
the stress may act by inducing a self-perpetuating vicious cycle. Such a
vicious cycle mechanism has been proposed to explain the etiology of CFS and
MCS, based on elevated levels of nitric oxide and its potent oxidant
product, peroxynitrite. Six positive feedback loops were proposed to act
such that when peroxynitrite levels are elevated, they may remain elevated.
The biochemistry involved is not highly tissue-specific, so that variation
in symptoms may be explained by a variation in nitric oxide/peroxynitrite
tissue distribution. The evidence for the same biochemical mechanism in the
etiology of PTSD and FM is discussed here, and while less extensive than in
the case of CFS and MCS, it is nevertheless suggestive. Evidence supporting
the role of elevated nitric oxide/peroxynitrite in these four disease states
is summarized, including induction of nitric oxide by common apparent
inducers of these disease states, markers of elevated nitric oxide/peroxynitrite
in patients and evidence for an inductive role of elevated nitric oxide in
animal models. This theory appears to be the first to provide a mechanistic
explanation for the multiple overlaps of these disease states and it also
explains the origin of many of their common symptoms and similarity to both
Gulf War syndrome and chronic sequelae of carbon monoxide toxicity. This
theory suggests multiple studies that should be performed to further test
this proposed mechanism. If this mechanism proves central to the etiology of
these four conditions, it may also be involved in other conditions of
currently obscure etiology and criteria are suggested for identifying such
conditions
(88) Bayne R.
Diagnosis of fibromyalgia. CMAJ 2001; 164(12):1661.
(89) Magaldi M,
Moltoni L, Biasi G, Marcolongo R. Role of intracellular calcium ions in the
physiopathology of fibromyalgia syndrome. Boll Soc Ital Biol Sper 2000;
76(1-2):1-4.
Abstract: Calcium ions have a key role in the physiology of muscular
contraction: changes in calcium ion concentration may be involved in the
pathogenesis of fibromyalgia. Although, since the plasmatic level of calcium
in fibromyalgia patients is always in the normal range, it seemed
interesting to evaluate the intracellular calcium concentration. The study
was carried out on two groups of subjects: 70 affected by fibromyalgia and
40 healthy controls. The results obtained show that in fibromyalgia patients
the intracellular calcium concentration is significantly reduced in
comparison to that of healthy controls: the reduced intracellular calcium
concentration seems to be a peculiar characteristic of fibromyalgia patients
and may be potentially responsible for muscular hypertonus. The effective
role of this anomaly in the physiopathology of fibromyalgia and the
potential role of drugs active on the calcium homeostasis are still to be
confirmed
(90) Stratz T,
Farber L, Varga B, Baumgartner C, Haus U, Muller W. Fibromyalgia treatment
with intravenous tropisetron administration. Drugs Exp Clin Res 2001;
27(3):113-118.
Abstract: A prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled, multicenter,
double- blind trial in fibromyalgia patients demonstrated that peroral daily
treatment with 5 mg tropisetron for 10 days produced a significant reduction
in pain and other symptoms. The aim of the present study was to determine
whether intravenous administration of 2 mg tropisetron daily for a limited
period of time would produce quicker and more favorable results. In the
first cohort 18 fibromyalgia patients received a single intravenous
injection of 2 mg tropisetron. In the second cohort 24 fibromyalgia patients
were treated with 2 mg intravenous tropisetron daily for 5 days. Pain
intensity was measured with the visual analog scale and the pain score. Pain
at tender and control points (dolorimeter) as well as 17 ancillary symptoms
before and after treatment were evaluated. Pain intensity was followed-up by
means of a patient diary until recurrence. Dolorimetry revealed that a
single intravenous injection of 2 mg tropisetron significantly reduced pain
and enhanced pain threshold. These effects, however, lasted for only a few
days. Of 18 patients in the first cohort, only three showed no response to
therapy. Of the 24 patients in the second cohort, 23 showed pain reduction
when 2 mg tropisetron was administered daily for 5 days. Pain relief lasted
for 2 weeks to 2 months in 20 of these patients. Two patients stopped
filling in the pain diary. Twelve ancillary symptoms such as sleep
disturbances, fatigue, morning stiffness were also significantly improved by
the latter treatment. In the global assessment 16 out of 24 patients showed
significant improvement and seven showed slight improvement. Only one
patient experienced no improvement. Tolerability was good. In conclusion,
intravenous injection of 2 mg of the 5-hydroxytryptamine3 receptor
antagonist tropisetron once daily for 5 days produced a longer-lasting
therapeutic effect on fibromyalgia symptoms than did peroral daily treatment
with 5 mg of this drug. The results achieved are currently being evaluated
in a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial
(91) Sharma V,
Barrett C. Tryptophan for treatment of rapid-cycling bipolar disorder
comorbid with fibromyalgia. Can J Psychiatry 2001; 46(5):452-453.
(92) Elert J,
Kendall SA, Larsson B, Mansson B, Gerdle B. Chronic pain and difficulty in
relaxing postural muscles in patients with fibromyalgia and chronic whiplash
associated disorders. J Rheumatol 2001; 28(6):1361-1368.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To investigate if muscle tension according to the
surface electromyogram (EMG) of the shoulder flexors is increased in
consecutive patients with fibromyalgia (FM) or chronic whiplash associated
disorders (WAD). METHODS: A total of 59 consecutive patients with FM (n =
36) or chronic WAD (n = 23) performed 100 maximal isokinetic contractions
combined with surface electromyography of the trapezius and infraspinatus. A
randomized group of pain-free female (n = 27) subjects served as control
group. Peak torque initially (Pti) and absolute and relative peak torque at
endurance level (PTe, PTer) were registered as output variables, together
with the EMG level of unnecessary muscle tension, i.e., the signal amplitude
ratio (SAR). RESULTS: The patient groups had a higher level of unnecessary
tension initially and at the endurance level. The patients had lower
absolute output (PTi and PTe), but the relative levels (PTer) did not differ
comparing all 3 groups. Subjects with FM had significantly higher body mass
index (BMI) than the other groups. BMI did not influence the SAR but
correlated positively with PTi. CONCLUSION: The results confirmed earlier
findings that groups of patients with chronic pain have increased muscle
tension and decreased output during dynamic activity compared to pain-free
controls. However, the results indicated there is heterogeneity within
groups of patients with the same chronic pain disorder and that not all
patients with chronic pain have increased muscle tension
(93) Naschitz JE,
Rozenbaum M, Rosner I, Sabo E, Priselac RM, Shaviv N et al. Cardiovascular
response to upright tilt in fibromyalgia differs from that in chronic
fatigue syndrome. J Rheumatol 2001; 28(6):1356-1360.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To compare the cardiovascular response during postural
challenge of patients with fibromyalgia (FM) to those with chronic fatigue
syndrome (CFS). METHODS: Age and sex matched patients were studied, 38 with
FM, 30 with CFS, and 37 healthy subjects. Blood pressure (BP) and heart rate
(HR) were recorded during 10 min of recumbence and 30 min of head-up tilt.
Differences between successive BP values and the last recumbent BP, their
average, and standard deviation (SD) were calculated. Time curves of BP
differences were analyzed by computer and their outline ratios (OR) and
fractal dimensions (FD) were measured. HR differences were determined
similarly. Based on the latter measurements, each subject's discriminant
score (DS) was computed. RESULTS: For patients and controls average DS
values were: FM: -3.68 (SD 2.7), CFS: 3.72 (SD 5.02), and healthy controls:
-4.62 (SD 2.24). DS values differed significantly between FM and CFS (p <
0.0001). Subgroups of FM patients with and without fatigue had comparable DS
values. CONCLUSION: The DS confers numerical expression to the
cardiovascular response during postural challenge. DS values in FM were
significantly different from DS in CFS, suggesting that homeostatic
responses in FM and CFS are dissimilar. This observation challenges the
hypothesis that FM and CFS share a common derangement of the stress-response
system
(94) Smith JD,
Terpening CM, Schmidt SO, Gums JG. Relief of fibromyalgia symptoms following
discontinuation of dietary excitotoxins. Ann Pharmacother 2001;
35(6):702-706.
Abstract: BACKGROUND: Fibromyalgia is a common rheumatologic disorder that
is often difficult to treat effectively. CASE SUMMARY: Four patients
diagnosed with fibromyalgia syndrome for two to 17 years are described. All
had undergone multiple treatment modalities with limited success. All had
complete, or nearly complete, resolution of their symptoms within months
after eliminating monosodium glutamate (MSG) or MSG plus aspartame from
their diet. All patients were women with multiple comorbidities prior to
elimination of MSG. All have had recurrence of symptoms whenever MSG is
ingested. DISCUSSION: Excitotoxins are molecules, such as MSG and aspartate,
that act as excitatory neurotransmitters, and can lead to neurotoxicity when
used in excess. We propose that these four patients may represent a subset
of fibromyalgia syndrome that is induced or exacerbated by excitotoxins or,
alternatively, may comprise an excitotoxin syndrome that is similar to
fibromyalgia. We suggest that identification of similar patients and
research with larger numbers of patients must be performed before definitive
conclusions can be made. CONCLUSIONS: The elimination of MSG and other
excitotoxins from the diets of patients with fibromyalgia offers a benign
treatment option that has the potential for dramatic results in a subset of
patients
(95) Romera BM.
[Fibromyalgia]. Aten Primaria 2001; 27(8):579-580.
(96) Buskila D,
Neumann L, Odes LR, Schleifer E, Depsames R, Abu-Shakra M. The prevalence of
musculoskeletal pain and fibromyalgia in patients hospitalized on internal
medicine wards. Semin Arthritis Rheum 2001; 30(6):411-417.
Abstract: OBJECTIVES: To estimate the prevalence of nonarticular pain
complaints (chronic widespread pain, chronic localized pain, transient pain)
and fibromyalgia in hospitalized patients and to study utilization patterns
of health services associated with pain related problems. METHODS: Five
hundred twenty-two patients hospitalized on internal medicine wards were
enrolled. Data were collected with a questionnaire covering demographic
background, information on pain and other symptoms, utilization of health
services, and drug consumption. All subjects were classified into four pain
groups: those with no pain, transient pain, chronic regional pain, and
chronic widespread pain. Tenderness was assessed by thumb palpation, and
patients were diagnosed as having fibromyalgia if they met the 1990 American
College of Rheumatology criteria. RESULTS: Sixty-two percent of the patients
reported pain; 36% reported chronic regional pain, 21% reported chronic
widespread pain, and 5% reported transient pain. Fifteen percent of all
patients had fibromyalgia, most of whom (91%) were women. The prevalence of
chronic widespread pain and of fibromyalgia in women increased with age.
Sleep problems, headache, and fatigue were highly prevalent, especially
among those with chronic widespread pain. Patients with chronic widespread
pain reported more visits to family physicians (6.2 visits per year) and
more frequent use of drugs. They also were more frequently referred to
rheumatologists, and they reported more hospitalizations. CONCLUSIONS: Pain
syndromes and related symptoms are prevalent among hospitalized patients on
the medicine wards. The internist taking care of these patients should be
aware of the presence of these syndromes and realize that some of the
reported symptoms are partly related to these (undiagnosed) pain syndromes
rather than to the cause of hospitalization
(97) Mueller HH,
Donaldson CC, Nelson DV, Layman M. Treatment of fibromyalgia incorporating
EEG-Driven stimulation: a clinical outcomes study. J Clin Psychol 2001;
57(7):933-952.
Abstract: Thirty patients from a private clinical practice who met the 1990
American College of Rheumatology criteria for fibromyalgia syndrome (FS)
were followed prospectively through a brainwave-based intervention known as
electroencephalograph (EEG)-driven stimulation or EDS. Patients were
initially treated with EDS until they reported noticeable improvements in
mental clarity, mood, and sleep. Self-reported pain, then, having changed
from vaguely diffuse to more specifically localized, was treated with very
modest amounts of physically oriented therapies. Pre- to posttreatment and
extended follow-up comparisons of psychological and physical functioning
indices, specific FS symptom ratings, and EEG activity revealed
statistically significant improvements. EDS appeared to be the prime
initiator of therapeutic efficacy. Future research is justified for
controlled clinical trials and to better understand disease mechanisms
(98) Barkhuizen A.
Pharmacologic treatment of fibromyalgia. Curr Pain Headache Rep 2001;
5(4):351-358.
Abstract: Fibromyalgia is a chronic syndrome characterized by widespread
pain, unrefreshed sleep, disturbed mood, and fatigue. Until such time as we
have a clearer understanding of the trigger and/or pathophysiologic
mechanisms producing these symptoms, pharmacologic treatment should be aimed
at individual symptoms. Such treatment should ideally be offered as part of
a multidisciplinary treatment program using both pharmacologic and
nonpharmacologic treatment modalities. Critical components of any successful
fibromyalgia treatment program include addressing physical fitness, work and
other functional activities, and mental health, in addition to
symptom-specific therapies. The main symptoms that should be addressed
include pain, sleep disturbances including restless leg syndrome, mood
disturbances, and fatigue. Pharmacologic therapy should also be considered
for syndromes commonly associated with fibromyalgia including irritable
bowel syndrome, interstitial cystitis, migraine headaches, temporomandibular
joint dysfunction, dysequilibrium including neurally mediated hypotension,
sicca syndrome, and growth hormone deficiency. This article provides general
guidelines in initiating a successful pharmacologic treatment program for
fibromyalgia
(99) Martinez-Lavin
M. Overlap of fibromyalgia with other medical conditions. Curr Pain Headache
Rep 2001; 5(4):347-350.
Abstract: Fibromyalgia is a multisystem illness. One of its defining
features, generalized pain, may also be present in other rheumatic entities.
The diagnosis of fibromyalgia is not easy by any means, it requires a
profound knowledge of internal medicine. This article discusses the
different rheumatic and nonrheumatic diseases that overlap or are prone to
be confused with fibromyalgia. It emphasizes the key points in the
differential diagnosis
(100) Larson AA,
Kovacs KJ. Nociceptive aspects of fibromyalgia. Curr Pain Headache Rep 2001;
5( 4):338-346.
Abstract: Although characterized by a variety of symptoms, chronic
widespread pain is the primary complaint bringing most patients with
fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS) into the clinic. The etiology of this painful
condition is unknown, and any possible relationship between pain and the
many other symptoms of FMS is unclear. This article focuses on the unique
characteristics of nociception in patients with FMS. The intent is to
present criteria that should be considered in the search for biological
events that contribute to FMS pain. Based on this approach, examples are
proposed of factors that fulfill some criteria and may, therefore, deserve
further study for their possible role in pain associated with FMS
(101) Nielson WR,
Merskey H. Psychosocial aspects of fibromyalgia. Curr Pain Headache Rep
2001; 5( 4):330-337.
Abstract: The view that fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS) is a psychiatric
disorder or can be caused by stress or abuse is unproven. The construct of
posttraumatic FMS has not been adequately validated. Similarly, there is no
evidence that communicating the diagnosis to patients causes iatrogenic
consequences. Research suggesting a higher rate of posttraumatic stress
disorder among those with FMS is weak. More research examining specific
psychological processes in FMS is desirable. Because of the potential for
harm to patients, clinicians should be cognizant of possible undue
influences on medical opinion by agencies providing health care and research
funding
(102) White KP,
Harth M. Classification, epidemiology, and natural history of fibromyalgia.
Curr Pain Headache Rep 2001; 5(4):320-329.
Abstract: Fibromyalgia (FM), also known as fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS) and
fibrositis, is a common form of nonarticular rheumatism that is associated
with chronic generalized musculoskeletal pain, fatigue, and a long list of
other complaints. Some have criticized the classification of FM as a
distinct medical entity, but existing data suggest that individuals meeting
the case definition for FM are clinically somewhat distinct from those with
chronic widespread pain who do not meet the full FM definition. Clinic
studies have found FM to be common in countries worldwide; these include
studies in specialty and general clinics. The same is true of general
population studies, which show the prevalence of FM to be between 0.5% and
5%. Knowledge about risk factors for FM is limited. Females are at greater
risk, and risk appears to increase through middle age, then decline.
Although some authors claim that an epidemic of FM has been fueled by an
over- generous Western compensation system, there are no data that
demonstrate an increasing incidence or prevalence of FM; moreover, existing
data refute any association between FM prevalence and compensation. Claims
that the FM label itself causes illness behavior and increased dependence on
the medical system also are not supported by existing research. This article
reviews the classification, epidemiology, and natural history of FM
(103) Wallace DJ,
Hallegua DS. Quality-of-life, legal-financial, and disability issues in
fibromyalgia. Curr Pain Headache Rep 2001; 5(4):313-319.
Abstract: Patients with fibromyalgia have an altered quality of life that is
hard to quantitate using existing indices. The principal legal issues
associated with the syndrome are: Does fibromyalgia exist? Can it be caused
by or flared by stress or trauma? Does disability apply to fibromyalgia and
if so, how? These issues are critically reviewed
(104) Goulding C,
O'Connell P, Murray FE. Prevalence of fibromyalgia, anxiety and depression
in chronic hepatitis C virus infection: relationship to RT-PCR status and
mode of acquisition. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2001; 13(5):507-511.
Abstract: BACKGROUND: Musculoskeletal complaints, dry eyes, fatigue and
anxiety are common symptoms in patients with hepatitis C virus (HCV)
infection, but there are few controlled data evaluating this. AIM: To assess
the prevalence of rheumatological disease, fatigue and anxiety in different
groups of patients with chronic HCV infection. PATIENTS AND METHODS:
Seventy-seven patients with HCV were evaluated. Of these, 49 (64%) had been
infected via contaminated anti-D immunoglobulin, 25 (33%) were intravenous
drug users (IVDUs), and three were transfusion related; 78% were female.
Twenty-five age- and sex-matched controls were also evaluated. Assessment
was performed by history, physical examination, the Fibromyalgia Impact
Questionnaire (FIQ) and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Score (HADS).
RESULTS: Four (5%) patients fulfilled the criteria for fibromyalgia. All
were infected via anti-D immunoglobulin, and three were PCR positive. The
mean number of tender points in anti-D patients was 5.0 (+/- 4.07) compared
with 2.8 (+/- 2.7) in controls (P= 0.028) and 2.5 (+/- 2.2) in IVDUs (P<
0.004). There was no significant difference in the number of tender points
between PCR-positive and PCR- negative patients (P= 0.23). Anxiety and
depression scores were significantly higher in anti-D patients (P= 0.0001)
and IVDUs (P= 0.005) compared with controls. Forty per cent of the HCV
patients had a positive Schirmer test. Forty-two per cent of PCR-positive
patients had a positive rheumatoid factor (RF, > 1/80). CONCLUSION: This
study reveals a moderate increase in prevalence of fibromyalgia in HCV
patients. The number of tender points was related to mode of acquisition but
not to PCR status. Anxiety and depression levels are also increased in HCV
patients compared with controls. Prevalence of RF was higher in PCR-positive
patients compared with controls and those who had cleared the virus
(105) Brecher LS,
Cymet TC. A practical approach to fibromyalgia. J Am Osteopath Assoc 2001;
101( 4 Suppl Pt 2):S12-S17.
Abstract: The term fibromyalgia refers to a collection of symptoms with no
clear physiologic cause, but the symptoms together constitute a clearly
recognizable and distinct pathologic entity. The diagnosis is made through
the examiner's clinical observations. The differential diagnosis must
include other somatic syndromes as well as disease entities, including
hepatitis, hypothyroidism, diabetes mellitus, electrolyte imbalance,
multiple sclerosis, and cancer. Diagnostic criteria serve as guidelines for
diagnosis, not as absolute requirements. Treatment of fibromyalgia, which is
an ongoing process, remains individualized, relying on a good
physician-patient relationship. It is goal-oriented, directed at helping
patients get restorative sleep, alleviating the somatic pains, keeping
patients productive, and regulating schedules. It can be achieved through a
goal- oriented agreement between patient and provider. Because fibromyalgia
is chronic and may affect all areas of an individual's functioning, the
physician needs to also evaluate the social support systems of patients with
fibromyalgia. The approach to treatment should integrate patient education
as well as non-pharmacologic and pharmacologic modalities. To keep patients
well educated and involved in their healthcare, physicians should provide
patients with adequate sources for reliable information
(106) Pongratz D,
Spath M. [Fibromyalgia]. Fortschr Neurol Psychiatr 2001; 69(4):189-193.
Abstract: The classification of fibromyalgia is based on the criteria of the
American College of Rheumatology. For diagnostic reasons autonomic
disturbances and mental features have to be considered. The distinction
between fibromyalgia (tender points) and myofascial pain syndrome (trigger
points) is essential. Internal and neurological disorders as a primary cause
of fibromyalgia have to be excluded. The aetiology and pathogenesis of
fibromyalgia still remain uncertain. The myopathological patterns in
fibromyalgia are non-specific: type-II- fiber-atrophy, a slight increase in
lipid droplets, a proliferation of mitochondria and a slightly elevated
incidence of ragged red fibers. Biochemically alterations of the serotonin
system and high levels of substance P in the cerebrospinal fluid of
fibromyalgia patients are important. Animal experiments showed that the
central stimulation by nociceptor input from muscles is exaggerated in
skeletal muscle pain conditions, suggesting central hyperexcitability. The
diagnosis of fibromyalgia requires a thorough exclusion of other
rheumatologic and neurologic disorders. The differential diagnosis is
complicated by an overlap to other chronic somatoform pain disorders
(107) Peters M,
Vlaeyen J. Comment on 'Differences in somatic perception in female patients
with irritable bowel syndrome with and without fibromyalgia' l. Chang et al,
PAIN 84 (2000) 297--307. Pain 2001; 91(3):402-405.
(108) Marques AP,
Rhoden L, de Oliveira SJ, Joao SM. Pain evaluation of patients with
fibromyalgia, osteoarthritis, and low back pain. Rev Hosp Clin Fac Med Sao
Paulo 2001; 56(1):5-10.
Abstract: The purpose of this study was to evaluate and compare pain as
reported by outpatients with fibromyalgia, osteoarthritis, and low back
pain, in view of designing more adequate physical therapy treatment.
PATIENTS AND METHODS: A Portuguese version of the McGill Pain Questionnaire
- where subjects are asked to choose, from lists of pre-categorized words,
one or none that best describes what they feel - was used to assess pain
intensity and quality of 64 patients, of which 24 had fibromyalgia, 22 had
osteoarthritis, and 18 had low back pain. The pre- categorized words were
organized into 4 major classes - sensory, affective, evaluative, and
miscellaneous. RESULTS: Patients with fibromyalgia reported, comparatively,
more intense pain through their choice of pain descriptors, both sensory and
affective; they also chose a higher number of words from these classes than
patients in the other groups and were the only ones to choose specific
affective descriptors such as "vicious", "wretched", "exhausting",
"blinding". CONCLUSION: Assuming that each disease presents unique qualities
of pain experience, and that these can be pointed out by means of this
questionnaire by patients' choice of specific groups of words, the findings
suggest that fibromyalgia include not only a physical component, but also a
psycho-emotional component, indicating that they require both
emotional/affective and physical care
(109) Littlejohn G.
Fibromyalgia. What is it and how do we treat it? Aust Fam Physician 2001;
30(4):327-333.
Abstract: BACKGROUND: Fibromyalgia is a chronic musculoskeletal disorder
that is characterised by widespread pain, tenderness at multiple anatomical
sites and other clinical manifestations such as fatigue and sleep
disturbance. It occurs predominantly in women and affects approximately 2-4%
of people in industrialised societies. OBJECTIVE: To discuss the syndrome of
fibromyalgia and effective management strategies. DISCUSSION: Fibromyalgia
is a disorder of pain amplification due to increased sensitivity of the pain
system. Management of simple fibromyalgia involves education regarding the
nature of the problem, an exercise program and advice on stress management.
However, management needs to be flexible and holistic and may involve
relaxation programs, physical therapies, cognitive behavioural therapy and
analgesic medication
(110) Buskila D,
Abu-Shakra M, Neumann L, Odes L, Shneider E, Flusser D et al. Balneotherapy
for fibromyalgia at the Dead Sea. Rheumatol Int 2001; 20(3):105-108.
Abstract: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of
balneotherapy on patients with fibromyalgia (FM) at the Dead Sea. Forty-
eight patients with FM were randomly assigned to a treatment group receiving
sulfur baths and a control group. All participants stayed for 10 days at a
Dead Sea spa. Physical functioning, FM-related symptoms, and tenderness
measurements (point count and dolorimetry) were assessed at four time
points: prior to arrival at the Dead Sea, after 10 days of treatment, and 1
and 3 months after leaving the spa. Physical functioning and tenderness
moderately improved in both groups. With the exception of tenderness
threshold, the improvement was especially notable in the treatment group and
it persisted even after 3 months. Relief in the severity of FM-related
symptoms (pain, fatigue, stiffness, and anxiety) and reduced frequency of
symptoms (headache, sleep problems, and subjective joint swelling) were
reported in both groups but lasted longer in the treatment group. In
conclusion, treatment of FM at the Dead Sea is effective and safe and may
become an additional therapeutic modality in FM. Future studies should
address the outcome and possible mechanisms of this treatment in FM patients
(111) Ebell MH, Beck
E. How effective are complementary/alternative medicine (CAM) therapies for
fibromyalgia? J Fam Pract 2001; 50(5):400-401.
(112) Merchant RE,
Andre CA. A review of recent clinical trials of the nutritional supplement
Chlorella pyrenoidosa in the treatment of fibromyalgia, hypertension, and
ulcerative colitis. Altern Ther Health Med 2001; 7(3):79-91.
Abstract: CONTEXT: It has been suggested that the consumption of natural
"whole foods" rich in macronutrients has many healthful benefits for those
who otherwise ingest a normal, nonvegetarian diet. One example is dietary
supplements derived from Chlorella pyrenoidosa, a unicellular fresh water
green alga rich in proteins, vitamins, and minerals. OBJECTIVE: To find
evidence of the potential of chlorella dietary supplements to relieve signs
and symptoms, improve quality of life, and normalize body functions in
people with chronic illnesses, specifically fibromyalgia, hypertension, and
ulcerative colitis. DESIGN: Double-blind, placebo- controlled, randomized
clinical trials. SETTING: Virginia Commonwealth University's Medical College
of Virginia. PATIENTS: Fifty-five subjects with fibromyalgia, 33 with
hypertension, and 9 with ulcerative colitis. INTERVENTION: Subjects consumed
10 g of pure chlorella in tablet form and 100 mL of a liquid containing an
extract of chlorella each day for 2 or 3 months. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: For
fibromyalgia patients, assessments of pain and overall quality of life. For
hypertensive patients, measurements of sitting diastolic blood pressure and
serum lipid levels. For patients with ulcerative colitis, determination of
state of disease using the Disease Activity Index. RESULTS: Daily dietary
supplementation with chlorella may reduce high blood pressure, lower serum
cholesterol levels, accelerate wound healing, and enhance immune functions.
CONCLUSIONS: The potential of chlorella to relieve symptoms, improve quality
of life, and normalize body functions in patients with fibromyalgia,
hypertension, or ulcerative colitis suggests that larger, more comprehensive
clinical trials of chlorella are warranted
(113) Toussirot E,
Wendling D. Fibromyalgia developed after administration of gonadotrophin-releasing
hormone analogue. Clin Rheumatol 2001; 20(2):150-152.
Abstract: We report the case of a woman treated with a gonadotrophin-releasing
hormone analogue for endometriosis who developed typical clinical features
of fibromyalgia, with widespread musculoskeletal pain, sleep difficulties,
neuropsychological complaints and tender points on clininal examination. The
gonadotrophin-releasing hormone analogue treatment probably induced
disturbances in the neuroendocrine system and the secretion of
neurotransmitters, and may be suspected to be the cause of this case of
fibromyalgia
(114) Rosner I,
Rozenbaum M, Naschitz JE, Sabo E, Yeshurun D. Dysautonomia in chronic
fatigue syndrome vs. fibromyalgia. Isr Med Assoc J 2000; 2 Suppl:23-24.
(115) Sukenik S,
Baradin R, Codish S, Neumann L, Flusser D, Abu-Shakra M et al. Balneotherapy
at the Dead Sea area for patients with psoriatic arthritis and concomitant
fibromyalgia. Isr Med Assoc J 2001; 3(2):147-150.
Abstract: BACKGROUND: Balneotherapy has been successfully used to treat
various rheumatic diseases, but has only recently been evaluated for the
treatment of fibromyalgia. Since no effective treatment exists for this
common rheumatic disease, complementary methods of treatment have been
attempted. OBJECTIVES: To assess the effectiveness of balneotherapy at the
Dead Sea area in the treatment of patients suffering from both fibromyalgia
and psoriatic arthritis. METHODS: Twenty-eight patients with psoriatic
arthritis and fibromyalgia were treated with various modalities of
balneotherapy at the Dead Sea area. Clinical indices assessed were duration
of morning stiffness, number of active joints, a point count of 18
fibrositic tender points, and determination of the threshold of tenderness
in nine fibrositic and in four control points using a dolorimeter. RESULTS:
The number of active joints was reduced from 18.4 +/- 10.9 to 9 +/- 8.2 (P <
0.001). The number of tender points was reduced from 12.6 +/- 2 to 7.1 +/- 5
in men (P < 0.003) and from 13.1 +/- 2 to 7.5 +/- 3.7 in women (P < 0.001).
A significant improvement was found in dolorimetric threshold readings after
the treatment period in women (P < 0.001). No correlation was observed
between the reduction in the number of active joints and the reduction in
the number of tender points in the same patients (r = 0.2). CONCLUSIONS:
Balneotherapy at the Dead Sea area appears to produce a statistically
significant substantial improvement in the number of active joints and
tender points in both male and female patients with fibromyalgia and
psoriatic arthritis. Further research is needed to elucidate the distinction
between the benefits of staying at the Dead Sea area without balneotherapy
and the effects of balneotherapy in the study population
(116) Bell IR,
Baldwin CM, Stoltz E, Walsh BT, Schwartz GE. EEG beta 1 oscillation and
sucrose sensitization in fibromyalgia with chemical intolerance. Int J
Neurosci 2001; 108(1-2):31-42.
Abstract: Patients with fibromyalgia (FM) have diffuse musculoskeletal pain;
half report concomitant intolerance for low levels of environmental
chemicals (CI). Previous investigators have hypothesized that the chronic
pain and chemical intolerance reflect sensitization of different central
nervous system limbic and/or mesolimbic reward pathways. We evaluated
electroencephalographic (EEG) beta activity and blood glucose responses of
FM patients with and without CI and normals during three repeated sucrose
ingestion sessions and during a final, water-only session (testing for
conditioning). The FM with CI exhibited oscillation (reversal in direction
of change from session to session) at rest and then sensitization
(progressive amplification) of EEG beta 1 over time across the 3 sucrose
sessions versus controls. FM with CI showed sensitization of blood glucose
over the 3 sucrose sessions, which, like the EEG findings, reverted toward
baseline in the final water-only session. The data suggest that the subset
of FM patients with CI have increased susceptibility to oscillation and
physiological sensitization without conditioning, perhaps contributing to
fluctuations in their chronic course
(117) Asbring P.
Chronic illness -- a disruption in life: identity-transformation among women
with chronic fatigue syndrome and fibromyalgia. J Adv Nurs 2001;
34(3):312-319.
Abstract: BACKGROUND: People with chronic illnesses often suffer from
identity- loss. Empirical research concerning patients with chronic fatigue
syndrome (CFS) or fibromyalgia has not, however, adequately addressed the
consequences of these illnesses for identity. AIM: The aim of this article
is to describe how women with CFS and fibromyalgia create new concepts of
identity after the onset of illness, and how they come to terms with their
newly arisen identities. I aim to illuminate the biographical work done by
these individuals, which includes a re- evaluation of their former identity
and life. This process is illustrated by the following themes: An earlier
identity partly lost and Coming to terms with a new identity. METHOD: The
study is based on interviews with 25 women in Sweden, 12 with the diagnosis
of CFS and 13 diagnosed with fibromyalgia. A grounded theory orientated
approach was used when collecting and analysing the data. FINDINGS: The main
findings are that: (1) the illnesses can involve a radical disruption in the
women's biography that has profound consequences for their identity,
particularly in relation to work and social life, (2) biographical
disruptions are partial rather than total, calling for different degrees of
identity transformation, (3) many of the women also experience illness gains
in relation to the new identity. CONCLUSIONS: Thus, the biographical
disruption and illness experience comprised both losses and illness gains
that had consequences for identity
(118) Goldman JA.
Fibromyalgia and hypermobility. J Rheumatol 2001; 28(4):920-921.
(119) Wilke WS. Can
fibromyalgia and chronic fatigue syndrome be cured by surgery? Cleve Clin J
Med 2001; 68(4):277-279.
(120) Alnigenis MN,
Barland P. Fibromyalgia syndrome and serotonin. Clin Exp Rheumatol 2001;
19(2):205-210.
Abstract: Although disturbances in the musculoskeletal system, in the
neuroendocrine system and in the central nervous system (CNS) have been
implicated in the pathophysiology of fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS), the
primary mechanisms underlying the etiopathogenesis of FMS remain elusive. It
has been postulated that disturbances in serotonin metabolism and
transmission, along with disturbances in several other chemical pain
mediators, are present in patients with FMS. In this article we review
published studies on the pathophysiological role of serotonin in FMS.
Although studies that indirectly measured the function of serotonin in the
CNS in FMS revealed some abnormalities in the metabolism and transmission of
serotonin, the role of serotonin in the pathophysiology of syndrome remains
inconclusive and warrants more studies
(121) Bansevicius D,
Westgaard RH, Stiles T. EMG activity and pain development in fibromyalgia
patients exposed to mental stress of long duration. Scand J Rheumatol 2001;
30(2):92-98.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To examine the distribution of stress-induced
upper-body pain in fibromyalgia patients, and the possible association of
pain with electromyographic activity in muscles near the sites of pain
development. METHODS: Fifteen fibromyalgia patients and 15 pain-free
subjects were exposed to low-level mental strain over a one-hour period. EMG
was recorded from frontalis, temporalis, trapezius, and splenius capitis.
Pain in the corresponding locations was recorded before the test, every 10
minutes during the test, and the 30-minute posttest period. RESULTS: The
fibromyalgia patients developed pain during the test in all the above body
locations. Pain development in all locations associated with trapezius EMG
activity, but not with EMG activity in underlying muscles for forehead,
temples, and neck. CONCLUSION: Stress-induced pain in fibromyalgia patients
is not generally caused by muscle activity. The trapezius EMG response may
be part of a general stress response that cause pain independently of motor
activity in muscles
(122) Worrel LM,
Krahn LE, Sletten CD, Pond GR. Treating fibromyalgia with a brief
interdisciplinary program: initial outcomes and predictors of response. Mayo
Clin Proc 2001; 76(4):384-390.
Abstract: OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the efficacy of a brief, intense treatment
program for fibromyalgia and to determine which patient characteristics are
associated with a better treatment response. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Two
self-report measures, the Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire (FIQ) and the
Multidimensional Pain Inventory (MPI), were administered before patients
completed treatment and 1 month after participating in the program. The main
outcome measure was the difference in FIQ score and MPI scale before and
after program participation. RESULTS: Of 139 patients who met the American
College of Rheumatology criteria for fibromyalgia, 100 chose to participate
in the 1 1/2-day Fibromyalgia Treatment Program at the Mayo Clinic,
Rochester, Minn. Of these 100 patients, 74 completed the follow-up surveys.
Patients were less affected by fibromyalgia after participation in the
treatment program. This was demonstrated by a posttreatment improvement in
the total FIQ score (P<.001), the MPI pain severity score (P<.001), and the
MPI interference score (P=.01). The 1 patient characteristic found to be
significantly associated (P<.001) with a better response to treatment was a
high pretreatment level of impairment from fibromyalgia, as measured by the
pretreatment FIQ score. CONCLUSIONS: A brief interdisciplinary program for
treating fibromyalgia reduced some associated symptoms. Patients more
severely affected by fibromyalgia may benefit most from this approach.
Clinicians may apply these findings to develop beneficial and convenient
treatment programs for patients with fibromyalgia
(123) Olin R.
[Fibromyalgia--reality or fantasy?]. Lakartidningen 2001; 98(12):1437, 1439.
(124) Winfield JB.
Does pain in fibromyalgia reflect somatization? Arthritis Rheum 2001;
44(4):751-753.
(125) Jentoft ES,
Kvalvik AG, Mengshoel AM. Effects of pool-based and land-based aerobic
exercise on women with fibromyalgia/chronic widespread muscle pain.
Arthritis Rheum 2001; 45(1):42-47.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To examine the effects of pool-based (PE) and
land-based (LE) exercise programs on patients with fibromyalgia. METHODS:
The outcomes were assessed by the Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire, the
Arthritis Self-Efficacy Scale, and tests of physical capacity. RESULTS:
Eighteen subjects in the PE group and 16 in the LE group performed a
structured exercise program. After 20 weeks, greater improvement in grip
strength was seen in the LE group compared with the PE group (P < 0.05).
Statistically significant improvements were seen in both groups in
cardiovascular capacity, walking time, and daytime fatigue. In the PE group
improvements were also found in number of days of feeling good,
self-reported physical impairment, pain, anxiety, and depression. The
results were mainly unchanged at 6 months followup. CONCLUSION: Physical
capacity can be increased by exercise, even when the exercise is performed
in a warm-water pool. PE programs may have some additional effects on
symptoms
(126) Landis CA,
Lentz MJ, Rothermel J, Riffle SC, Chapman D, Buchwald D et al. Decreased
nocturnal levels of prolactin and growth hormone in women with fibromyalgia.
J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2001; 86(4):1672-1678.
Abstract: Fibromyalgia (FM) is a complex syndrome, primarily of women,
characterized by chronic pain, fatigue, and sleep disturbance. Altered
function of the somatotropic axis has been documented in patients with FM,
but little is known about nocturnal levels of PRL. As part of a laboratory
study of sleep patterns in FM, we measured the serum concentrations of GH
and PRL hourly from 2000--0700 h in a sample of 25 women with FM (mean, 46.9
+/- 7.6 yr) and in 21 control women (mean, 42.6 +/- 8.1 yr). The mean (+/-SEM
) serum concentrations (micrograms per L) of GH and of PRL during the early
sleep period were higher in control women than in patients with FM [GH, 1.6
+/- 0.4 vs. 0.6 +/- 0.2 (P < 0.05); PRL, 23.2 +/- 2.2 vs. 16.9 +/- 2.0 (P <
0.025)]. The mean serum concentrations of GH and PRL increased more after
sleep onset in control women than in patients with FM [GH, 1.3 +/- 0.4 vs.
0.3 +/- 0.2 (P < 0.05); PRL, 16.2 +/- 2.4 vs. 9.7 +/- 1.5 (P < 0.025)].
Sleep efficiency and amounts of sleep or wake stages on the blood draw night
were not different between groups. There was a modest inverse relationship
between sleep latency and PRL and a direct relationship between sleep
efficiency and PRL in FM. There was an inverse relationship between age and
GH most evident in control women. Insulin- like growth factor I levels were
not different between the groups. These data demonstrate altered functioning
of both the somatotropic and lactotropic axes during sleep in FM and support
the hypothesis that dysregulated neuroendocrine systems during sleep may
play a role in the pathophysiology of FM
(127) Pellegrino MJ.
Fibromyalgia and the law. J Rheumatol 2001; 28(3):676-677.
(128) Ferrari R,
Russell A. Fibromyalgia and the law. J Rheumatol 2001; 28(3):675-678.
(129) Romano TJ.
Fibromyalgia and the law. J Rheumatol 2001; 28(3):674-678.
(130) Wittrup IH,
Jensen B, Bliddal H, Danneskiold-Samsoe B, Wiik A. Comparison of viral
antibodies in 2 groups of patients with fibromyalgia. J Rheumatol 2001;
28(3):601-603.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: The etiologies of fibromyalgia (FM) are unknown. In
some cases an acute onset following a flu-like episode is described; in
other cases patients report slowly developing disease. We previously found
increased prevalence of enterovirus IgM antibodies in patients with acute
onset of FM compared to healthy controls. We looked for differences in
antimicrobial IgM antibodies in acute versus nonacute onset FM. METHODS: Two
well defined, comparable groups of patients with FM (acute 19, nonacute 20)
were studied for antibodies in serum to an array of viruses including IgM
antibodies. RESULTS: In most viruses no IgM antibodies were found. However,
about 50% of the patients with acute FM onset had IgM antibodies against
enterovirus compared to only 15% of the slow onset patients. CONCLUSION: The
higher prevalence of IgM antibodies against enterovirus in patients with
acute onset of FM may indicate a difference in the etiology or the immune
response in these patients
(131) Werle E,
Fischer HP, Muller A, Fiehn W, Eich W. Antibodies against serotonin have no
diagnostic relevance in patients with fibromyalgia syndrome. J Rheumatol
2001; 28(3):595-600.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence and potential diagnostic
relevance of autoantibodies against serotonin, thromboplastin, and
ganglioside Gm1 in patients with fibromyalgia syndrome (FM). METHODS: Sera
from 203 patients with FM and 64 pain-free control subjects were analyzed
with enzyme immunoassays. Clinical and psychometric data of the patients
were analyzed for the presence or absence of autoantibodies. RESULTS:
Compared with control subjects patients with FM had a significantly higher
prevalence of autoantibodies against serotonin (20% vs 5%; p = 0.003) and
thromboplastin (43% vs 9%; p < 0.001), but not against ganglioside Gm1 (15%
vs 9%; p = 0.301). Differences in autoantibody prevalence between controls
and FM patients were not related to age or sex. No association was found
between autoantibody pattern and clinical or psychometric data, e.g., pain,
depression, pain related anxiety, and activities of daily living.
CONCLUSION: There is an elevated prevalence of antibodies against serotonin
and thromboplastin in patients with FM. The pathophysiological significance
of this finding is unknown. Calculation of positive predictive values of
antiserotonin antibodies shows that measurement of these antibodies has no
diagnostic relevance
(132) Palm O, Moum
B, Jahnsen J, Gran JT. Fibromyalgia and chronic widespread pain in patients
with inflammatory bowel disease: a cross sectional population survey. J
Rheumatol 2001; 28(3):590-594.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To assess the prevalence of fibromyalgia (FM) and
chronic widespread pain (CWP) in a population based cohort of patients with
inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). METHODS: Patients in a prospective survey
on newly diagnosed IBD were, 5 years after study entry, invited to a
clinical examination including the investigation of musculoskeletal
manifestations. A total of 521 patients were examined, corresponding to 80%
of surviving cases with definite diagnoses of ulcerative colitis (UC) and
Crohn's disease (CD). The diagnoses of FM and CWP strictly followed the
American College of Rheumatology classification criteria of 1990. RESULTS:
At clinical examination, FM was diagnosed in 18 patients (3.5%), 3.7% with
UC and 3.0% with CD. The prevalence was 6.4% in females and 0.4% in males.
Thirty-eight patients (7.3%) had CWP (8.5% with UC; 4.8% with CD). The
female:male ratio was 27:3 in the UC group and 8:0 in CD. In 19 patients
(50%), CWP occurred after onset of IBD. No correlation with the extent of
intestinal inflammation and the occurrence of FM and CWP was found.
CONCLUSION: The prevalences of FM and CWP in patients with IBD were similar
to those of the general population. There were no differences in prevalence
of FM and CWP between UC and CD. Chronic idiopathic inflammation of the
intestine does not appear to predispose to chronic widespread pain
(133) Cohen H,
Neumann L, Alhosshle A, Kotler M, Abu-Shakra M, Buskila D. Abnormal
sympathovagal balance in men with fibromyalgia. J Rheumatol 2001;
28(3):581-589.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: It is possible that there are differences in clinical
manifestations between men and women with fibromyalgia syndrome (FM),
especially in autonomic dysfunction; we assessed the interaction between the
sympathetic and parasympathetic systems in postural change in men with FM
using power spectral analysis (PSA) of heart rate variability (HRV), and
investigated the pathogenesis of the orthostatic intolerance. METHODS: We
studied 19 men with FM and 19 controls matched for age and sex. A high
resolution electrocardiogram was obtained in supine and standing postures
during complete rest. Spectral analysis of R-R intervals was done by the
fast Fourier transform algorithm. RESULTS: PSA of HRV revealed that men with
FM at rest are characterized by sympathetic hyperactivity and concomitantly
reduced parasympathetic activity. During postural changes, male patients
demonstrated an abnormal sympathovagal response. These results provide the
physiological basis for the orthostatic intolerance in men with FM.
CONCLUSION: This report of autonomic dysfunction in men with FM revealed an
abnormal autonomic response to orthostatic stress. This abnormality may have
implications regarding the symptoms of FM
(134) Anthony KK,
Schanberg LE. Juvenile primary fibromyalgia syndrome. Curr Rheumatol Rep
2001; 3(2):165-171.
Abstract: Juvenile primary fibromyalgia syndrome (JPFS) is a common
musculoskeletal pain syndrome of unknown etiology characterized by
widespread persistent pain, sleep disturbance, fatigue, and the presence of
multiple discrete tender points on physical examination. Other associated
symptoms include chronic anxiety or tension, chronic headaches, subjective
soft tissue swelling, and pain modulated by physical activity, weather, and
anxiety or stress. Research and clinical observations suggest that JPFS may
have a chronic course that impacts the functional status and psychosocial
development of children and adolescents. In addition, several factors have
been implicated in the etiology and maintenance of JPFS including genetic
and anatomic factors, disordered sleep, psychological distress, and familial
and environmental influences. A multidisciplinary approach to treatment of
JPFS is advocated, including pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic
interventions (eg, psychotherapy, aerobic exercise, sleep hygiene)
(135) McBeth J,
Silman AJ. The role of psychiatric disorders in fibromyalgia. Curr Rheumatol
Rep 2001; 3(2):157-164.
Abstract: The cardinal features of fibromyalgia are chronic widespread pain
in the presence of widespread tenderness as measured by multiple tender
points. Despite extensive investigations, the etiology of this syndrome
remains unclear. Increased rates of psychiatric disorders, particularly
depressive, anxiety, and somatoform disorders, are apparent in clinic
populations. Epidemiologic evidence suggests that this is also true for
community subjects. Depression, generalized psychological distress, and
other psychological factors have been shown to be associated with the onset
and persistence of fibromyalgia symptoms. However, the bodily processes
through which such factors may lead to the onset of fibromyalgia are
unclear. Recent investigations have demonstrated altered stress system
responsiveness, most notably the hypothalamic- pituitary-adrenal stress
axis, in patients with fibromyalgia. These findings, and one promising
avenue for investigating the interaction between psychological and
biological factors in the onset of chronic pain syndromes including
fibromyalgia, are discussed
(136) Crofford LJ,
Appleton BE. Complementary and alternative therapies for fibromyalgia. Curr
Rheumatol Rep 2001; 3(2):147-156.
Abstract: Fibromyalgia (FM) is a syndrome of chronic widespread
musculoskeletal pain that is accompanied by sleep disturbance and fatigue.
Clinical treatment usually includes lifestyle modifications and
pharmacologic interventions meant to relieve pain, improve sleep quality,
and treat mood disorders. These therapies are often ineffective or have been
shown in clinical studies to have only short-term effectiveness.
Pharmacologic treatments have considerable side effects. Patients may have
difficulty complying with exercise-based treatments. Thus, patients seek
alternative therapeutic approaches and physicians are routinely asked for
advice about these treatments. This article reviews nontraditional treatment
alternatives, from use of nutritional and herbal supplements to acupuncture
and mind-body therapy. Little is known about efficacy and tolerance of
complementary and alternative therapies in FM and other chronic
musculoskeletal pain syndromes. Most studies on these treatments have been
performed for osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, or focal musculoskeletal
conditions. Clinical trials are scarce; the quality of these trials is often
criticized because of small study population size, lack of appropriate
control interventions, poor compliance, or short duration of follow-up.
However, because of widespread and growing use of alternative medicine,
especially by persons with chronic illnesses, it is essential to review
efficacy and adverse effects of complementary and alternative therapies
(137) Clark SR,
Jones KD, Burckhardt CS, Bennett R. Exercise for patients with fibromyalgia:
risks versus benefits. Curr Rheumatol Rep 2001; 3(2):135-146.
Abstract: Although exercise in the form of stretching, strength maintenance,
and aerobic conditioning is generally considered beneficial to patients with
fibromyalgia (FM), there is no reliable evidence to explain why exercise
should help alleviate the primary symptom of FM, namely pain. Study results
are varied and do not provide a uniform consensus that exercise is
beneficial or what type, intensity, or duration of exercise is best.
Patients who suffer from exercise-induced pain often do not follow through
with recommendations. Evidence-based prescriptions are usually inadequate
because most are based on methods designed for persons without FM and,
therefore, lack individualization. A mismatch between exercise intensity and
level of conditioning may trigger a classic neuroendocrine stress reaction.
This review considers the adverse and beneficial effects of exercise. It
also provides a patient guide to exercise that takes into account the risks
and benefits of exercise for persons with FM
(138) Yunus MB. The
role of gender in fibromyalgia syndrome. Curr Rheumatol Rep 2001;
3(2):128-134.
Abstract: Fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS), characterized by widespread pain and
tenderness on palpation (tender points), is much more common in women than
in men in a proportion of 9:1. Two recent studies have shown important
gender differences in various clinical characteristics of FMS. In a
community and a clinic sample, women experienced significantly more common
fatigue, morning fatigue, hurt all over, total number of symptoms, and
irritable bowel syndrome. Women had significantly more tender points. Pain
severity, global severity and physical functioning were not significantly
different between the sexes, nor were psychologic factors, eg, anxiety,
stress, and depression. Gender differences have also been observed in other
related syndromes, eg, chronic fatigue syndrome, irritable bowel syndrome,
and headaches. The mechanisms of gender differences in these illnesses are
not fully understood, but are likely to involve an interaction between
biology, psychology, and sociocultural factors
(139) Glass JM, Park
DC. Cognitive dysfunction in fibromyalgia. Curr Rheumatol Rep 2001;
3(2):123-127.
Abstract: Fibromyalgia is a puzzling syndrome of widespread musculoskeletal
pain. In addition to pain, patients with fibromyalgia frequently report that
cognitive function, memory, and mental alertness have declined. A small body
of literature suggests that there is cognitive dysfunction in fibromyalgia.
This article addresses several questions that physicians may have regarding
cognitive function in their patients. These questions concern the types of
cognitive tasks that are problematic for patients with fibromyalgia, the
role of psychological factors such as depression and anxiety, the role of
physical factors such as pain and fatigue, the nature of patients'
perceptions of their cognitive abilities, and whether patients can be tested
for cognitive dysfunction. Critical areas for further investigation are
highlighted
(140) Aaron LA,
Buchwald D. Fibromyalgia and other unexplained clinical conditions. Curr
Rheumatol Rep 2001; 3 (2):116-122.
Abstract: Several unexplained clinical conditions frequently coexist with
fibromyalgia; these include chronic fatigue syndrome, irritable bowel
syndrome, temporomandibular disorder, tension and migraine headaches, and
others. However, only recently have studies directly compared the
physiological parameters of these conditions (eg, fibromyalgia vs irritable
bowel syndrome) to elucidate underlying pathogenic mechanisms. This review
summarizes data from comparative studies and discusses their implications
for future research
(141) Crofford LJ.
Meta-analysis of antidepressants in fibromyalgia. Curr Rheumatol Rep 2001;
3(2):115.
(142) Earnshaw SM,
MacGregor G, Dawson JK. Fibromyalgia-monotheories, monotherapies and
reductionism. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2001; 40(3):348-349.
(143) Wright MG.
Fibromyalgia syndrome. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2001; 40(3):348.
(144) Legangneux E,
Mora JJ, Spreux-Varoquaux O, Thorin I, Herrou M, Alvado G et al.
Cerebrospinal fluid biogenic amine metabolites, plasma-rich platelet
serotonin and [3H]imipramine reuptake in the primary fibromyalgia syndrome.
Rheumatology (Oxford) 2001; 40(3):290-296.
Abstract: BACKGROUND: Primary fibromyalgia syndrome (PFS) is a chronic
disorder commonly seen in rheumatological practice. The pathophysiological
disturbances of this syndrome, which was defined by the American College of
Rheumatology in 1990, are poorly understood. This study evaluated, in 30
patients, the hypothesis that PFS is a pain modulation disorder induced by
deregulation of serotonin metabolism. OBJECTIVES: To compare platelet
[(3)H]imipramine binding sites and serotonin (5-HT) levels in plasma-rich
platelets (PRP) of PFS patients with those of matched healthy controls and
to compare the levels of biogenic amine metabolites in the cerebrospinal
fluid (CSF) of PFS patients with those of matched controls. METHODS:
Platelet [(3)H]imipramine binding sites were defined by two criteria, B(max)
for their density and K(d) for their affinity. PRP 5-HT and CSF metabolites
of 5-HT (5- hydroxyindoleacetic acid, 5-HIAA), norepinephrine (3-methoxy,
4-hydroxy phenylglycol, MHPG) and dopamine (homovanillic acid, HVA) were
assayed by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography with
coulometric detection. RESULTS: [(3)H]Imipramine platelet binding was
similar (P=0.43 for B(max) and P=0.30 for K(d)) in PFS patients (B(max)=901+/-83
fmol/mg protein, K(d)=0.682+/-0.046) and in matched controls (B(max)=1017+/-119
fmol/mg protein, K(d)=0.606+/-0.056). PRP 5- HT was significantly higher
(P=0.0009) in PFS patients (955+/-101 ng/10(9) platelets) than in controls
(633+/-50 ng/10(9) platelets). When adjusted for age, the levels of all CSF
metabolites were lower in PFS patients. The CSF metabolite of norepinephrine
(MHPG) was lower (P:=0.003) in PFS patients (8.33+/-0.33 ng/ml) than in
matched controls (9.89+/-0.31 ng/ml) and 5-HIAA was lower (P=0.042) in PFS
female patients (22.34+/-1.78 ng/ml) than in matched controls (25.75+/-1.75
ng/ml). For HVA in females, the difference between PFS patients
(36.32+/-3.20 ng/ml) and matched controls (38.32+/-2.90 ng/ml) approached
statistical significance (P=0.054). CONCLUSION: Changes in metabolites of
CSF biogenic amines appear to be partially correlated to age but remained
diagnosis-dependent. High levels of PRP 5-HT in PFS patients were associated
with low CSF 5-HIAA levels in female patients but were not accompanied by
any change in serotonergic uptake as assessed by platelet [(3)H]imipramine
binding sites. These findings do not allow us to confirm that serotonin
metabolism is deregulated in PFS patients
(145) Dauvilliers Y,
Touchon J. [Sleep in fibromyalgia: review of clinical and polysomnographic
data]. Neurophysiol Clin 2001; 31(1):18-33.
Abstract: Fibromyalgia syndrome is a common chronic pain syndrome that is
often associated with sleep disturbances characterized by subjective
experience of non-restorative sleep. The complaints of sleep disturbances
are correlated with polysomnographic features showing clear abnormalities in
the continuity of sleep as well as in the sleep architecture.
Sleep-recording abnormalities are characterized by a reduced sleep
efficiency with increased number of awakenings, a reduced amount of slow
wave sleep and an abnormal alpha wave intrusion in non rapid eye movement,
termed alpha-delta sleep. These data were confirmed by spectral analysis of
sleep showing an increased EEG power density in the higher frequency band
and a reduced EEG power density in the lower frequency bands. Moreover,
other microstructural aspects of sleep were modified with high frequency of
arousals and alpha-K complex reported, both indicators of fragmented sleep.
The fibromyalgia symptoms may relate to a non-restorative sleep disorder
associated with the alpha- EEG sleep anomalies. However, alpha-EEG sleep
anomaly is non-specific for fibrositis, also seen in normal controls during
stage 4 sleep deprivation. Moreover, fibromyalgia patients may also
experience primary sleep disorder such as sleep apnea or periodic leg
movements. The etiology of this common condition is incompletely understood
and the existence of a specific entity of fibromyalgia is still a matter of
debate. However, several studies have found abnormal brain metabolism of
substances such as serotonin implicated in sleep arousal and pain mechanisms
and administration of tricyclic antidepressants and selective serotonin
reuptake inhibitors may be useful in fibromyalgia. Pain, poor sleep quality
and anxiety may contribute to the clinical picture. Several factors such as
psychological, environmental, genetic factor, altered serotonin metabolism
and altered sleep physiology are involved in the pathogenesis of
fibromyalgia
(146) Yoshida S.
[Fibromyalgia syndrome]. Ryoikibetsu Shokogun Shirizu 2000;(31):413-416.
(147) Andreu J,
Rourera P. [Do we have to rush to diagnose fibromyalgia?]. Aten Primaria
2001; 27(4):288-289.
(148) Sweetman BJ.
Fibromyalgia... I mistake your shape. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2001; 40(2):239.
(149) Friedberg F,
Jason LA. Chronic fatigue syndrome and fibromyalgia: clinical assessment and
treatment. J Clin Psychol 2001; 57(4):433-455.
Abstract: Chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) and fibromyalgia (FM) are closely
related illnesses of uncertain etiology. This article reviews the research
literature on these biobehavioral conditions, with an emphasis on
explanatory models, clinical evaluation of comorbid psychiatric disorders,
assessment of stress factors, pharmacologic and alternative therapies, and
cognitive-behavioral treatment studies. Furthermore, clinical protocols
suitable for professional practice are presented based on an integration of
the authors' clinical observations with published data. The article
concludes with the recognition that mental health professionals can offer
substantial help to these patients
(150) Neumann L,
Sukenik S, Bolotin A, Abu-Shakra M, Amir M, Flusser D et al. The effect of
balneotherapy at the Dead Sea on the quality of life of patients with
fibromyalgia syndrome. Clin Rheumatol 2001; 20(1):15-19.
Abstract: Fibromyalgia (FS) is an idiopathic chronic pain syndrome defined
by widespread non-articular musculoskeletal pain and generalised tender
points. As there is no effective treatment, patients with this condition
have impaired quality of life (QoL). The aim of this study was to assess the
possible effect of balneotherapy at the Dead Sea area on the QoL of patients
with FS. Forty-eight subjects participated in the study; half of them
received balneotherapy, and half did not. Their QoL (using SF-36),
psychological well-being and FS-related symptoms were assessed prior to
arrival at the spa hotel in the Dead Sea area, at the end of the 10-day
stay, and 1 and 3 months later. A significant improvement was reported on
most subscales of the SF-36 and on most symptoms. The improvement in
physical aspects of QoL lasted usually 3 months, but on psychological
measures the improvement was shorter. Subjects in the balneotherapy group
reported higher and longer-lasting improvement than subjects in the control
group. In conclusion, staying at the Dead Sea spa, in addition to
balneotherapy, can transiently improve the QoL of patients with FS. Other
studies with longer follow- up are needed to support our findings
(151) Gantz NM,
Coldsmith EE. Chronic fatigue syndrome and fibromyalgia resources on the
world wide web: a descriptive journey. Clin Infect Dis 2001; 32(6):938-948.
Abstract: A wealth of information on chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) and
fibromyalgia is available on the World Wide Web for health care providers
and patients. These illnesses have overlapping features, and their
etiologies remain unknown. Multiple Web sites were reviewed, and selected
sites providing useful information were identified. Sites were classified
according to their content and target audience and were judged according to
suggested standards of Internet publishing. Fifty- eight sites were
classified into groups as follows: comprehensive and research Web sites for
CFS and fibromyalgia, meetings, clinical trials, literature search services,
bibliographies, journal, and CFS and fibromyalgia Web sites for the patient
(152) Martinez-Lavin
M. Is fibromyalgia a generalized reflex sympathetic dystrophy? Clin Exp
Rheumatol 2001; 19(1):1-3.
Abstract: Fibromyalgia and reflex sympathetic dystrophy share defining
characteristics, namely chronic pain and allodynia, as well as other
important clinical features such as onset after trauma, female predominance,
paresthesias, vasomotor instability, response to sympathetic blockade and
anxiety/depression. Recent research using heart rate variability analysis
demonstrated that patients with fibromyalgia have changes consistent with
relentless circadian sympathetic hyperactivity. I propose that fibromyalgia
is a sympathetically maintained pain syndrome in which ongoing sympathetic
hyperactivity sensitises the primary nociceptors and induces widespread pain
and allodynia
(153) Alfano AP,
Taylor AG, Foresman PA, Dunkl PR, McConnell GG, Conaway MR et al. Static
magnetic fields for treatment of fibromyalgia: a randomized controlled
trial. J Altern Complement Med 2001; 7(1):53-64.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To test effectiveness of static magnetic fields of two
different configurations, produced by magnetic sleep pads, as adjunctive
therapies in decreasing patient pain perception and improving functional
status in individuals with fibromyalgia. DESIGN: Randomized,
placebo-controlled, 6-month trial conducted from November 1997 through
December 1998. SETTING AND SUBJECTS: Adults who met the 1990 American
College of Rheumatology criteria for fibromyalgia were recruited through
clinical referral and media announcements and evaluated at a
university-based clinic. INTERVENTIONS: Subjects in Functional Pad A group
used a pad for 6 months that provided whole-body exposure to a low, uniform
static magnetic field of negative polarity. Subjects in the Functional Pad B
group used a pad for 6 months that exposed them to a low static magnetic
field that varied spatially and in polarity. Subjects in two Sham groups
used pads that were identical in appearance and texture to the functional
pads but contained inactive magnets; these groups were combined for
analysis. Subjects in the Usual Care group continued with their established
treatment regimens. OUTCOME MEASURES: Primary outcomes were the change
scores at 6 months in the following measures: functional status
(Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire), pain intensity ratings, tender point
count, and a tender point pain intensity score. RESULTS: There was a
significant difference among groups in pain intensity ratings (p = 0.03),
with Functional Pad A group showing the greatest reduction from baseline at
6 months. All four groups showed a decline in number of tender points, but
differences among the groups were not significant (p = 0.72). The functional
pad groups showed the largest decline in total tender point pain intensity,
but overall differences were not significant (p = 0.25). Improvement in
functional status was greatest in the functional pad groups, but differences
among groups were not significant (p = 0.23). CONCLUSIONS: Although the
functional pad groups showed improvements in functional status, pain
intensity level, tender point count, and tender point intensity after 6
months of treatment, with the exception of pain intensity level these
improvements did not differ significantly from changes in the Sham group or
in the Usual Care group
(154) Thune P. The
coexistence of amyopathic dermatomyositis and fibromyalgia. Acta Derm
Venereol 2000; 80(6):453-454.
(155) Staud R,
Vierck CJ, Cannon RL, Mauderli AP, Price DD. Abnormal sensitization and
temporal summation of second pain (wind-up) in patients with fibromyalgia
syndrome. Pain 2001; 91(1-2):165-175.
Abstract: Although individuals with fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS) consistently
report wide-spread pain, clear evidence of structural abnormalities or other
sources of chronic stimulation of pain afferents in the involved body areas
is lacking. Without convincing evidence for peripheral tissue abnormalities
in FMS patients, it seems likely that a central pathophysiological process
is at least partly responsible for FMS, as is the case for many chronic pain
conditions. Therefore, the present study sought to obtain psychophysical
evidence for the possibility that input to central nociceptive pathways is
abnormally processed in individuals with long standing FMS. In particular,
temporal summation of pain (wind-up) was assessed, using series of
repetitive thermal stimulation of the glabrous skin of the hands. Although
wind-up was evoked both in control and FMS subjects, clear differences were
observed. The perceived magnitude of the sensory response to the first
stimulus within a series was greater for FMS subjects compared to controls,
as was the amount of temporal summation within a series. Within series of
stimuli, FMS subjects reported increases in sensory magnitude to painful
levels for interstimulus intervals of 2-5 s, but pain was evoked
infrequently at intervals greater than 2 s for control subjects. Following
the last stimulus in a series, after-sensations were greater in magnitude,
lasted longer and were more frequently painful in FMS subjects. These
results have multiple implications for the general characterization of pain
in FMS and for an understanding of the underlying pathophysiological basis
(156) Klerman EB,
Goldenberg DL, Brown EN, Maliszewski AM, Adler GK. Circadian rhythms of
women with fibromyalgia. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2001; 86(3):1034-1039.
Abstract: Fibromyalgia syndrome is a chronic and debilitating disorder
characterized by widespread nonarticular musculoskeletal pain whose etiology
is unknown. Many of the symptoms of this syndrome, including difficulty
sleeping, fatigue, malaise, myalgias, gastrointestinal complaints, and
decreased cognitive function, are similar to those observed in individuals
whose circadian pacemaker is abnormally aligned with their sleep-wake
schedule or with local environmental time. Abnormalities in melatonin and
cortisol, two hormones whose secretion is strongly influenced by the
circadian pacemaker, have been reported in women with fibromyalgia. We
studied the circadian rhythms of 10 women with fibromyalgia and 12 control
healthy women. The protocol controlled factors known to affect markers of
the circadian system, including light levels, posture, sleep-wake state,
meals, and activity. The timing of the events in the protocol were
calculated relative to the habitual sleep-wake schedule of each individual
subject. Under these conditions, we found no significant difference between
the women with fibromyalgia and control women in the circadian amplitude or
phase of rhythms of melatonin, cortisol, and core body temperature. The
average circadian phases expressed in hours posthabitual bedtime for women
with and without fibromyalgia were 3:43 +/- 0:19 and 3:46 +/- 0:13,
respectively, for melatonin; 10:13 +/- 0:23 and 10:32 +/- 0:20, respectively
for cortisol; and 5:19 +/- 0:19 and 4:57 +/- 0:33, respectively, for core
body temperature phases. Both groups of women had similar circadian rhythms
in self-reported alertness. Although pain and stiffness were significantly
increased in women with fibromyalgia compared with healthy women, there were
no circadian rhythms in either parameter. We suggest that abnormalities in
circadian rhythmicity are not a primary cause of fibromyalgia or its
symptoms
(157) Gallinaro AL,
Feldman D, Natour J. An evaluation of the association between fibromyalgia
and repetitive strain injuries in metalworkers of an industry in Guarulhos,
Brazil. Joint Bone Spine 2001; 68(1):59-64.
Abstract: Repetitive strain injuries are a common diagnostic label for
musculoskeletal pain occurring at the workplace. Although many individuals
present with diffuse pain, the diagnosis of fibromyalgia in this setting is
rare. Our objective was to establish the point prevalence of the
fibromyalgia syndrome in a population of assembly line workers in Sao Paulo,
Brazil. METHODS: Thirty-four workers with repetitive strain injury diagnoses
were studied and compared with 49 workers, paired by age, sex, and labor
function. All individuals were studied by a comprehensive clinical protocol.
Diagnosis of fibromyalgia syndrome was established when the 1990 American
College of Rheumatology criteria for this syndrome were met. RESULTS: Among
the 34 workers with the diagnosis of repetitive strain injuries, 58.8%
fulfilled the American College of Rheumatology criteria for fibromyalgia
syndrome, while only 10.4% of the controls met the same criteria.
CONCLUSIONS: Fibromyalgia syndrome was largely involved in the symptoms of
patients with repetitive strain injuries, as opposed to coworkers with non-
repetitive strain injuries. So, instead of the repetitive strain injuries
label, many of these cases should be called fibromyalgic patients
(158) Smith IK.
Hurting all over. Patients suffering from fibromyalgia used to be told that
it was all in their head. Not anymore. Time 2001; 157(7):84.
(159) Buskila D.
Fibromyalgia, chronic fatigue syndrome, and myofascial pain syndrome. Curr
Opin Rheumatol 2001; 13(2):117-127.
Abstract: The prevalence of chronic widespread pain in the general
population in Israel was comparable with reports from the USA, UK, and
Canada. Comorbidity with fibromyalgia (FM) resulted in somatic hyperalgesia
in patients with irritable bowel syndrome. One sixth of the subjects with
chronic widespread pain in the general population were also found to have a
mental disorder. Mechanisms involved in referred pain, temporal summation,
muscle hyperalgesia, and muscle pain at rest were attenuated by the
N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) antagonist, ketamine, in FM patients. Delayed
corticotropin release, after interleukin-6 administration, in FM was shown
to be consistent with a defect in hypothalamic corticotropin-releasing
hormone neural function. The basal autonomic state of FM patients was
characterized by increased sympathetic and decreased parasympathetic systems
tones. The severity of functional impairment as assessed by the Medical
Outcome Survey Short Form (SF-36) discriminated between patients with
widespread pain alone and FM patients. Chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS)
occurred in about 0.42% of a random community-based sample of 28,673 adults
in Chicago, Illinois. A significant clinical overlap between CFS and FM was
reported. Cytokine dysregulation was not found to be a singular or dominant
factor in the pathogenesis of CFS. A favorable outcome of CFS in children
was reported; two thirds recovered and resumed normal activities. No major
therapeutic trials in FM and CFS were reported over the past year
(160) Martinez JE,
Barauna F, I, Kubokawa K, Pedreira IS, Machado LA, Cevasco G. Evaluation of
the quality of life in Brazilian women with fibromyalgia, through the
medical outcome survey 36 item short-form study. Disabil Rehabil 2001;
23(2):64-68.
Abstract: PURPOSE: The purpose of this study is to assess the impact of
Fibromyalgia (FM) on the female patient's quality of life who attended the
Rheumatology Outpatient Unit of Sorocaba Hospital Complex and compare it to
the quality of life of healthy control group, through the Medical Outcome
Study Short-form 36 item Survey (SF36). SUBJECTS: 32 women who fitted the
American College of Rheumatology Classification Criteria for Fibromyalgia
and 28 healthy women. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The groups were submitted to
'Medical Outcome Study 36 Item Short-form Survey' (SF36). This questionnaire
is composed of 8 scales about several aspects of the quality of life.
RESULTS: The SF36 scales in the Fibromyalgia group presented the following
results: general health-- 43.3; functional ability--39.4; bodily pain--26.5;
physical functioning- -14.8 (0-75); vitality--38.5 (5-85); emotional
functioning--32.2; mental health--44.2; social functioning--45.1. The SF36
scales in the control group presented the following results: general
health--73.2; functional ability--86.6; bodily pain--68.9; physical
functioning-- 82.4; vitality--59.6; emotional functioning--78.5; mental
health--67.4; social functioning--77.9. Significant statistics variations in
all evaluated scales were presented by the survey group. CONCLUSION:
Fibromyalgia has had a negative impact on the quality of life
(161) Roizenblatt S,
Moldofsky H, Benedito-Silva AA, Tufik S. Alpha sleep characteristics in
fibromyalgia. Arthritis Rheum 2001; 44(1):222-230.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To characterize the patterns of alpha
electroencephalographic sleep and their associations with pain and sleep in
patients with fibromyalgia. METHODS: Pain and sleep symptoms of 40 female
patients with fibromyalgia and 43 healthy control subjects were studied
before and after overnight polysomnography. Blinded analyses of alpha
activity in non-rapid eye movement (non-REM) sleep were performed using time
domain, frequency domain, and visual analysis techniques. RESULTS: Three
distinct patterns of alpha sleep activity were detected in fibromyalgia:
phasic alpha (simultaneous with delta activity) in 50% of patients, tonic
alpha (continuous throughout non- REM sleep) in 20% of patients, and low
alpha activity in the remaining 30% of patients. Low alpha activity was
exhibited by 83.7% of control subjects (P < 0.01). All fibromyalgia patients
who displayed phasic alpha sleep, activity reported worsening of pain after
sleep, compared with 58.3% of patients with low alpha activity (P < 0.01)
and 25.0% of patients with tonic alpha activity (P < 0.01). Postsleep
increase in the number of tender points occurred in 90.0% of patients with
phasic alpha activity, 41.7% of patients with low alpha activity, and 25.0%
of patients with tonic alpha activity (P < 0.01). Self ratings of poor sleep
were reported by all patients with phasic alpha activity, 58.3% of patients
with low alpha activity (P < 0.01), and 12.5% of patients with tonic alpha
activity (P < 0.01). Patients with phasic alpha activity reported longer
duration of pain than patients in other subgroups (P < 0.01). Additionally,
patients with phasic alpha sleep activity exhibited less total sleep time
than patients in other subgroups (P < 0.05), as well as lower sleep
efficiency (P < 0.05) and less slow wave sleep (P < 0.05) than patients with
a tonic alpha sleep pattern. CONCLUSION: Alpha intrusion during sleep can be
of different patterns. Phasic alpha sleep activity was the pattern that
correlated better with clinical manifestations of fibromyalgia
(162) Ernberg M,
Voog U, Alstergren P, Lundeberg T, Kopp S. Plasma and serum serotonin levels
and their relationship to orofacial pain and anxiety in fibromyalgia. J
Orofac Pain 2000; 14(1):37-46.
Abstract: AIMS: Serum serotonin levels (S-5-HT) have been reported to be
reduced in patients with fibromyalgia and to show a negative correlation
with pain. We hypothesized that one mechanism behind this could be that
platelets are activated to release 5-HT into the plasma compartment (P-
5-HT), which then binds to nociceptors. The aims of this study were
therefore to investigate the relation between P-5-HT and S-5-HT and their
relationship versus orofacial pain and anxiety in fibromyalgia. METHODS:
Twelve patients with fibromyalgia, 12 patients with rheumatoid arthritis,
and 12 healthy individuals participated in the study. Pain measures used
were pain intensity assessed with a visual analog scale, pain drawings, and
influence of pain on daily living activities (ADL). The Spielberger State
and Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) scale was used for self-rating of anxiety
levels. The participants were examined clinically, and the pressure pain
threshold (PPT) over the masseter muscle was assessed. Finally, venous blood
was collected for analysis of P-5-HT and S-5-HT. RESULTS: The ratio between
P-5-HT and S-5-HT was calculated to determine the relative plasma fraction
of serotonin (RPS). Patients with fibromyalgia showed significantly lower
S-5-HT than did patients with rheumatoid arthritis. They also showed
significantly higher STAI scores and tender point index of orofacial muscles
and significantly lower PPT than the healthy individuals. High RPS was
associated with high ADL and STAI scores. CONCLUSION: This study indicates
that a high level of plasma serotonin in relation to serum level is
associated with pain discomfort and increased anxiety in fibromyalgia
(163) The challenge
of fibromyalgia: new approaches. Proceedings from a symposium. Frankfurt,
Neu-Isenburg, Germany. 25-26 November 1999. Scand J Rheumatol Suppl 2000;
113:1-86.
(164) Olson GB,
Savage S, Olson J. The effects of collagen hydrolysat on symptoms of chronic
fibromyalgia and temporomandibular joint pain. Cranio 2000; 18(2):135-141.
Abstract: Twenty (20) people who had medically diagnosed fibromyalgia for
two to 15+ years participated in and completed a 90-day evaluation to
determine effects of collagen hydrolysat on symptoms of chronic
fibromyalgia, with twelve reporting temporomandibular joint pain. Collagen
hydrolysat is a food supplement that is available without prescription, with
no known side effects. Participants were evaluated initially and then at
30-, 60-, and 90-day periods. Final results were obtained and comparisons
made. The average pain complaint levels decreased significantly in an
overall group average, and dramatically with some individuals. It was
concluded that patients with fibromyalgia and concurrent temporomandibular
joint problems may gain symptomatic improvement in their chronic symptoms by
taking collagen hydrolysat
(165) Pay S,
Calguneri M, Caliskaner Z, Dinc A, Apras S, Ertenli I et al. Evaluation of
vascular injury with proinflammatory cytokines, thrombomodulin and
fibronectin in patients with primary fibromyalgia. Nagoya J Med Sci 2000;
63(3-4):115-122.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: Cold intolerance, cold induced peripheral vasospasm,
Raynaud's phenomenon, livedo reticularis and immunoglobulin deposition in
the skin are often encountered clinical and laboratory findings in patients
with primary fibromyalgia (FM). These findings are suggestive of vascular
injury. METHODS: Eighty patients (4 male, 76 female) with fulfilling primary
FM criteria (FM (+) patient group), 60 patients (3 male, 57 female) with
chronic musculoskeletal complaints but without FM (FM (-) patient control
group) and 40 healthy volunteers (1 male, 39 female) without musculoskeletal
complaints (healthy control group) were enrolled in this cross-sectional
study. The study was carried out in two steps. In the first step, the
clinical findings, routine laboratory tests, autoantibodies and radiological
findings were investigated. The second step were consisted of the laboratory
investigations of thrombomodulin and fibronectin as the mediators indicating
vascular injury and proinflammatory cytokines in FM patients with Raynaud's
phenomenon and/or livedo reticularis and in control groups. RESULTS: There
were no differences between study and control groups with regard to
laboratory, radiological and immunological (ANA, AntidsDNA, ENA,
anticardiolipin IgG and IgM) results. No statistically significant
differences were found in the levels of proinflammatory cytokines between FM
(+) patient group and control groups (p > 0.05). Thrombomodulin was also
shown statistically insignificant difference between FM (+) patient group
and control groups (p > 0.05). However, fibronectin, another mediator of
vascular injury, was higher in FM (+) patient group and the differences
between FM (+) patients and each control groups were statistically
significant (p < 0.0001). CONCLUSION: Our results were suggestive of the
presence of a non-immunological vascular injury in FM patients with
Raynaud's phenomenon and/or livedo reticularis
(166) Anderberg UM,
Uvnas-Moberg K. Plasma oxytocin levels in female fibromyalgia syndrome
patients. Z Rheumatol 2000; 59(6):373-379.
Abstract: OBJECTIVES: Fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS) is a chronic pain
disorder, where 90% of the patients struck by the disorder are women. The
neuropeptide oxytocin is known to have antinociceptive and analgesic, as
well as anxiolytic and antidepressant effects, which makes this neuropeptide
of interest in fibromyalgia research. The aim of this study was to assess
oxytocin concentrations in female FMS patients with different hormonal
status and in depressed and non-depressed patients and relate oxytocin
concentrations to adverse symptoms as pain, stress, depression, anxiety and
to the positive item happiness. METHODS: Thirty- nine patients and 30
controls registered these symptoms daily during 28 days and blood samples
for the assessment of oxytocin were drawn twice in all patients and
controls. Besides the daily ratings, depression was also estimated with the
self-rating instrument Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). RESULTS: Depressed
patients according to the BDI differed significantly with low levels of
oxytocin compared to the non- depressed patients and the controls. Low
levels of oxytocin were also seen in high scoring pain, stress and
depression patients according to the daily ratings; however, these subgroups
were small. A negative correlation was found between the scored symptoms
depression and anxiety and oxytocin concentration, and a positive
correlation between the item happiness and oxytocin. The oxytocin
concentration did not differ between the hormonally different subgroups of
patients or controls. CONCLUSION: The results suggest that the neuropeptide
oxytocin may, together with other neuropeptides and neurotransmitters, play
a role in the integration of the stress axes, monoaminergic systems and the
pain processing peptides in the pathophysiologic mechanisms responsible for
the symptoms in the FMS
(167) Karper WB.
Exercise program effects on one woman with multiple sclerosis, Crohn's
disease, fibromyalgia syndrome, and clinical depression. N C Med J 2001;
62(1):14-16.
(168) Maquet D,
Croisier JL, Crielaard JM. [Fibromyalgia in the year 2000]. Rev Med Liege
2000; 55(11):991-997.
Abstract: Musculoskeletal pain is common in the population. Several
pathologies like fibromyalgia (FM), chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) or
spasmophilia are associated with functional myalgia. The etiology of FM
remains elusive, but the diagnosis is well established. The criteria for the
classification are widespread pain combined with tenderness at 11 or more of
the 18 specific tender points sites. The prevalence is 2% in the general
population. This article reviews recent data on the pathophysiology and
treatment of FM
(169) Slawson JG,
Meurer LN. Are antidepressants effective in the treatment of fibromyalgia,
and is this effect independent of depression? J Fam Pract 2001; 50(1):14.
(170) Nielson WR,
Jensen MP, Hill ML. An activity pacing scale for the chronic pain coping
inventory: development in a sample of patients with fibromyalgia syndrome.
Pain 2001; 89(2-3):111-115.
Abstract: Patients with fibromyalgia syndrome (FS) experience a decreased
ability to participate in both vocational and avocational activities.
Although many treatment programs advocate activity pacing techniques,
'pacing' is a poorly understood concept for which there are no available
measures. The present study describes a brief six-item pacing scale that can
be administered as part of the Chronic Pain Coping Inventory (CPCI).
Preliminary data indicate that this scale is a valid, reliable index of the
pacing construct that is associated with physical impairment in patients
with FS and is unrelated to simple task persistence
(171) Stevens A,
Batra A, Kotter I, Bartels M, Schwarz J. Both pain and EEG response to cold
pressor stimulation occurs faster in fibromyalgia patients than in control
subjects. Psychiatry Res 2000; 97(2-3):237-247.
Abstract: Pain-evoked brain potentials elicited by laser stimulation have
been repeatedly shown to be abnormal in fibromyalgia syndrome. However, to
our knowledge this is the first study assessing enduring (cold pressor) pain
and correlated EEG changes in fibromyalgia. EEG power and subjective pain
ratings during the cold pressor test were analyzed and contrasted with tasks
not involving sensory stimulation (rest, mental arithmetic and pain imagery)
in 20 patients with fibromyalgia and 21 healthy control subjects.
Fibromyalgia patients both perceived pain and judged pain as intolerable
earlier than control subjects, while pain intensity ratings and EEG power
changes during subjective awareness of pain were similar in both groups. In
patients and control subjects, pain was correlated with a rise in delta,
theta and beta power. EEG power spectra during pain imagery and mental
arithmetic were significantly different from those observed during the cold
pressor test. In conclusion, fibromyalgia patients seem to process painful
stimuli abnormally in a quantitative sense, thus producing both the
sensation of pain, as well as the associated EEG patterns, much earlier than
control subjects. However, the quality of the pain-associated EEG changes
seems similar
(172) Malt EA, Berle
JE, Olafsson S, Lund A, Ursin H. Fibromyalgia is associated with panic
disorder and functional dyspepsia with mood disorders. A study of women with
random sample population controls. J Psychosom Res 2000; 49(5):285-289.
Abstract: BACKGROUND: We compared ICD-10 psychiatric disorders in female
patients with fibromyalgia (n=45) or functional dyspepsia (n=18) with age-
matched random sample controls (n=49). METHOD: Version 2 of The Schedules
for Clinical Assessment in Neuropsychiatry (SCAN) was used for present state
examination and lifetime diagnoses. RESULTS: Current psychiatric disorders
(somatoform pain disorder and specific phobia omitted) were diagnosed in 80%
of fibromyalgia patients (OR=8.3), 83% of functional dyspepsia patients
(OR=10.3) and 33% controls. Among fibromyalgia patients 27% had lifetime
panic disorder. Lifetime mood disorders were found in 83% of functional
dyspepsia patients. First- degree relatives with psychiatric disorder were
found in 16% of the fibromyalgia patients, 50% of functional dyspepsia
patients and 20% of controls. CONCLUSIONS: Fibromyalgia is associated with
panic disorder and functional dyspepsia with mood disorders in substantial
subgroups. Psychiatric symptoms and somatic complaints are closely related
in these disorders
(173) Van Houdenhove
B, Neerinckx E, Lysens R, Vertommen H, Van Houdenhove L, Onghena P et al.
Victimization in chronic fatigue syndrome and fibromyalgia in tertiary care:
a controlled study on prevalence and characteristics. Psychosomatics 2001;
42(1):21-28.
Abstract: The authors studied the prevalence and characteristics of
different forms of victimization in 95 patients suffering from chronic
fatigue syndrome (CFS) or fibromyalgia (FM) compared with a chronic disease
group, including rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and multiple sclerosis (MS)
patients, and a matched healthy control group. The authors assessed
prevalence rates, nature of victimization (emotional, physical, sexual),
life period of occurrence, emotional impact, and relationship with the
perpetrator by a self-report questionnaire on burdening experiences. CFS and
FM patients showed significantly higher prevalences of emotional neglect and
abuse and of physical abuse, with a considerable subgroup experiencing
lifelong victimization. The family of origin and the partner were the most
frequent perpetrators. With the exception of sexual abuse, victimization was
more severely experienced by the CFS/FM group. No differences were found
between healthy control subjects or RA/MS patients, and between CFS and FM
patients. These findings support etiological hypotheses suggesting a pivotal
role for chronic stress in CFS and FM and may have important therapeutic
implications
(174) Clauw DJ,
Russel IJ. Toward optimal health: the experts discuss fibromyalgia. J Womens
Health Gend Based Med 2000; 9(10):1055-1060.
(175) Sarmer S,
Ergin S, Yavuzer G. The validity and reliability of the Turkish version of
the Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire. Rheumatol Int 2000; 20(1):9-12.
Abstract: This study was undertaken to translate and adapt the Fibromyalgia
Impact Questionnaire (FIQ) into the Turkish language and investigate its
validity and reliability for Turkish female fibromyalgia (FM) patients.
After translation into Turkish, we administered the FIQ and Health
Assessment Questionnaire (HAQ) to 51 women with fibromyalgia. As well as
sociodemographic characteristics, the severity of relevant clinical
symptoms, e.g., pain intensity, fatigue, and sleep disturbance, were
assessed by visual analog scales. A tender point score (TPS) was calculated
from tender points conducted by thumb palpation. Test-retest reliability,
internal consistency, and concurrent and construct validities of FIQ were
evaluated. Test-retest reliability and internal consistency were good at
0.81 and 0.72, respectively. Correlation between FIQ and HAQ scores was
0.43, which was low but statistically significant. Significant moderate
correlations were obtained between the FIQ items and severity of clinical
symptoms (0.63-0.77), except TPS, 0.31. The FIQ is a reliable and valid
instrument for measuring functional disability in Turkish female FM patients
(176) Kwiatek R,
Barnden L, Tedman R, Jarrett R, Chew J, Rowe C et al. Regional cerebral
blood flow in fibromyalgia: single-photon-emission computed tomography
evidence of reduction in the pontine tegmentum and thalami. Arthritis Rheum
2000; 43(12):2823-2833.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To determine whether regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF)
is abnormal in any cerebral structure of women with fibromyalgia (FM),
following a report that rCBF is reduced in the thalami and heads of caudate
nuclei in FM. METHODS: Seventeen women with FM and 22 healthy women had a
resting single-photon-emission computed tomography (SPECT) brain scan to
assess rCBF and a T1-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan to
enable precise anatomic localization. Additionally, all participants
underwent 2 manual tender point examinations and completed a set of
questionnaires evaluating clinical features. SPECT scans were analyzed for
differences in rCBF between groups using statistical parametric mapping (SPM)
and regions of interest (ROIs) manually drawn on coregistered MRI. RESULTS:
Compared with control subjects, the rCBF in FM patients was significantly
reduced in the right thalamus (P = 0.006), but not in the left thalamus or
head of either caudate nucleus. SPM analysis indicated a statistically
significant reduction in rCBF in the inferior pontine tegmentum (corrected P
= 0.006 at the cluster level and corrected P = 0.023 for voxel of maximal
significance), with consistent findings from ROI analysis (P = 0.003). SPM
also detected a reduction in rCBF on the perimeter of the right lentiform
nucleus. No correlations were found with clinical features or indices of
pain threshold. CONCLUSION: Our finding of a reduction in thalamic rCBF is
consistent with findings of functional brain imaging studies of other
chronic clinical pain syndromes, while our finding of reduced pontine
tegmental rCBF is new. The pathophysiologic significance of these changes in
FM remains to be elucidated
(177) Wittrup IH,
Christensen LS, Jensen B, Danneskiold-Samsee B, Bliddal H, Wiik A. Search
for Borna disease virus in Danish fibromyalgia patients. Scand J Rheumatol
2000; 29(6):387-390.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to look for Borna disease
virus (BDV) in 18 patients with acute onset of fibromyalgia (FMS) following
a "flu-like" episode. BDV is a neurotropic RNA virus affecting horses and
sheep. Infections in animals have been reported to cause immune mediated
disease characterized by abnormalities in behavior. A possible link between
BDV and neuropsychiatric diseases in man has been described, and lately a
connection to chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) has been suggested. METHODS: A
BDV-specific nested PCR (RT-PCR) was performed on serum and spinal fluid.
RESULTS: The BDV genome was not detected in any of the FMS cases.
CONCLUSION: Although BDV was not demonstrated in spinal fluid or serum from
the tested patients with FMS, we believe that it is important to report our
results, since FMS can exhibit many manifestations in common with CFS.
Possible reasons for the discrepant findings are discussed
(178) Hadhazy VA,
Ezzo J, Creamer P, Berman BM. Mind-body therapies for the treatment of
fibromyalgia. A systematic review. J Rheumatol 2000; 27(12):2911-2918.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To assess the effectiveness of mind-body therapy (MBT)
for fibromyalgia syndrome (FM) by systematically reviewing randomized/quasirandomized
controlled trials using methods recommended by the Cochrane Collaboration.
METHODS: Nine electronic databases, 69 conference proceedings, and several
citation lists were searched for relevant trials in any language. Eligible
trials were scored for methodological quality using a validated instrument.
Information on major outcomes was extracted. Insufficient data reporting
prevented statistical pooling, therefore a best-evidence synthesis was
performed. RESULTS: Thirteen trials involving 802 subjects were included.
Seven trials received a high methodological score. Compared to waiting
list/treatment as usual, there is strong evidence that MBT is more effective
for self-efficacy, limited evidence for quality of life, inconclusive
evidence for all other outcomes. There is limited evidence that MBT is more
effective than placebo (for pain and global improvement); inconclusive
evidence that MBT is more effective than physiotherapy, psychotherapy, or
education/attention control for all outcomes; strong evidence that
moderate/high intensity exercise is more effective than MBT (for pain and
function). There is moderate evidence that MBT plus exercise (MBT+E) is more
effective than waiting list/treatment as usual (for self-efficacy and
quality of life); limited evidence that MBT+E is more effective than
education/attention control; inconclusive for other outcomes. There is
inconclusive evidence for MBT+E vs other active treatments for all outcomes.
Longterm within-groups results show greatest benefit for MBT+E. CONCLUSION:
MBT is more effective for some clinical outcomes compared to waiting
list/treatment as usual or placebo. Compared to active treatments, results
are largely inconclusive, except for moderate/high intensity exercise, where
results favor the latter. Further research needs to focus on the synergistic
effects of MBT plus exercise and/or plus antidepressants
(179) De Stefano R,
Selvi E, Villanova M, Frati E, Manganelli S, Franceschini E et al. Image
analysis quantification of substance P immunoreactivity in the trapezius
muscle of patients with fibromyalgia and myofascial pain syndrome. J
Rheumatol 2000; 27(12):2906-2910.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: Substance P (SP), a neurotransmitter stored within the
afferent nociceptive fibers, is likely to be involved in the pathogenesis of
musculoskeletal pain. We investigated SP immunoreactive (SP-ir) nerve fibers
in the upper trapezius of patients with fibromyalgia (FM) and myofascial
pain syndrome (MPS) by immunochemistry. METHODS: Trapezius muscle obtained
from tender points of 9 women with primary FM, from trigger points of 9
women with regional myofascial pain, and from 9 control women were
immunostained with anti-SP sera. Quantitative evaluation was performed by
computerized image analysis. RESULTS: No significant differences in the
number of SP-ir areas were detected between groups (one way ANOVA: p = 0.2);
in contrast, mean optical density (OD) of SP-ir showed a significant
difference comparing the groups (one way ANOVA: p < 0.0001). Mean OD of the
immunostaining for SP was statistically greater in trapezius muscle of
patients with MPS (0.594 +/- 0.096) compared to specimens from patients with
FM (0.436 +/- 0.140) (p < 0.05) and controls (0.314 +/- 0.105) (p < 0.05);
mean OD of immunostaining for SP was greater in FM specimens than in
controls (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Our results point to a peripheral
hyperactivity of the peptidergic nervous system in FM as well as in MPS.
These findings support the notion of pathogenetic involvement of the
afferent nervous system in the development and perception of myofascial pain
(180) Bradley LA,
McKendree-Smith NL, Alberts KR, Alarcon GS, Mountz JM, Deutsch G. Use of
neuroimaging to understand abnormal pain sensitivity in fibromyalgia. Curr
Rheumatol Rep 2000; 2(2):141-148.
Abstract: This paper examines the use of neuroimaging to measure change in
regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) produced by pain in patients with
fibromyalgia and in healthy individuals. Fibromyalgia patients differ from
healthy persons in rCBF distribution in several brain structures involved in
pain processing and pain modulation both at rest and during experimental
pain induction. These abnormalities may contribute to abnormal pain
sensitivity as well as the maladaptive pain behaviors that characterize many
patients with fibromyalgia. We anticipate that future neuroimaging studies
will enhance our understanding of abnormal pain sensitivity and of pain
management interventions aimed at altering central nervous system function
in patients with fibromyalgia
(181) Park JH,
Niermann KJ, Olsen N. Evidence for metabolic abnormalities in the muscles of
patients with fibromyalgia. Curr Rheumatol Rep 2000; 2(2):131-140.
Abstract: Widespread muscle pain, fatigue, and weakness are defining
characteristics of patients with fibromyalgia (FM). The aim of this review
is to summarize recent investigations of muscle abnormalities in FM, which
can be classified as structural, metabolic, or functional in nature.
Histologic muscle abnormalities of membranes, mitochondria, and fiber type
have been well described at both the light microscopic and ultrastructural
levels. These structural abnormalities often correlate with biochemical
abnormalities, defective energy production, and the resultant dysfunction of
FM muscles. The observed abnormalities in FM muscles are consistent with
neurologic findings and disturbances in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal
axis. Functional changes in FM muscles are assessed most directly by
strength and endurance measurements, but pain and psychologic factors may
interfere with accurate assessments. To compensate for diminished effort,
the decreased efficiency of the work performance by patients with FM can be
verified from P-31 magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) data by calculation
of the work/energy- cost ratio for various tasks. In the disease course,
muscle abnormalities may be elicited by intrinsic changes within the muscle
tissue itself and/or extrinsic neurologic and endocrine factors. The
accurate assignment of intrinsic or extrinsic factors has been substantially
clarified by a recent surge of experimental findings. Irrespective of the
multifaceted causes of muscle dysfunction and pain, an in-depth
understanding of the muscle defects may provide ideas for characterization
of the underlying pathogenesis and development of new therapeutic approaches
for fibromyalgia syndrome
(182) Korszun A.
Sleep and circadian rhythm disorders in fibromyalgia. Curr Rheumatol Rep
2000; 2(2):124-130.
Abstract: Fibromyalgia (FM) is a syndrome of generalized muscle pain that is
also associated with equally distressing symptoms of sleep disturbance and
fatigue. FM shows clinical overlap with other stress-associated disorders,
including chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) and depression. All of these
conditions have the features of disrupted sleep patterns and dysregulated
biologic circadian rhythms, such as stress hormone secretion. This review
focuses on the role of sleep and circadian rhythm disorders in FM and, in
the absence of any specific treatment for FM, presents a pragmatic
therapeutic approach aimed at identifying and treating comorbid sleep and
depressive disorders, optimizing sleep habits, and judicious use of
pharmacologic agents
(183) Petzke F,
Clauw DJ. Sympathetic nervous system function in fibromyalgia. Curr
Rheumatol Rep 2000; 2(2):116-123.
Abstract: This review focuses on studies of the sympathetic nervous system
in fibromyalgia (FM). First, a brief review of the sympathetic system, and
its relationship to the human stress response, is outlined. Then various
studies of functional assessment of sympathetic function in FM are
highlighted. Certain methods of assessment (eg, heart rate variability,
biochemical, and psychophysical responses to various stressors) that we
believe to be of specific importance for future research are discussed in
greater detail. Finally, findings on autonomic function in related
disorders--specifically, chronic fatigue syndrome, irritable bowel syndrome,
and migraine--will be briefly presented
(184) Turk DC,
Okifuji A. Pain in patients with fibromyalgia syndrome. Curr Rheumatol Rep
2000; 2(2):109-115.
Abstract: Chronic diffuse pain and hyperalgesia are two cardinal features of
pain in fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS). Advancement in understanding the
pathophysiology and treatment efficacy often depends on pain that is defined
and measured. Pain is a subjective phenomenon that we can measure only by
indirect methods. In this article, we provide methodological guidelines for
pain assessment and review recent developments in understanding pain
mechanisms and evaluating treatments in FMS. Finally, we demonstrate the
heterogeneity of the FMS population and suggest the need for matching
treatments to patient characteristics in order to improve clinical outcomes
(185) Buskila D,
Neumann L. Musculoskeletal injury as a trigger for
fibromyalgia/posttraumatic fibromyalgia. Curr Rheumatol Rep 2000;
2(2):104-108.
Abstract: The issue of musculoskeletal injury as a trigger for fibromyalgia
(FM) is controversial. The present review critically evaluates the evidence
that trauma can initiate FM, specifically addressing the scope of the
problem, the issue of causality, possible pathophysiologic mechanisms, and
medicolegal aspects. One major problem is the fact that most of the data
come from anecdotal reports and small case series and not from controlled
prospective studies. Overall data from the current literature are
insufficient to indicate whether causal relationships exist between trauma
and FM. However, recent reports suggest that soft tissue trauma to the neck
can result in an increased incidence of FM compared with other injuries.
Future studies should prospectively document the chronology of symptoms from
the onset of trauma and repeatedly evaluate the patients for disability,
quality of life, change in occupation, and litigation status
(186) Crofford LJ,
Appleton BE. The treatment of fibromyalgia: a review of clinical trials.
Curr Rheumatol Rep 2000; 2(2):101-103.
(187) Hakkinen A,
Hakkinen K, Hannonen P, Alen M. Strength training induced adaptations in
neuromuscular function of premenopausal women with fibromyalgia: comparison
with healthy women. Ann Rheum Dis 2001; 60(1):21-26.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of 21 weeks' progressive
strength training on neuromuscular function and subjectively perceived
symptoms in premenopausal women with fibromyalgia (FM). METHODS: Twenty one
women with FM were randomly assigned to experimental (FM(T)) or control (FM(C))
groups. Twelve healthy women served as training controls (H(T)). The FM(T)
and H(T) groups carried out progressive strength training twice a week for
21 weeks. The major outcome measures were muscle strength and
electromyographic (EMG) recordings. Secondary outcome measures were pain,
sleep, fatigue, physical function capacity (Stanford Health Assessment
Questionnaire), and mood (short version of Beck's depression index).
RESULTS: Female FM(T) subjects increased their maximal and explosive
strength and EMG activity to the same extent as the H(T) group. Moreover,
the progressive strength training showed immediate benefits on subjectively
perceived fatigue, depression, and neck pain of training patients with FM.
CONCLUSIONS: The strength training data indicate comparable trainability of
the neuromuscular system of women with FM and healthy women. Progressive
strength training can safely be used in the treatment of FM to decrease the
impact of the syndrome on the neuromuscular system, perceived symptoms, and
functional capacity. These results confirm the opinion that FM syndrome has
a central rather than a peripheral or muscular basis
(188) Soriano SE,
Gelado Ferrero MJ, Girona Bastus MR. [Fibromyalgia: a Cinderella diagnosis].
Aten Primaria 2000; 26(6):415-418.
(189) Maes M,
Verkerk R, Delmeire L, Van Gastel A, van Hunsel F, Scharpe S. Serotonergic
markers and lowered plasma branched-chain-amino acid concentrations in
fibromyalgia. Psychiatry Res 2000; 97(1):11-20.
Abstract: The aims of the present study were to examine serotonergic
markers, i.e. [3H]paroxetine binding characteristics and the availability of
plasma tryptophan, the precursor of serotonin (5-HT), and the plasma
concentrations of the branched chain amino acids (BCAAs), valine, leucine
and isoleucine, in fibromyalgia. The [3H]paroxetine binding characteristics,
B(max) and K(d) values, and tryptophan and the competing amino acids (CAA),
known to compete for the same cerebral uptake mechanism (i.e. valine,
leucine, isoleucine, phenylalanine and tyrosine), were determined in
fibromyalgia patients and normal controls. There were no significant
differences in the [3H]paroxetine binding characteristics (B(max) and K(d))
between fibromyalgia and control subjects. There were no significant
differences in plasma tryptophan or the tryptophan/CAA ratio between
fibromyalgia patients and normal controls. In the fibromyalgia patients,
there were no significant correlations between [3H]paroxetine binding
characteristics or the availability of tryptophan and myalgic or depressive
symptoms. Patients with fibromyalgia had significantly lower plasma
concentrations of the three BCAAs (valine, leucine and isoleucine) and
phenylalanine than normal controls. It is hypothesized that the relative
deficiency in the BCAAs may play a role in the pathophysiology of
fibromyalgia, since the BCAAs supply energy to the muscle and regulate
protein synthesis in the muscles. A supplemental trial with BCAAs in
fibromyalgia appears to be justified
(190) Lindell L,
Bergman S, Petersson IF, Jacobsson LT, Herrstrom P. Prevalence of
fibromyalgia and chronic widespread pain. Scand J Prim Health Care 2000;
18(3):149-153.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To explore the prevalence of fibromyalgia and chronic
widespread musculoskeletal pain in a general population using the criteria
of the American College of Rheumatology from 1990. DESIGN: Structured
interview and clinical examination, including tender-point count and pain
threshold measured with a dolorimeter, of subjects with suspected chronic
widespread musculoskeletal pain. SETTING: The general population in
south-west Sweden 1995-1996. SUBJECTS: 303 individuals with suspected
chronic widespread pain were identified in a previously defined cohort
containing 2425 men and women aged 20-74 years. 202 individuals were invited
and 147 agreed to participate. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Tenderpoint count,
pain threshold and prevalence of chronic widespread pain and fibromyalgia.
RESULTS: The prevalence of fibromyalgia was estimated to 1.3% (95% CI
0.8-1.7; n = 2425) and that of all chronic widespread pain to 4.2% (95% CI
3.4-5.0; n = 2425). The mean pain threshold measured with a dolorimeter was
lower in subjects with chronic widespread pain (p < 0.01) and correlated
with the number of tender points (r = -0.59, p < 0.01) but could not be used
to distinguish the subjects with fibromyalgia. CONCLUSION: Compared to other
studies, fibromyalgia and chronic widespread musculoskeletal pain seemed to
be relatively rare conditions in the south-west of Sweden
(191) Catley D,
Kaell AT, Kirschbaum C, Stone AA. A naturalistic evaluation of cortisol
secretion in persons with fibromyalgia and rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis
Care Res 2000; 13(1):51-61.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To compare cortisol levels, diurnal cycles of cortisol,
and reactivity of cortisol to psychological stress in fibromyalgia (FM) and
rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients in their natural environment, and to
examine the effect on results of accounting for differences among the groups
in psychological stress and other lifestyle and psychosocial variables.
METHODS: Participants were 21 FM patients, 18 RA patients, and 22 healthy
controls. Participants engaged in normal daily activities were signaled with
a preprogrammed wristwatch alarm to complete a diary (assessing
psychosocial- and lifestyle-related variables) or provide a saliva sample
(for cortisol assessment). Participants were signaled to provide 6 diary
reports and 6 saliva samples on each of two days. Reports of sleep quality
and sleep duration were also made upon awakening. RESULTS: FM and RA
patients had higher average cortisol levels than controls; however, there
were no differences between the groups in diurnal cycles of cortisol or
reactivity to psychological stress. While the groups differed on stress
measures, surprisingly, the patient groups reported less stress.
Furthermore, statistically accounting for psychosocial- and lifestyle-
related differences between the groups did not change the cortisol findings.
CONCLUSION: The results provide additional evidence of
hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis disturbance in FM and RA patients. While
such elevations are consistent with other studies of chronically stressed
groups, the elevations in cortisol in this study did not appear to be due to
ongoing daily stress, and there was no evidence of disturbed cortisol
reactivity to acute stressors
(192) Bernard AL,
Prince A, Edsall P. Quality of life issues for fibromyalgia patients.
Arthritis Care Res 2000; 13(1):42-50.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To collect information from patients with fibromyalgia
syndrome (FMS) in regard to quality of life, impact of FMS, coping
strategies, and what they want from their health care providers. METHODS:
Two hundred seventy support group members in Washington, Illinois, and
Pennsylvania completed an 85-item questionnaire. RESULTS: On a scale from 1
to 10 (10 being highest positive rating), patients ranked past quality of
life as 8.6, present quality of life as 4.8, and future quality of life
without FMS as 9.2. Respondents indicated that FMS has had a negative impact
on personal relationships, career, and mental health. Many also reported a
lack of social support. Most respondents reported a variety of coping
responses including talking to friends, praying, exercise, hobbies,
relaxation techniques, talking to a professional, and meditation. Patients
reported needing more support, better educated health professionals, for
people to believe that this disease exists, more funding for research, and
better diagnostic tools. CONCLUSIONS: Health care workers need to be
cognizant of the effect FMS has on quality of life. Treatment options should
not be limited to prescription medication therapy. Patients are using a
variety of methods to cope with their FMS symptoms, some positive, but
others that are negative, and health care providers need to be alert to
negative coping strategies such as alcohol and nonprescription medication
abuse
(193) Kaartinen K,
Lammi K, Hypen M, Nenonen M, Hanninen O, Rauma AL. Vegan diet alleviates
fibromyalgia symptoms. Scand J Rheumatol 2000; 29(5):308-313.
Abstract: The effect of a strict, low-salt, uncooked vegan diet rich in
lactobacteria on symptoms in 18 fibromyalgia patients during and after a
3-month intervention period in an open, non-randomized controlled study was
evaluated. As control 15 patients continued their omnivorous diet. The
groups did not differ significantly from each other in the beginning of the
study in any other parameters except in pain and urine sodium. The results
revealed significant improvements in Visual analogue scale of pain (VAS)
(p=0.005), joint stiffness (p=0.001), quality of sleep (p=0.0001), Health
assessment questionnaire (HAQ) (p=0.031), General health questionnaire (GHQ)
(p=0.021), and a rheumatologist's own questionnaire (p=0.038). The majority
of patients were overweight to some extent at the beginning of the study and
shifting to a vegan food caused a significant reduction in body mass index
(BMI) (p=0.0001). Total serum cholesterol showed a statistically significant
lowering (p=0.003). Urine sodium dropped to 1/3 of the beginning values
(p=0.0001) indicating good diet compliance. It can be concluded that vegan
diet had beneficial effects on fibromyalgia symptoms at least in the short
run
(194) Dunkl PR,
Taylor AG, McConnell GG, Alfano AP, Conaway MR. Responsiveness of
fibromyalgia clinical trial outcome measures. J Rheumatol 2000;
27(11):2683-2691.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To assess the responsiveness of the Fibromyalgia Impact
Questionnaire (FIQ), patient ratings of pain intensity, number of tender
points, and total tender point pain intensity score to perceived changes in
clinical status in patients with fibromyalgia (FM). METHODS: Using data from
a randomized placebo controlled study evaluating efficacy of magnetic
therapy in patients with FM, the ability of primary outcomes to detect
clinically meaningful changes over a 6 month period was assessed by: (1)
degree of association between outcome change scores and patient global
ratings of symptom change (Spearman rank-order correlations); (2) ability of
these scores to discriminate among groups of patients whose perceived health
status had changed to varying degrees (ANOVA); (3) ability of these scores,
individually and jointly, to discriminate between patients who had reported
improvement and those who did not (logistic regression); (4) effect size,
standardized response mean, and Guyatt's statistic were calculated to
quantify responsiveness. RESULTS: Correlations showed the outcome measures
were moderately responsive to perceived symptomatic change. For FIQ, pain
intensity ratings and number of tender points, differences in change scores
between globally improved and unchanged groups and between globally improved
and worsened groups were significant; for total tender point pain intensity,
the globally improved differed from worsened group. FIQ outperformed the
other measures in discriminating between patients who reported improvement
from those who did not. Summary statistics were consistent with
discriminatory analyses, indicating the measures were sensitive to
improvement, but relatively unresponsive to decline. CONCLUSION: The FIQ was
the most responsive measure to perceived clinical improvement and we
recommend its inclusion as a primary endpoint in FM clinical trials
(195) White KP,
Harth M, Speechley M, Ostbye T. A general population study of fibromyalgia
tender points in noninstitutionalized adults with chronic widespread pain. J
Rheumatol 2000; 27(11):2677-2682.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To assess the distribution and predictive ability of
fibromyalgia (FM) tender points (TP) in adults with chronic widespread pain.
METHODS: Using published classification criteria, we confirmed 100 FM cases
and 76 controls with widespread pain not meeting the 1990 American College
of Rheumatology (ACR) classification criteria for FM (pain controls) in a
survey of 3,395 adults screened for widespread musculoskeletal pain in a
general population survey. RESULTS: At each of the 18 FM tender points, FM
cases were more likely than pain controls to have tenderness, and the
likelihood ratio (LR) was statistically greater than 1.0 for 13 of 18
points. However, the LR for individual points ranged from 4.0 to as low as
1.2. Females were more likely to have TP, especially at lower body points;
however, lower body points were more discriminatory in males. CONCLUSION: TP
differ in their ability to predict FM among adults in the general population
with chronic widespread pain
(196) Khostanteen I,
Tunks ER, Goldsmith CH, Ennis J. Fibromyalgia: can one distinguish it from
simulation? An observer-blind controlled study. J Rheumatol 2000;
27(11):2671-2676.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: A randomized controlled trial was conducted to assess
reliability and accuracy in identification of fibromyalgia (FM), motivated
simulation, and normal controls. METHODS: Eight female subjects with chronic
FM were age matched with 19 healthy female volunteers. The volunteers were
randomized to a financially motivated "simulator" group who were paid to
simulate FM, or to a "normal control" group. Examiners under blinded
conditions rated tender and control points, and illness behavior. Intraclass
correlation coefficients and F values showed that counts of tender points
significantly discriminated the 3 groups. Variance was mostly due to
experimental groups and not to observer or error factors. In this study,
simulators could not be discriminated from normals or FM subjects on the
basis of tenderness at "control points." Examiner ratings of illness
behavior (UAB), and subjects' self-ratings for pain showed that FM subjects
had the highest scores, normals the lowest, and simulators had mean scores
midway between the mean FM and simulator. On grip strength, the normals
obtained the highest scores, the simulators the lowest, and the FM subjects
had scores midway between those of the other 2 groups. Diagnostic accuracy
of the blinded examiners in distinguishing FM from simulators and from
normals was 80%, and for correct diagnosis the kappa value was significant
at 0.69. Despite this, simulators were misidentified as FM in 1/3 of
judgments, and FM was misidentified as simulators in 1/5 of judgments.
CONCLUSION: Under randomized blinded conditions, examiners using the
American College of Rheumatology criteria for FM and other bedside
observations are able to distinguish chronic FM, normal individuals, and
motivated simulators with 80% accuracy, with a good level of agreement and
reliability in tender point counts. Our results do not provide a "test for
malingering," and it is likely that an important minority of motivated
simulators and of FM subjects will be misidentified
(197) Pankoff B,
Overend T, Lucy D, White K. Validity and responsiveness of the 6 minute walk
test for people with fibromyalgia. J Rheumatol 2000; 27(11):2666-2670.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To determine the concurrent validity and responsiveness
of the 6 minute walk test (6-MWT) as a measure of cardiorespiratory fitness
in people with fibromyalgia. METHODS: Subjects completed the 6- MWT, a
Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire (FIQ), and a peak oxygen consumption
(pVO2) exercise test before (n = 28) and after (n = 20) a 12 week exercise
program. RESULTS: The correlations between 6-MWT distance and pVO2 before (r
= 0.328) and after (r = 0.420) the exercise program were not significant.
Significant correlations were obtained between 6-MWT distance and FIQ total
(r = -0.494, p < 0.01) and physical impairment (r = -0.403, p < 0.05)
scores. Fifteen of 28 subjects completed the exercise program, with
significant (p < 0.05) changes in 6-MWT distance (+78 m), pVO2 (+1.8
ml/kg/min), and FIQ total score (-9.9). The change in 6-MWT distance was
correlated significantly (p < 0.05) with change in FIQ total score but no
change in pVO2. CONCLUSION: The 6-MWT was not a valid predictor of
cardiorespiratory fitness. However, it was sensitive to change and was also
significantly related to FIQ total score
(198) Raj SR,
Brouillard D, Simpson CS, Hopman WM, Abdollah H. Dysautonomia among patients
with fibromyalgia: a noninvasive assessment. J Rheumatol 2000;
27(11):2660-2665.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: Fibromyalgia (FM) is a prevalent and poorly understood
disorder associated with a significant amount of disability. Some clinical
characteristics are common to both FM and vasovagal syncope (which is caused
by dysautonomia). We assessed the response of patients with FM to a head up
tilt table test (HUT). We also examined sympathovagal balance by assessing
heart rate variability (HRV). METHODS: We studied 17 women with FM and 14
female control subjects. After baseline functional assessments, they
underwent a 3 stage HUT (with isoproterenol). HRV was assessed over a 24 h
period and also before and during HUT. Quality of life was assessed using
the Medical Outcomes Study SF-36 Short Form Health Survey. RESULTS: HUT was
positive in 64.7% of the patients with FM compared with 21.3% of controls (p
= 0.016). FM patients had less HRV, as measured by either time domain or
frequency domain analysis. The FM group had a different response to HUT than
controls. Quality of life was significantly lower in patients with FM
compared to controls (p < or = 0.001 in all domains). CONCLUSION: Patients
with FM have abnormal responses to 2 tests of autonomic nervous system
function. Further research is needed to determine if dysautonomia plays a
role in the pathogenesis of FM or is a result of FM
(199) Bliddal H,
Moller HJ, Schaadt M, Danneskiold-Samsoe B. Patients with fibromyalgia have
normal serum levels of hyaluronic acid. J Rheumatol 2000; 27(11):2658-2659.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To investigate the levels of hyaluronic acid (HA) in
Danish patients with fibromyalgia (FM). METHODS: Serum levels of HA were
determined in 53 patients with established FM and 55 control samples using a
radiometric assay. Values were correlated to clinical disease severity
variables (duration of disease, tender point scales, visual analog scales).
RESULTS: There were no differences in HA levels between patients and
controls. HA levels of all patients except one were within the reference
ranges. There was no association between HA levels and clinical findings.
CONCLUSION: Patients with FM do not generally have increased serum levels of
HA
(200) Smythe H.
Fibromyalgia: can one distinguish it from malingering? More work needed;
more tools supplied. J Rheumatol 2000; 27(11):2536-2540.
(201) Wolfe F. Sayin'
"stand and deliver, for you are a bold deceiver": faking fibromyalgia. J
Rheumatol 2000; 27(11):2534-2535.
(202) Neeck G,
Crofford LJ. Neuroendocrine perturbations in fibromyalgia and chronic
fatigue syndrome. Rheum Dis Clin North Am 2000; 26(4):989-1002.
Abstract: A large body of data from a number of different laboratories
worldwide has demonstrated a general tendency for reduced adrenocortical
responsiveness in CFS. It is still not clear if this is secondary to CNS
abnormalities leading to decreased activity of CRH- or AVP- producing
hypothalamic neurons. Primary hypofunction of the CRH neurons has been
described on the basis of genetic and environmental influences. Other
pathways could secondarily influence HPA axis activity, however. For
example, serotonergic and noradrenergic input acts to stimulate HPA axis
activity. Deficient serotonergic activity in CFS has been suggested by some
of the studies as reviewed here. In addition, hypofunction of sympathetic
nervous system function has been described and could contribute to
abnormalities of central components of the HPA axis. One could interpret the
clinical trial of glucocorticoid replacement in patients with CFS as
confirmation of adrenal insufficiency if one were convinced of a positive
therapeutic effect. If patient symptoms were related to impaired activation
of central components of the axis, replacing glucocorticoids would merely
exacerbate symptoms caused by enhanced negative feedback. Further study of
specific components of the HPA axis should ultimately clarify the
reproducible abnormalities associated with a clinical picture of CFS. In
contrast to CFS, the results of the different hormonal axes in FMS support
the assumption that the distortion of the hormonal pattern observed can be
attributed to hyperactivity of CRH neurons. This hyperactivity may be driven
and sustained by stress exerted by chronic pain originating in the
musculoskeletal system or by an alteration of the CNS mechanism of
nociception. The elevated activity of CRH neurons also seems to cause
alteration of the set point of other hormonal axes. In addition to its
control of the adrenal hormones, CRH stimulates somatostatin secretion at
the hypothalamic level, which, in turn, causes inhibition of growth hormone
and thyroid-stimulating hormone at the pituitary level. The suppression of
gonadal function may also be attributed to elevated CRH because of its
ability to inhibit hypothalamic luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone
release; however, a remote effect on the ovary by the inhibition of
follicle-stimulating hormone-stimulated estrogen production must also be
considered. Serotonin (5-HT) precursors such as tryptophan (5-HTP), drugs
that release 5-HT, or drugs that act directly on 5-HT receptors stimulate
the HPA axis, indicating a stimulatory effect of serotonergic input on HPA
axis function. Hyperfunction of the HPA axis could also reflect an elevated
serotonergic tonus in the CNS of FMS patients. The authors conclude that the
observed pattern of hormonal deviations in patients with FMS is a CNS
adjustment to chronic pain and stress, constitutes a specific entity of FMS,
and is primarily evoked by activated CRH neurons
(203) Hassett AL,
Cone JD, Patella SJ, Sigal LH. The role of catastrophizing in the pain and
depression of women with fibromyalgia syndrome. Arthritis Rheum 2000;
43(11):2493-2500.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: Although 2 recent studies have found associations
between catastrophizing and poor medical outcomes in patients with
fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS), neither assessed these findings in comparison
with a similar group of patients with chronic pain. Our study examined the
complex relationships between depression, catastrophizing, and the
multidimensional aspects of pain in women with FMS and compared these
relationships with those in women with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). METHODS:
Sixty-four FMS patients and 30 RA patients completed the Coping Strategies
Questionnaire (CSQ), the Beck Depression Inventory II (BDI-II), and the
McGill Pain Questionnaire. RESULTS: Compared with subjects with RA, FMS
subjects scored significantly higher on the catastrophizing subscale of the
CSQ. FMS patients also earned higher scores on overall depression and on the
cognitive subscale of the BDI- II. Furthermore, the relationship between
catastrophizing and depression was significant in the FMS group only.
Regression analyses revealed that in FMS, catastrophizing as a measure of
coping predicted patients' perception of pain better than demographic
variables such as age, duration of illness, and education. CONCLUSION:
Cognitive factors, such as catastrophizing and depressive self-statements,
have a more pronounced role in the self-reported pain of patients with FMS
than in patients with RA. Clinically, this indicates that treating pain and
depression in FMS by adding cognitive therapy and coping skills components
to a comprehensive treatment program may improve the outcomes obtained with
pharmacologic interventions
(204) Bailey A,
Starr L, Alderson M, Moreland J. A comparative evaluation of a fibromyalgia
rehabilitation program. Arthritis Care Res 1999; 12(5):336-340.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To compare an evidence-based clinical fibromyalgia
program, referred to as Fibro-Fit, with results of controlled clinical
trials. METHODS: An interdisciplinary group education and exercise program
with 36 sessions over 12 weeks was used. Demographic, clinical, and outcome
variables were collected on 149 participants, of whom 71% completed the
program. Outcomes included measures of self-efficacy, pain, physical
fitness, function, and coping skills. RESULTS: Results of the prospective
before-after evaluation showed statistically significant (P < 0.005)
improvements in all outcomes except for grip strength. These results were
comparable with controlled clinical trials found in the literature. Data
suggest that smoking, fibromyalgia support groups, and medications may be
important modifiable factors. CONCLUSIONS: Results suggest that Fibro-Fit
was effective in improving physical impairments and function. Further
investigation is required to refine the effective components of these
programs and determine how modifiable factors can be used to improve
outcomes
(205) Ozgocmen S,
Ardicoglu O. Lipid profile in patients with fibromyalgia and myofascial pain
syndromes. Yonsei Med J 2000; 41(5):541-545.
Abstract: In this study serum lipid profile of patients with fibromyalgia
syndrome (FMS) and myofascial pain syndrome (MPS) were investigated and
compared with healthy controls. Thirty women who had FMS and 32 women who
had MPS with the characteristic trigger points (TrP), especially on the
periscapular region were included in this study. Thirty one age matched
healthy women were assigned as a control group. All of the subjects were
sedentary healthy housewives. Total cholesterol, triglyceride and
high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c) levels were not significantly
different between the FMS and control groups. On the other hand the MPS
group had total cholesterol (198.7 vs 172.9 mg/dL, p=0.003), triglyceride
(124.7 vs 87.6 mg/dL, p=0.01), low- density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c)
(127.5 vs 108.4 mg/dL, p=0.02) and very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol
(VLDL-c) (24.9 vs 17.3 mg/dL, p=0.008) levels, which were significantly
higher than the controls. There was no significant difference between the
lipid profiles in the FMS and MPS groups. Tissue compliance, which was
measured from trigger points in the MPS group, correlated significantly with
total cholesterol and LDL-c levels. In conclusion, a significant difference
was found between the lipid levels of patients with MPS and the controls.
More extensive investigation of lipid and lipoprotein levels is required to
determine whether high lipid levels are the cause or result of MPS
(206) Leonhardt T.
[Etiology of fibromyalgia still not clarified]. Lakartidningen 2000;
97(38):4181.
(207) Henriksson KG.
[Fibromyalgia--functional disorder of the nociceptive nervous system].
Lakartidningen 2000; 97(38):4118-4119.
(208) Tayag-Kier CE,
Keenan GF, Scalzi LV, Schultz B, Elliott J, Zhao RH et al. Sleep and
periodic limb movement in sleep in juvenile fibromyalgia. Pediatrics 2000;
106(5):E70.
Abstract: OBJECTIVES: Fibromyalgia has been recently recognized in children
and adolescents as juvenile fibromyalgia (JF). In adult fibromyalgia,
subjective complaints of nonrestorative sleep and fatigue are supported by
altered polysomnographic findings including a primary sleep disorder known
as periodic limb movements in sleep (PLMS) in some subjects. Although poor
sleep is a diagnostic criterion for JF, few reports in the literature have
evaluated specific sleep disturbances. Our objectives were to evaluate in a
controlled study the polysomnographic findings of children and adolescents
with JF for alterations in sleep architecture as well as possible PLMS not
previously noted in this age group. METHODS: Sixteen consecutive children
and adolescents (15.0 +/- 2.6 years of age) diagnosed with JF underwent
overnight polysomnography. Polysomnography was also performed on 14 controls
(14.0 +/- 2.2 years of age) with no history of an underlying medical
condition that could impact on sleep architecture. Respiratory variables,
sleep stages, and limb movements were measured during sleep in all subjects.
RESULTS: JF subjects differed significantly from controls in sleep
architecture. JF subjects presented with prolonged sleep latency, shortened
total sleep time, decreased sleep efficiency, and increased wakefulness
during sleep. In addition, JF subjects exhibited excessive movement activity
during sleep. Six of the JF subjects (38%) were noted to have an abnormally
elevated PLMS index (>5/hour), indicating PLMS in these subjects.
CONCLUSION: Our study demonstrated abnormalities in sleep architecture in
children with JF. We also noted PLMS in a significant number of subjects.
This has not been reported previously in children with this disorder. We
recommend that children who are evaluated for JF undergo polysomnography
including PLMS assessment. juvenile fibromyalgia; periodic limb movement in
sleep; restless legs syndrome
(209) Bramwell B,
Ferguson S, Scarlett N, Macintosh A . The use of ascorbigen in the treatment
of fibromyalgia patients: a preliminary trial. Altern Med Rev 2000;
5(5):455-462.
Abstract: Twelve female fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS) patients were given 500
mg per day of a blend containing 100 mg ascorbigen and 400 mg broccoli
powder in a preliminary, one-month, open-label trial. This group of patients
showed a mean 20.1 percent (p=0.044) decrease in their physical impairment
score and a mean 17.8 percent (p=0.016) decrease in their total fibromyalgia
impact scores as measured by the Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire. The mean
physical impairment score two weeks post- treatment showed a significant
return to near pre-treatment level (p=0.028). Analysis of ten of the
patients' mean threshold pain levels at the 18 possible tender points
obtained before and at the end of treatment showed a strong trend toward an
increase in the mean threshold pain level (p=0.059). The reduced sensitivity
to pain and improvement in quality of life measured in this study appear to
be clinically relevant and a larger, double-blind study is warranted
(210) Giles I,
Isenberg D. Fatigue in primary Sjogren's syndrome: is there a link with the
fibromyalgia syndrome? Ann Rheum Dis 2000; 59(11):875-878.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To determine whether fibromyalgia (FM) is more common
in patients with primary Sjogren's syndrome (pSS) who complain of fatigue.
The association and prevalence of fatigue and FM was recorded in a group of
patients with pSS and a control group of lupus patients, a subset of whom
had secondary Sjogren's syndrome (sSS). METHODS: 74 patients with pSS and
216 patients with lupus were assessed with a questionnaire to identify the
presence of fatigue and generalised pain. From the lupus group, in a subset
of 117 lupus patients (from the Bloomsbury unit) those with sSS were
identified. All patients were studied for the presence of FM. RESULTS: 50 of
74 patients with pSS (68%) reported fatigue-a prevalence significantly
higher than in the lupus group (108/216 (50%); p<0.0087). Fatigue was
present in 7/13 (54%) patients with SLE/sSS. FM was present in 9/74 patients
with pSS (12%), compared with 11/216 lupus patients (5%), and in none of the
patients with SLE/sSS. None of these values corresponds with previously
reported figures of the incidence of FM in pSS. CONCLUSION: The results show
that fatigue in patients with pSS and sSS is not due to the coexistence of
FM in most cases. A lower incidence in the United Kingdom of FM in patients
with pSS was found than has been previously reported
(211) Meyer BB,
Lemley KJ. Utilizing exercise to affect the symptomology of fibromyalgia: a
pilot study. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2000; 32(10):1691-1697.
Abstract: Fibromyalgia (FM), a rheumatological disorder of unknown origin,
is characterized by both physical and psychological symptoms. Although
inconclusive results have been reported for most treatment modalities,
exercise appears to have universal support for decreasing the myriad of
symptoms associated with FM. Weaknesses in the literature, however, prevent
conclusive statements regarding exercise prescription and concomitant impact
on FM symptomology. PURPOSE: The current pilot study attempted to examine
the effect of a 24-wk walking program at predetermined intensities on FM.
METHODS: Initial design was a randomized control trial with high- and
low-intensity exercise groups, and a control group. Subsequent nonrandomized
control trials were based on actual exercise behavior. RESULTS: No
differences between initial groups were identified. By collapsing groups,
heart rate (HR) decreased (P < 0.05) weeks 0-12. Functional impairments were
reduced 54% weeks 0- 24, with exercise having a large impact (omega2 = 0.30)
on this decrease. By reassigning groups, impact of FM on current health
status decreased in the low-intensity group (P < 0.05) and increased in the
high-intensity group (P < 0.02) weeks 0-24. Omega squared indicated strong
influence of exercise on pain (omega2 = 0.51), with greater pain in the
high-intensity group. CONCLUSIONS: A larger number of subjects and direct
supervision of the training program to increase compliance is necessary to
clarify the effects of a walking program on the manifestations of FM.
Results indicate that intensity of the walking program is an important
consideration. Individuals with FM can adhere to low-intensity walking
programs two to three times per week, possibly reducing FM impact on daily
activities
(212) Leonhardt T.
[Reply to a comment: Why did the diagnosis fibromyalgia first appear at the
end of the 20th century?]. Lakartidningen 2000; 97(32-33):3509-3510.
(213) Millea PJ,
Holloway RL. Treating fibromyalgia. Am Fam Physician 2000; 62(7):1575-82,
1587.
Abstract: Fibromyalgia is an extremely common chronic condition that can be
challenging to manage. Although the etiology remains unclear, characteristic
alterations in the pattern of sleep and changes in neuroendocrine
transmitters such as serotonin, substance P, growth hormone and cortisol
suggest that dysregulation of the autonomic and neuroendocrine system
appears to be the basis of the syndrome. The diagnosis is clinical and is
characterized by widespread pain, tender points and, commonly, comorbid
conditions such as chronic fatigue, insomnia and depression. Treatment is
largely empiric, although experience and small clinical studies have proved
the efficacy of low- dose antidepressant therapy and exercise. Other less
well-studied measures, such as acupuncture, also appear to be helpful.
Management relies heavily on the physician's supportive counseling skills
and willingness to try novel strategies in refractory cases
(214) Clauw DJ.
Treating fibromyalgia: science vs. art. Am Fam Physician 2000; 62(7):1492 ,
1494.
(215) Dinser R,
Halama T, Hoffmann A. Stringent endocrinological testing reveals subnormal
growth hormone secretion in some patients with fibromyalgia syndrome but
rarely severe growth hormone deficiency. J Rheumatol 2000; 27(10):2482-2488.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: Several reports suggest that growth hormone (GH)
deficiency may be a pathogenic factor in fibromyalgia syndrome (FM). This
hypothesis has never been adequately examined. METHODS: We measured serum GH
concentration after insulin induced hypoglycemia in subjects with FM. GH
secretion in subjects with a maximal GH increase < 10 ng/ml after
hypoglycemia was assessed by additional arginine stimulation. RESULTS: In
one of 56 subjects tested, GH remained below 3 ng/ml in both tests,
satisfying the criteria for adult GH deficiency. Thirty-two subjects (67%)
had a maximal GH > 10 ng/ml. We retrospectively found an inverse correlation
between low density lipoprotein levels and maximal GH concentration in a
subgroup of patients. CONCLUSION: Severe GH deficiency is not a significant
pathogenic factor in most patients with FM. We observed an impaired
reactivity of the somatotropic axis in one- third of patients with FM, in
keeping with a functional alteration of the hypothalamus
(216) Mannerkorpi K,
Nyberg B, Ahlmen M, Ekdahl C. Pool exercise combined with an education
program for patients with fibromyalgia syndrome. A prospective, randomized
study. J Rheumatol 2000; 27(10):2473-2481.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effects of 6 months of pool exercise
combined with a 6 session education program for patients with fibromyalgia
syndrome (FM). METHODS: The study population comprised 58 patients,
randomized to a treatment or a control group. Patients were instructed to
match the pool exercises to their threshold of pain and fatigue. The
education focused on strategies for coping with symptoms and encouragement
of physical activity. The primary outcome measurements were the total score
of the Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire (FIQ) and the 6 min walk test,
recorded at study start and after 6 mo. Several other tests and instruments
assessing functional limitations, severity of symptoms, disabilities, and
quality of life were also applied. RESULTS: Significant differences between
the treatment group and the control group were found for the FIQ total score
(p = 0.017) and the 6 min walk test (p < 0.0001). Significant differences
were also found for physical function, grip strength, pain severity, social
functioning, psychological distress, and quality of life. CONCLUSION: The
results suggest that a 6 month program of exercises in a temperate pool
combined with education will improve the consequences of FM
(217) Akkus S,
Delibas N, Tamer MN. Do sex hormones play a role in fibromyalgia?
Rheumatology (Oxford) 2000; 39(10):1161-1163.
(218) O'Malley PG,
Balden E, Tomkins G, Santoro J, Kroenke K, Jackson JL. Treatment of
fibromyalgia with antidepressants: a meta-analysis. J Gen Intern Med 2000;
15(9):659-666.
Abstract: BACKGROUND: Fibromyalgia is a common, poorly understood
musculoskeletal pain syndrome with limited therapeutic options. OBJECTIVE:
To systematically review the efficacy of antidepressants in the treatment of
fibromyalgia and examine whether this effect was independent of depression.
DESIGN: Meta-analysis of English-language, randomized, placebo-controlled
trials. Studies were obtained from searching MEDLINE, EMBASE, and PSYCLIT
(1966-1999), the Cochrane Library, unpublished literature, and
bibliographies. We performed independent duplicate review of each study for
both inclusion and data extraction. MAIN RESULTS: Sixteen randomized,
placebo-controlled trials were identified, of which 13 were appropriate for
data extraction. There were 3 classes of antidepressants evaluated:
tricyclics (9 trials), selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (3 trials),
and S- adenosylmethionine (2 trials). Overall, the quality of the studies
was good (mean score 5.6, scale 0-8). The odds ratio for improvement with
therapy was 4.2 (95% confidence interval [95% CI], 2.6 to 6.8). The pooled
risk difference for these studies was 0.25 (95% CI, 0.16 to 0.34), which
calculates to 4 (95% CI, 2.9 to 6.3) individuals needing treatment for 1
patient to experience symptom improvement. When the effect on individual
symptoms was combined, antidepressants improved sleep, fatigue, pain, and
well-being, but not trigger points. In the 5 studies where there was
adequate assessment for an effect independent of depression, only 1 study
found a correlation between symptom improvement and depression scores.
Outcomes were not affected by class of agent or quality score using
meta-regression. CONCLUSION: Antidepressants are efficacious in treating
many of the symptoms of fibromyalgia. Patients were more than 4 times as
likely to report overall improvement, and reported moderate reductions in
individual symptoms, particularly pain. Whether this effect is independent
of depression needs further study
(219) Muller W,
Pongratz D, Barlin E, Eich W, Farber L, Haus U et al. The challenge of
fibromyalgia: new approaches. Scand J Rheumatol Suppl 2000; 113:86.
(220) Offenbacher M,
Stucki G. Physical therapy in the treatment of fibromyalgia. Scand J
Rheumatol Suppl 2000; 113:78-85.
Abstract: Fibromyalgia (FM) is a syndrome of unknown etiology characterized
by chronic wide spread pain, increased tenderness to palpation and
additional symptoms such as disturbed sleep, stiffness, fatigue and
psychological distress. While medication mainly focus on pain reduction,
physical therapy is aimed at disease consequences such as pain, fatigue,
deconditioning, muscle weakness and sleep disturbances and other disease
consequences. We systematically reviewed current treatment options in the
treatment of fibromyalgia. Based on evidence from randomized controlled
trials cardiovascular fitness training importantly improves cardiovascular
fitness, both subjective and objective measures of pain as well as
subjective energy and work capacity and physical and social activities.
Based on anecdotal evidence or small observational studies physiotherapy may
reduce overloading of the muscle system, improve postural fatigue and
positioning, and condition weak muscles. Modalities and whole body
cryotherapy may reduce localized as well as generalized pain in short term.
Trigger point injection may reduce pain originating from concomitant trigger
points in selected FM patient. Massage may reduce muscle tension and may be
prescribed as a adjunct with other therapeutic interventions. Acupuncture
may reduce pain and increase pain threshold. Biofeedback may positively
influence subjective and objective disease measures. TENS may reduce
localized musculoskeletal pain in fibromyalgia. While there seems to be no
single best treatment option, physical therapy seem to reduce disease
consequences. Accordingly a multidisciplinary approach combining these
therapies in a well balanced program may be the most promising strategy and
is currently recommended in the treatment of fibromyalgia
(221) Stratz T,
Muller W. The use of 5-HT3 receptor antagonists in various rheumatic
diseases--a clue to the mechanism of action of these agents in fibromyalgia?
Scand J Rheumatol Suppl 2000; 113:66-71.
Abstract: In a pilot study, the action of the 5-HT3 receptor antagonist,
tropisetron, on different types of local rheumatic pain and inflammatory
effects was studied. With intra-articular injection of tropisetron, an
improvement in inflammation and pain was obtained in inflammatory rheumatic
diseases and activated osteoarthrosis. Also, the majority of patients with
localized soft-tissue rheumatic diseases (periarthritis) demonstrated an
obvious decrease in their pain following local infiltration of tropisetron.
Chronic low back pain and cervical pain responded somewhat to i.v. treatment
with tropisetron. The effect of the 5-HT3 receptor antagonists is probable
primarily to limit the release of substance P, which acts as a pain and
inflammatory mediator, and is itself released by the neurogenic inflammation
that occurs after the binding of serotonin to its corresponding receptor.
These results should be backed up with placebo controlled studies, which if
confirmed, might imply that 5-HT3 receptor antagonists could supplement or
replace the local administration of corticosteroids
(222) Stratz T,
Muller W. Do predictors exist for the therapeutic effect of 5-HT3 receptor
antagonists in fibromyalgia? Scand J Rheumatol Suppl 2000; 113:63-65.
Abstract: From the findings outlined below, there are no reliable predictors
of the therapeutic effect of the 5-HT3-receptor antagonists in fibromyalgia.
Neither clinical change in pain and vegetative symptoms, nor alterations in
biochemical parameters are appropriate predictors of response. The
accompanying psychological changes in the form of depressive disorders
appear to be somewhat predictive of decreased therapeutic effect, if such
definitive statements can be applied to individual cases. If, following new
trials, it becomes possible to judge the response of patients to therapy
after 3-5 days treatment with 2 mg intravenous tropisetron then predictors
will be unnecessary in practice
(223) Muller W,
Stratz T. Results of the intravenous administration of tropisetron in
fibromyalgia patients. Scand J Rheumatol Suppl 2000; 113:59-62.
Abstract: The observed effects on the symptoms of fibromyalgia of daily oral
administration of 5 mg of the 5-HT3 receptor antagonist, tropisetron, for 10
days, could be maintained or exceeded with intravenous administration of
only 2 mg of the formulation. Following a single i.v. injection of 2 mg
tropisetron, a more rapid and profound reduction in pain was achieved than
with 5 mg oral tropisetron per day. In individual cases, patients who had
previously experienced no reduction in pain from 10 days of 5 mg oral
tropisetron daily responded to i.v. therapy. A more favourable and
persistent effect on pain, combined with a simultaneous significant
improvement in various vegetative and functional symptoms was achieved with
five days treatment with 2 mg tropisetron i.v. per day. The results outlined
and the possibility for rapid improvements with drug treatment of
fibromyalgia should be confirmed in randomised, placebo controlled trials
(224) Haus U, Varga
B, Stratz T, Spath M, Muller W. Oral treatment of fibromyalgia with
tropisetron given over 28 days: influence on functional and vegetative
symptoms, psychometric parameters and pain. Scand J Rheumatol Suppl 2000;
113:55-58.
Abstract: The 5-HT3 receptor antagonists are a novel therapy for patients
suffering from fibromyalgia, although the optimal duration of treatment is
still unclear. The objective of this phase II study was to evaluate whether
prolonging treatment with tropisetron to 4 weeks is tolerable and correlated
with an improved clinical benefit. Thirty female patients with fibromyalgia
received oral tropisetron (5 mg) daily for 28 days in an open-label fashion.
Treatment resulted in significantly decreased pain as measured by visual
analog scale (VAS), with a mean reduction of 59.7% and an absolute median
change of -25.0 from baseline to day 28 (p<0.0001). A similar, significant
reduction of 55.7% and absolute median change of -31.0 was observed in the
painscore (p<0.0001). The response rate with patients showing a > or = 35%
reduction in individual pain scores was 72.4% at day 28. The pressure
tolerance of tender-points was slightly increased at the end of the
treatment period. In addition, significant improvements were observed in the
State-Trait-Anxiety-Inventory (STAI), scales of von Zerssen (Bf- S) and Beck
Depression Index (BDI). Functional symptoms were compared with the results
from a 10-day, randomized, double-blind phase III study of tropisetron in
418 fibromyalgia patients. In both studies several functional symptoms such
as sleep disturbances and dizziness improved significantly (p<0.05). In the
28 days study, the number and extent of improvement in functional symptoms
was increased compared with the shorter trial. Tolerability and safety of
tropisetron was good, and typically for 5-HT3-receptor antagonists,
gastrointestinal symptoms and headache were the most frequently reported
events. In conclusion, 28 days treatment of fibromyalgia patients with 5 mg
tropisetron resulted in significant pain reduction, which was most
pronounced after 10 days with a further reduction up to day 28. Psychometric
tests showed significant improvements in depression and anxiety state
scores, while functional symptoms improved with extended tropisetron
treatment
(225) Farber L,
Stratz T, Bruckle W, Spath M, Pongratz D, Lautenschlager J et al. Efficacy
and tolerability of tropisetron in primary fibromyalgia--a highly selective
and competitive 5-HT3 receptor antagonist. German Fibromyalgia Study Group.
Scand J Rheumatol Suppl 2000; 113:49-54.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: Based on a potential role for serotonin receptors in
fibromyalgia, we investigated the efficacy and tolerability of treatment
with tropisetron, a highly selective, competitive inhibitor of the 5-HT3
receptor. METHODS: In this prospective, multicenter, double-blind,
parallel-group, dose-finding study, 418 patients suffering from primary
fibromyalgia (ACR criteria) were randomly assigned to receive either
placebo, 5 mg, 10 mg or 15 mg tropisetron once daily, respectively. The
duration of treatment was 10 days. The clinical response was measured by
changes in pain-score, visual analog scale (VAS), and the number of painful
tender-points. RESULTS: Treatment with 5 mg tropisetron resulted in a
significantly higher response rate (39.2%) when compared with placebo
(26.2%) (p=0.033). The absolute reduction in pain-score was -13.5% for 5 mg
tropisetron, - 13.0% for 10 mg tropisetron, and -6.3% for placebo (p<0.05).
The effects of 15 mg tropisetron were similar to placebo, thus suggesting a
bell-shaped dose-response curve. Compared with placebo, treatment with 5 mg
tropisetron led to a significant improvement (p<0.05) in VAS, while a clear
trend in terms of clinical benefit was seen with 10 mg tropisetron. The
number of painful tender-points was also reduced significantly (p=0.002) in
the 5 mg tropisetron group. Of interest, during the 12-month follow-up
period, pain intensity of responders on 5 mg and 10 mg tropisetron was still
markedly below baseline. The treatment was well tolerated, with
gastro-intestinal complaints being the most frequently reported side
effects, in keeping with the known safety profile for 5-HT3 receptor
antagonists. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrates the efficacy of short-term
treatment with 5 mg tropisetron once daily in primary fibromyalgia.
Treatment was well tolerated and prolonged clinical benefits were seen
(226) Hocherl K,
Farber L, Ladenburger S, Vosshage D, Stratz T, Muller W et al. Effect of
tropisetron on circulating catecholamines and other putative biochemical
markers in serum of patients with fibromyalgia. Scand J Rheumatol Suppl
2000; 113:46-48.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to assess the influence of the
5HT3- receptor antagonist tropisetron on circulating catecholamines as
biochemical markers of the activity of the sympathoadrenal system in
fibromyalgia. Moreover, serum concentrations of serotonin, somatomedin C,
oxytocin, calcitonin-gene-related-peptide, calcitonin and cholecystokinin
were assayed as putative markers in pain-related disorders like primary
fibromyalgia. METHODS: In 96 patients, who met the ACR classification
criteria for fibromyalgia, and in 20 sex and age matched controls
concentrations of dopamine, noradrenaline, adrenaline, serotonin and
tropisetron were assayed in serum by HPLC with electrochemical detection.
All other transmitters were determined by ELISA. RESULTS: There was with the
exception of tropisetron, calcitonin and dopamine, no correlation between
doses of tropisetron 5, 10, 15 mg respectively and significant changes in
circulating transmitters or other transmitters as putative biochemicals
markers in primary fibromyalgia. Regarding the prediction of pain reduction
to tropisetron, patients with elevated dopamine and/or reduced plasma 5-HT
concentrations tended to show a higher response rate. CONCLUSION: Despite
these partly disappointing results another prospective pilot study with
selected patients vs. age and sex matched controls, double blind and with
comparison of other 5HT3-receptor antagonists e.g. dolasetron and
granisetron e.g. after i.v. bolus injection is suggested. Still the data
obtained in this preliminary paper provide some evidence regarding the
present discussion on subgroups of patients with primary fibromyalgia
(227) Lautenschlager
J. Present state of medication therapy in fibromyalgia syndrome. Scand J
Rheumatol Suppl 2000; 113:32-36.
Abstract: For the treatment of primary fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS) the low
dose application of tri- and tetracyclic antidepressive drugs was often
studied. Up to now from all those drugs the effects of amitriptyline (AMI)
are best documented. Because of its sedative properties it doesn't only
influence pain but also improves the often disturbed sleep. Its use in
patients with FMS is limited by the occurrence of side effects and the lack
of response in a substantial number of patients. Serotonin reuptake
inhibitors alone seem to be of little value. Nevertheless there is evidence
that they may improve pain in combination with other antidepressive agents.
Regarding pain moclobemide a reversible inhibitor of monoamine oxidase seems
to be inferior to AMI. In controlled studies corticosteroids and non-
steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) also failed to improve FMS. The
combination of NSAIDs with benzodiazepines gave inconsistent results.
Although often used, we have only small information about the effectiveness
of opioids. No beneficial effect could be attributed to the muscle relaxant
chlormezanone. In conclusion, although only about 1/3 of the patients
respond, AMI remains the drug of first choice in the conventional medication
treatment of FMS
(228) Eich W,
Hartmann M, Muller A, Fischer H. The role of psychosocial factors in
fibromyalgia syndrome. Scand J Rheumatol Suppl 2000; 113:30-31.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: The main objective of this review was to evaluate the
role of psychosocial factors in the development of fibromyalgia syndrome.
METHOD: Review of the literature concerning the influence of psychosocial
factors. RESULTS: In fibromyalgia syndrome psychosocial factors are relevant
at different etiological levels. They can be classified into predisposing,
triggering and stabilising/"chronifying" factors. CONCLUSION: Due to the
increasing knowledge about the influence of psychosocial factors for the
development of fibromyalgia, the biomedical model has to be expanded to a
biopsychosocial model. The biopsychosocial concept has an impact on the
therapeutic approach. Strong evidence for the model is provided by the good
results of interdisciplinary treatment studies
(229) Mense S.
Neurobiological concepts of fibromyalgia--the possible role of descending
spinal tracts. Scand J Rheumatol Suppl 2000; 113:24-29.
Abstract: In the spinal cord, long descending pathways are known to exist
which modulate pain sensations by either inhibiting or facilitating the
discharges of spinal nociceptive neurones. In this article, the hypothesis
is discussed that the pain of fibromyalgia may be due to a dysfunction of
these pain-modulating pathways. Theoretically, two kinds of disturbance
could lead to pain, namely reduced activity in the pain- inhibiting
(antinociceptive) system or increased activity in the pain- facilitating (pronociceptive)
pathways. Data from animal experiments show that interruption of the dorsal
descending systems leads to hyperactivity of spinal nociceptive neurones,
namely increase in background activity, lowering in stimulation threshold,
and increase in response magnitude to noxious stimuli. The responses of the
neurones to input from nociceptors in deep tissues were more strongly
inhibited by the descending pathways than were responses to input from
cutaneous nociceptors. Collectively, the findings indicate that the dorsal
descending systems are tonicly active and have a particularly strong
inhibitory action on neurones that mediate pain from deep tissues. If these
systems operate in a similar way also in patients, an impairment of their
function is likely to lead to 1. spontaneous deep pain (because of an
increased background activity in nociceptive neurones supplying deep
tissues), 2. tenderness of deep tissues (because of a lowered mechanical
threshold of the same neurones), and 3. hyperalgesia of deep tissues
(because of increased neuronal responses to noxious stimuli). These changes
will affect large areas of the body because the descending inhibitory
systems have widespread terminations in the spinal cord. Thus, a dysfunction
of the descending inhibitory pathways could mimick to a large extent the
pain of fibromyalgia
(230) Neeck G.
Neuroendocrine and hormonal perturbations and relations to the serotonergic
system in fibromyalgia patients. Scand J Rheumatol Suppl 2000; 113:8-12.
Abstract: The symptomatology of the fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS) often
resembles an alteration in central nervous set points at least in three
systems. The patients suffer under chronic pain in the region of the
locomotor system, presumably reflecting a disturbed central processing of
pain. Anxiety and depression often characterizes the clinical picture.
Almost all of the hormonal feedback mechanisms controlled by the
hypothalamus are altered. Characteristic for FMS patients are the elevated
basal values of ACTH, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and cortisol as
well as lowered basal values of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1,
somatomedin C), free triiodothyronine (FT3), and oestrogen. In FMS patients,
the systemic administration of the relevant releasing hormones of
corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), growth hormone- releasing hormone (GHRH),
thyreotropin-releasing hormone (TRH), and luteinizing hormone-releasing
hormone (LHRH) leads to increased secretion of ACTH and prolactin, whereas
the degree to which TSH can be stimulated is reduced. The stimulation of the
hypophysis with LHRH in female FMS patients during their follicular phase
results in a significantly reduced LH response. All in all, the typical
alterations in set points of hormonal regulation that are typical for FMS
patients can be explained as a primary stress activation of hypothalamic CRH
neurons caused by the chronic pain. In addition to the stimulation of
pituitary ACTH secretion, CRH activates somatostatin on the hypothalamic
level, which in turn inhibits the release of GH and TSH on the hypophyseal
level. The lowered oestrogen levels could be accounted for both via an
inhibitory effect of the CRH on the hypothalamic release of LHRH or via a
direct CRH-mediated inhibition of the FSH- stimulated oestrogen production
in the ovary. Serotonin (5HT), precursors like tryptophan (5HTP), drugs
which release 5HT or act directly on 5HT receptors stimulate HPA axis,
indicating a stimulatory serotonergic influence on HPA axis function.
Therefore activation of the HPA axis may reflect an elevated serotonergic
tonus in the central nervous system of FMS patients
(231) Pongratz DE,
Sievers M. Fibromyalgia-symptom or diagnosis: a definition of the position.
Scand J Rheumatol Suppl 2000; 113:3-7.
Abstract: According to the American College of Rheumatology the diagnosis of
fibromyalgia is based on criteria for the classification of fibromyalgia
consisting entirely of clinical signs and symptoms. For diagnostic reasons
autonomic disturbances and mental features have to be considered. The
distinction between fibromyalgia (tender points) and myofascial pain
syndrome (trigger points) is essential. Internal and neurological disorders
as a primary cause of fibromyalgia have to be excluded. The etiology and
pathogenesis of fibromyalgia still remain uncertain. The myopathological
patterns in fibromyalgia are non- specific: type II fiber atrophy, an
increase of lipid droplets, a slight proliferation of mitochondria, and a
slightly elevated incidence of ragged red fibers. Initial reports on some
allelic abnormalities in the serotonin system seem to highlight the
important role of serotonin already presumed earlier. Significantly high
levels of substance P in the cerebrospinal fluid of FM patients additionally
support the impact of these neurotransmitters on both nociceptive and
antinociceptive mechanisms
(232) Jason LA,
Taylor RR, Kennedy CL. Chronic fatigue syndrome, fibromyalgia, and multiple
chemical sensitivities in a community-based sample of persons with chronic
fatigue syndrome-like symptoms. Psychosom Med 2000; 62(5):655-663.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to determine illness
comorbidity rates for individuals with chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS),
fibromyalgia (FM), and multiple chemical sensitivities (MCS). An additional
objective was to identify characteristics related to the severity of
fatigue, disability, and psychiatric comorbidity in each of these illness
groups. METHODS: A random sample of 18,675 residents in Chicago, Illinois,
was first interviewed by telephone. A control group and a group of
individuals with chronic fatigue accompanied by at least four minor symptoms
associated with CFS received medical and psychiatric examinations. RESULTS:
Of the 32 individuals with CFS, 40.6% met criteria for MCS and 15.6% met
criteria for FM. Individuals with MCS or more than one diagnosis reported
more physical fatigue than those with no diagnosis. Individuals with more
than one diagnosis also reported greater mental fatigue and were less likely
to be working than those with no diagnosis. Individuals with CFS, MCS, FM,
or more than one diagnosis reported greater disability than those with no
diagnosis. CONCLUSIONS: Rates of coexisting disorders were lower than those
reported in prior studies. Discrepancies may be in part attributable to
differences in sampling procedures. People with CFS, MCS, or FM endure
significant disability in terms of physical, occupational, and social
functioning, and those with more than one of these diagnoses also report
greater severity of physical and mental fatigue. The findings illustrate
differences among the illness groups in the range of functional impairment
experienced
(233) Nielens H,
Boisset V, Masquelier E. Fitness and perceived exertion in patients with
fibromyalgia syndrome. Clin J Pain 2000; 16(3):209-213.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the
cardiorespiratory fitness and perceived exertion of female patients with
fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS) compared with that of healthy female subjects.
DESIGN AND SUBJECTS: This was designed as a cross-sectional case-control
study, with a consecutive sample of 30 female patients with FMS and an
age-matched control group of 67 healthy female subjects. SETTING: This study
was conducted at the multidisciplinary pain center of a university hospital
in a city of more than 1 million inhabitants. OUTCOME MEASURES: A
cardiorespiratory fitness index (PWC65%/kg) and an original perceived
exertion index (B65%) were obtained from the heart rates and perceived
exertions scored on a 10-point Borg scale during a submaximal cycle
ergometer test. Average indexes for the FMS patients and control subjects
were compared. RESULTS: The mean cardiorespiratory fitness index of the FMS
patients was not significantly different from that of the controls. The mean
perceived exertion index in the FMS patients was significantly greater than
that of the controls, meaning that the FMS patients systematically reported
higher ratings of perceived exertion during exercise. CONCLUSIONS:
Cardiorespiratory fitness, as expressed by a submaximal work capacity index,
seems normal in female patients with FMS compared with age- and sex-matched
healthy individuals. The fact that FMS patients overscore their perception
of exertion may be due to a greater overlap of peripheral pain and perceived
exertion perceptions during exercise. This observation should be noted when
using perceived exertion scores to prescribe and monitor exercise in FMS
patients
(234) Shanklin DR,
Stevens MV, Hall MF, Smalley DL. Environmental immunogens and
T-cell-mediated responses in fibromyalgia: evidence for immune dysregulation
and determinants of granuloma formation. Exp Mol Pathol 2000; 69(2):102-118.
Abstract: Thirty-nine patients with fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS) according to
American College of Rheumatology criteria were studied for cell- mediated
sensitivity to environmental chemicals. Lymphocytes were tested by standard
[(3)H]thymidine incorporation in vitro for T cell memory to 11 chemical
substances. Concanavalin A (Con A) was used to demonstrate T cell
proliferation. Controls were 25 contemporaneous healthy adults and 252 other
concurrent standard controls without any aspect of FMS. Significantly higher
(P < 0.01) stimulation indexes (SI) were found in FMS for aluminum, lead,
and platinum; borderline higher (0.05 > P > 0.02) SI were found for cadmium
and silicon. FMS patients showed sporadic responses to the specific
substances tested, with no high-frequency result (>50%) and no obvious
pattern. Mitogenic responses to Con A indicated some suppression of T cell
functionality in FMS. Possible links between mitogenicity and immunogenic T
cell proliferation, certain electrochemical specifics of granuloma
formation, maintenance of connective tissue, and the fundamental nature of
FMS are considered
(235) Bradley LA,
McKendree-Smith NL, Alarcon GS. Pain complaints in patients with
fibromyalgia versus chronic fatigue syndrome. Curr Rev Pain 2000;
4(2):148-157.
Abstract: Individuals with fibromyalgia (FM) and/or chronic fatigue syndrome
(CFS) report arthralgias and myalgias. However, only persons with FM alone
exhibit abnormal pain responses to mild levels of stimulation, or allodynia.
We identify the abnormalities in the neuroendocrine axes that are common to
FM and CFS as well as the abnormalities in central neuropeptide levels and
functional brain activity that differentiate these disorders. These two sets
of factors, respectively, may account for the similarities and differences
in the pain experiences of persons with FM and CFS
(236) Lai S, Goldman
JA, Child AH, Engel A, Lamm SH. Fibromyalgia, hypermobility, and breast
implants. J Rheumatol 2000; 27(9):2237-2241.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To examine possible relationships among fibromyalgia
(FM, American College of Rheumatology 1990 criteria), hypermobility, and
breast implants. METHODS: The medical records of 2,500 female patients (ages
25-65) who had been seen for the first time in a rheumatology practice in
Atlanta, GA, during 1986-92 were abstracted and analyzed. In each analysis,
patients whose records indicated that the patient met the full case criteria
were compared with patients whose records had no indication of the disease.
Patients whose medical records indicated the clinical onset of FM prior to
breast implantation were identified. RESULTS: Univariate and multivariate
regression analyses were performed, adjusting for age, income, and the
presence of connective tissue disease or rheumatoid arthritis. Significant
associations were found between hypermobility and FM (adjusted OR 2.20, 95%
CI 1.73, 2.80) and between hypermobility and breast implantation (adjusted
OR 1.80, 95% CI 1.19, 2.69). No association was found between breast
implantation and subsequent FM (adjusted OR 0.74, 95% CI 0.42, 1.32).
CONCLUSION: Hypermobility was found to be independently associated with both
FM and with breast implantation, but FM and breast implantation were not
found to be independently associated with each other
(237) Klimas N.
Pathogenesis of chronic fatigue syndrome and fibromyalgia. Growth Horm IGF
Res 1998; 8 Suppl B:123-126.
(238) Kuhn P.
[Fibromyalgia at the crossroads of rheumatology, psychology and social
work]. Rev Med Suisse Romande 2000; 120(7):591-592.
(239) Buskila D,
Neumann L, Alhoashle A, Abu-Shakra M . Fibromyalgia syndrome in men. Semin
Arthritis Rheum 2000; 30(1):47-51.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: Fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS) is uncommon in men and data
on its characteristics and severity are limited. The current study was
undertaken to determine whether the clinical characteristics and the
spectrum of this disorder are similar in men and women. METHODS: Forty men
with FMS were matched with 40 women by age and educational level. All
subjects were asked about the presence and severity (assessed by visual
analog scale) of FMS symptoms; a count of 18 tender points was conducted by
thumb palpation, and tenderness thresholds were measured by dolorimetry.
Psychological status was assessed by the anxiety and depression subscales of
the revised Arthritis Impact Measurement Scales. Quality of life was
evaluated by two scales, QOL-16 and SF-36, and physical function was
measured by the Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire. RESULTS: Men with FMS
reported more severe symptoms than women, decreased physical function, and
lower quality of life. Women had lower tender thresholds than men; however
their mean point counts were similar. CONCLUSION: Although FMS is uncommon
in men, its health outcome in our study population was worse than in women.
Further studies in larger samples and in diverse ethnocultural populations
are needed to confirm this observation
(240) Wolfe F,
Hawley DJ, Goldenberg DL, Russell IJ, Buskila D, Neumann L. The assessment
of functional impairment in fibromyalgia (FM): Rasch analyses of 5
functional scales and the development of the FM Health Assessment
Questionnaire. J Rheumatol 2000; 27(8):1989-1999.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: Functional assessment by self-report questionnaire
plays an important role in most rheumatic conditions, but psychometric
properties of questionnaires have not been studied in fibromyalgia (FM),
particularly by Rasch analysis, which allows for examining adequacy of the
questionnaire scale. To assess currently used instruments, we examined the
Fibromyalgia Impact Scale (FIQ), 4 versions of the Health Assessment
Questionnaire (HAQ), and the Medical Outcome Survey Short Form (SF-36).
METHODS: More than 2,500 patients from 4 sites (3 US, 1 Israel) completed
the FIQ. The HAQ questionnaires were completed by 1438 patients
participating in the US National Data Bank for Rheumatic Diseases. Seven
hundred sixty patients from Wichita, Kansas, completed the SF-36. Rasch
analysis was applied separately to each of these data sets. RESULTS: The FIQ
systematically underestimated functional impairment by its handling of
activities not usually performed. All questionnaires had problems with non-unidimensionality
and ambiguous items when applied to patients with FM. In addition, scales
were found to be non-linear. Because of these findings we used the 20 item
HAQ questionnaire as an item bank to develop a new questionnaire more
suitable for use in FM, the fibromyalgia HAQ (FHAQ). This questionnaire fits
the Rasch model well, is relevant, is linear, and has a long, well spaced
scale. CONCLUSION: No available functional assessment questionnaire works
well in FM. A new questionnaire, the FHAQ, was developed. It has appropriate
metric properties and should function well in this condition. Since the FHAQ
is a subset of the larger HAQ questionnaire, a new questionnaire is not
required; only a different method of scoring is needed. Additional studies
regarding sensitivity to change are required to fully validate the FHAQ
(241) Offenbaecher
M, Waltz M, Schoeps P. Validation of a German version of the Fibromyalgia
Impact Questionnaire (FIQ-G). J Rheumatol 2000; 27(8):1984-1988.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To translate the Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire
(FIQ) into German and to evaluate its reliability and validity for the use
of German speaking patients with fibromyalgia (FM). METHODS: We administered
the FIQ to 55 patients with FM (15 patients filled out the questionnaire 10
days later) together with German versions of the Stanford Health Assessment
Questionnaire (HAQ), the Medical Outcomes Survey Short Form-36 (SF-36), and
a tender point count (TPC). All patients were asked about the severity of
pain today (10 cm visual analog scale) and the duration of symptoms.
Tenderness thresholds were assessed by dolorimetry at all tender points with
a Fisher dolorimeter and laboratory tests were obtained. Test-retest
reliability was assessed using Spearman correlations. Internal consistency
was evaluated with Cronbach's alpha of reliability. Construct validity of
the FIQ was evaluated by correlating the HAQ and subscales of the SF-36 as
well as the TPC and the tenderness thresholds. RESULTS: Mean age of
participants was 54.3 years and mean duration of symptoms 9.5 years.
Test-retest reliability was between 0.62 and 1 for the physical functioning
as well as for the total FIQ and other components. Internal consistency was
0.92 for the overall FIQ. Significant correlations were obtained between the
FIQ items, the HAQ, and the SF-36. CONCLUSION: The German FIQ is a reliable
and valid instrument for measuring functional disability and health status
in German patients with FM
(242) Anderberg UM,
Marteinsdottir I, Theorell T, von Knorring L. The impact of life events in
female patients with fibromyalgia and in female healthy controls. Eur
Psychiatry 2000; 15(5):295-301.
Abstract: The aim was to investigate if female fibromyalgia patients (FMS)
had experienced more negative life events than healthy women. Furthermore,
the life events experienced in relation to onset of the FMS were evaluated.
Another important area was to investigate the impact of the events
experienced in the patients compared to healthy women. A new inventory was
constructed to assess life events during childhood, adolescence and in
adulthood as well as life events experienced in relation to the onset of the
disorder. Forty female FMS patients and 38 healthy age-matched women
participated in the study. During childhood or adolescence 51% of the
patients had experienced very negative life events as compared to 28% of the
controls. Conflict with parents was the most common life event. Before
onset, 65% of the patients experienced some negative life event. Economic
problems and conflicts with husband/partner were common. During the last
year, 51% of the patients had life events which they experienced as very
negative, compared to 24.5% of the controls (P < 0.01). Stressful life
events in childhood/adolescence and in adulthood seem to be very common in
FMS. Furthermore, the life events were experienced as more negative than the
life events experienced by healthy controls
(243) Gardner GC.
Fibromyalgia following trauma: psychology or biology? Curr Rev Pain 2000;
4(4):295-300.
Abstract: The concept that fibromyalgia may follow trauma is currently an
area of intense debate within the medical field and is driven to a large
extent by social and legal issues. This article questions whether the
current literature supports the notion that trauma may cause fibromyalgia
and explores the relative contribution of biology and psychology in the
development of and sense of disability from fibromyalgia
(244) Rau CL,
Russell IJ. Is fibromyalgia a distinct clinical syndrome? Curr Rev Pain
2000; 4(4):287-294.
Abstract: The validity of the fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS) as a distinct
clinical entity has been challenged for several reasons. Many skeptics
express concern about the subjective nature of chronic pain, the
subjectivity of the tender point (TeP) examination, the lack of a gold
standard laboratory test, and the absence of a clear pathogenic mechanism by
which to define FMS. Another expressed concern has been the relative nature
of the pain-distress relationship in the rheumatology clinic. The apparently
continuous relationship between TePs and somatic distress across a variety
of clinical disorders is said to argue against FMS as a separate clinical
disorder. The most aggressive challenges of the FMS concept have been from
legal defenses of insurance carriers motivated by economic concerns. Other
forms of critique have presented as psychiatric dogma, uninformed posturing,
suspicion of malingering, ignorance of nociceptive physiology, and
occasionally have resulted from honest misunderstanding. It is not likely
that a few paragraphs of data and logic will cause an unbeliever to change
an ingrained opinion. Therefore, this review describes the clinical
manifestations of FMS, responds to some of the theoretic arguments against
it, and discusses some possible pathophysiologic mechanisms by which FMS may
develop and persist as a unique syndrome
(245) Winfield JB.
Psychological determinants of fibromyalgia and related syndromes. Curr Rev
Pain 2000; 4(4):276-286.
Abstract: Fibromyalgia and other chronic pain and fatigue syndromes
constitute an increasingly greater societal burden that currently is not
being approached effectively by traditional Western medicine. Although the
hallmarks of fibromyalgia--chronic widespread pain, fatigue, and multiple
other somatic symptoms--have neurophysiologic and endocrinologic
underpinnings, these biological aspects derive primarily from psychological
variables. Female gender, adverse experiences during childhood,
psychological vulnerability to stress, and a stressful, often frightening
environment and culture are important antecedents of fibromyalgia. To
understand fibromyalgia and related syndromes and to provide optimum care
requires a biopsychosocial, not a biomedical, viewpoint
(246) Jeschonneck M,
Grohmann G, Hein G, Sprott H. Abnormal microcirculation and temperature in
skin above tender points in patients with fibromyalgia. Rheumatology
(Oxford) 2000; 39(8):917-921.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: Skin temperature and skin blood flow were studied above
different tender points in 20 patients with fibromyalgia (FM) and 20 healthy
controls. METHODS: Blood flow was measured by laser Doppler flowmetry and
skin temperature was measured with an infrared thermometer. RESULTS: In the
skin above the five tender points examined in each subject, we found an
increased concentration of erythrocytes, decreased erythrocyte velocity and
a consequent decrease in the flux of erythrocytes. A decrease in temperature
was recorded above four of the five tender points. CONCLUSION:
Vasoconstriction occurs in the skin above tender points in FM patients,
supporting the hypothesis that FM is related to local hypoxia in the skin
above tender points
(247) Jahn K, Klenke
T. [Web sites on tinnitus, fibromyalgia, chronic fatigue syndrome, etc. Here
your patients seek information]. MMW Fortschr Med 1999; 141(51-52):14.
(248) Sprott H,
Jeschonneck M, Grohmann G, Hein G. [Microcirculatory changes over the tender
points in fibromyalgia patients after acupuncture therapy (measured with
laser-Doppler flowmetry)] . Wien Klin Wochenschr 2000; 112(13):580-586.
Abstract: Apart from widespread pain which is the main symptom of
fibromyalgia, a great variety of functional and vegetative changes occur in
the presence of this disease. Such changes include alterations in
microcirculation, which may cause pain. A preliminary study demonstrated a
reduction in regional blood flow above "tender points" in fibromyalgia
patients compared with healthy controls. A consensus statement of the
National Institutes of Health (NIH) states that acupuncture is a sufficient
adjuvant method to treat patients with fibromyalgia. The aim of the present
study was to determine parameters to measure the effectiveness of a specific
treatment modality (such as acupuncture) in addition to the patient's
subjective assessment of acupuncture treatment. Twenty patients with
fibromyalgia according to the ACR and the Muller/Lautenschlager criteria
were included in the study. Acupuncture was performed and adapted to
individual needs in accordance with a specific protocol. Five representative
"tender points" were examined before and after therapy by laser flowmetry,
and the data were compared with temperature measurement and dolorimetry.
Increased blood flow was registered above all "tender points" after
acupuncture. Skin temperature had increased in 10/12 tender points by a mean
of 0.45 degree C. The number of "tender points" were reduced from 16.1 to
13.8 after therapy. The pain threshold increased in 10/12 "tender points".
These data suggest that acupuncture is a useful method to treat patients
with fibromyalgia. Besides normalisation of clinical parameters, the
improvement in microcirculation above "tender points" may alleviate pain
(249) Cathebras P.
[Should fibromyalgia survive the century?]. Rev Med Interne 2000;
21(7):577-579.
(250) Neumann L,
Press J, Glibitzki M, Bolotin A, Rubinow A, Buskila D. CLINHAQ
scale--validation of a Hebrew version in patients with fibromyalgia.
Clinical Health Assessment Questionnaire. Clin Rheumatol 2000;
19(4):265-269.
Abstract: Assessment of health status in patients with rheumatic disease,
including fibromyalgia (FM), using structured questionnaires has become an
important approach to evaluate treatment and outcome. The objectives of this
study were to validate a translated version of the Clinical Health
Assessment Questionnaire (CLINHAQ) to be used by Hebrew-speaking
populations, and specifically to evaluate its usefulness in fibromyalgia
syndrome (FM). The CLINHAQ was translated into Hebrew and administered to 90
women with FM along with the Hebrew versions of the Fibromyalgia Impact
Questionnaire (FIQ) and the Quality of Life (QOL) Scale. The CLINHAQ
includes scales of functional disability, helplessness, anxiety and
depression, as well as assessment of current health status and satisfaction
with this. All subjects were asked about the presence and severity (assessed
by visual analogue scale) of current FM symptoms (pain, fatigue, anxiety
etc.); a count of 18 tender points was conducted by thumb palpation, and
tenderness thresholds were measured by dolorimetry. Test-retest reliability
was assessed by Pearson correlation coefficients, and internal consistency
was evaluated with Cronbach's alpha coefficient of reliability. Construct
validity was tested by correlating the CLINHAQ items with measures of
symptom severity, count of tender point, tenderness thresholds, physical
functioning measured by FIQ, and with a score of QOL. Test- retest
reliability coefficients ranged from 0.82 to 0.99, and Cronbach's alpha
coefficients from 0.725 to 0.929. Significant moderate to high correlations
were obtained between most subscales of CLINHAQ and measures of physical
functioning, quality of life and severity of FM symptoms. In conclusion, the
CLINHAQ is a reliable and valid instrument for measuring health status and
physical functioning in Israeli women with FM
(251) Meiworm L,
Jakob E, Walker UA, Peter HH, Keul J. Patients with fibromyalgia benefit
from aerobic endurance exercise. Clin Rheumatol 2000; 19(4):253-257.
Abstract: Fibromyalgia (FM) is a disorder characterised by diffuse
widespread musculoskeletal aching and stiffness and multiple tender points
[1]. Its pathophysiology is poorly understood. The influence of aerobic
endurance exercise on pain in patients with FM was investigated. Twenty-
seven patients (25 female, 2 male) participated in a controlled clinical
study and performed 12 weeks of jogging, walking, cycling or swimming
following a given schedule. Twelve sedentary FM patients (11 female, 1 male)
served as controls. Before and after training both the study and the control
groups were evaluated spiroergometrically. Tender point pain was quantified
by dolorimetry. The painful body surface was estimated by a pain body
diagram, and its intensity by a visual analogue scale and a ranking scale.
Patients trained for an average of 25 min two to three times a week, with an
average intensity of 50% of maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max). Unlike the
control group, the training group exhibited a decrease in heart rate and VO2
and an increase in respiratory quotient during submaximal workload. Maximal
performance capacity and VO2max remained unchanged, whereas the wattpulse
(watt/heart rate) improved at maximal workload. Pain parameters remained
unchanged in the control group, but in the training group the mean number of
positive tender points (15.4/12.7), the mean pain threshold of the gluteal
tender point (2.89 kp/3.50 kp) and the painful body surface (18%/15% body
surface) decreased significantly. Subjective general pain condition
deteriorated in two patients but improved in 17. Our results suggest a
positive effect of aerobic endurance exercise on fitness and well-being in
patients with FM
(252) Schikler KN.
Is it juvenile rheumatoid arthritis or fibromyalgia? Med Clin North Am 2000;
84(4):967-982.
Abstract: For the clinician evaluating adolescents with chronic
musculoskeletal pain and fatigue, the distinctions between JRA and FS are
clear based on physical examination findings. The two conditions can
coexist. For the patient with an initial diagnosis of either JRA or FS whose
clinical response to therapy is not in keeping with expectations or physical
examination findings or whose clinical course worsens without explanation,
reevaluation to determine if FS in the JRA patient has developed or JRA in
the FS patient has emerged is warranted. Until clinicians have a better
understanding of the intricacies of the neurohormonal and immunologic
systems and how they affect somatic symptoms, they can continue to provide
patients with a treatment plan based on current knowledge that should
minimize patients' discomfort and allow them to have appropriately
functional lives
(253) Jay SJ.
Tobacco use and chronic fatigue syndrome, fibromyalgia, and
temporomandibular disorder. Arch Intern Med 2000; 160(15):2398, 2401.
(254) Aaron LA,
Buchwald D. Tobacco use and chronic fatigue syndrome, fibromyalgia, and
temporomandibular disorder. Arch Intern Med 2000; 160(15):2398-2401.
(255) Epifanov VA,
Epifanov AV. [Methods of physical rehabilitation in fibromyalgia]. Vopr
Kurortol Fizioter Lech Fiz Kult 2000;(3):42-45.
(256) Larson AA,
Giovengo SL, Russell IJ, Michalek JE . Changes in the concentrations of
amino acids in the cerebrospinal fluid that correlate with pain in patients
with fibromyalgia: implications for nitric oxide pathways. Pain 2000;
87(2):201-211.
Abstract: Substance P (SP), a putative nociceptive transmitter, is increased
in the CSF of patients with fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS). Because excitatory
amino acids (EAAs) also appear to transmit pain, we hypothesized that CSF
EAAs may be similarly involved in this syndrome. We found that the mean
concentrations of most amino acids in the CSF did not differ amongst groups
of subjects with primary FMS (PFMS), fibromyalgia associated with other
conditions (SFMS), other painful conditions not exhibiting fibromyalgia
(OTHER) or age-matched, healthy normal controls (HNC). However, in SFMS
patients, individual measures of pain intensity, determined using an
examination-based measure of pain intensity, the tender point index (TPI),
covaried with their respective concentrations of glutamine and asparagine,
metabolites of glutamate and aspartate, respectively. This suggests that
re-uptake and biotransformation mask pain-related increases in EAAs.
Individual concentrations of glycine and taurine also correlated with their
respective TPI values in patients with PFMS. While taurine is affected by a
variety of excitatory manipulations, glycine is an inhibitory transmitter as
well as a positive modulator of the N-methyl-D-asparate (NMDA) receptor. In
both PFMS and SFMS patients, TPI covaried with arginine, the precursor to
nitric oxide (NO), whose concentrations, in turn, correlated with those of
citrulline, a byproduct of NO synthesis. These events predict involvement of
NO, a potent signaling molecule thought to be involved in pain processing.
Together these metabolic changes that covary with the intensity of pain in
patients with FMS may reflect increased EAA release and a positive
modulation of NMDA receptors by glycine, perhaps resulting in enhanced
synthesis of NO
(257) Ozgocmen S,
Catal SA, Ardicoglu O, Kamanli A. Effect of omega-3 fatty acids in the
management of fibromyalgia syndrome. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther 2000;
38(7):362-363.
(258) Neumann L,
Berzak A, Buskila D. Measuring health status in Israeli patients with
fibromyalgia syndrome and widespread pain and healthy individuals: utility
of the short form 36-item health survey (SF-36). Semin Arthritis Rheum 2000;
29(6):400-408.
Abstract: OBJECTIVES: To examine the usefulness of the Medical Outcomes
Study Short Form-36 (MOS SF-36) in measuring health-related quality of life
(QOL) in fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS) patients, and to determine whether
subscale scores of SF-36 could distinguish patients with FMS from patients
with widespread pain alone, and from healthy individuals. METHODS: The study
population included three groups of women: 90 patients with FMS, 96 patients
with widespread pain, and 50 healthy controls. In all subjects,
health-related QOL was assessed by SF-36. The Health Assessment
Questionnaire was used to evaluate functional disability, helplessness and
psychological status. FMS-related symptoms and tenderness also were
assessed. RESULTS: The 8 subscales of SF-36 showed a consistent pattern for
physical function, physical role functioning, body pain, general health,
vitality, and social function, with the lowest scores in patients with FMS,
intermediate scores in patients with widespread pain alone, and the highest
scores in healthy subjects. Emotional role functioning and mental health
scores were significantly higher among healthy controls than among patients.
The SF- 36 subscales of physical functioning, bodily pain, and social
functioning were highly correlated with another measure of functional
disability (from the Health Assessment Questionnaire) in all patient groups.
Most of the subscales were associated with psychological variables
(helplessness, depression, and anxiety). All eight subscales of SF-36 were
strongly correlated with the mean score of another measure of quality of
life, QOL-16. CONCLUSIONS: Most of the SF-36 subscales represent health
dimensions relevant to patients with FMS and widespread pain alone. The
severity of functional impairment as assessed by the SF-36, distinguishes
patients with FMS and widespread pain alone from healthy individuals, and
also discriminates between patients with widespread pain alone and FMS
patients
(259) Dessein PH,
Stanwix AE. Why would fibromyalgia patients have osteoporosis? J Rheumatol
2000; 27(7):1816-1817.
(260) Karaaslan Y,
Haznedaroglu S, Ozturk M. Joint hypermobility and primary fibromyalgia: a
clinical enigma. J Rheumatol 2000; 27(7):1774-1776.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To investigate the association of joint hypermobility (JH)
and primary fibromyalgia (FM). METHODS: Eighty-eight patients admitted with
widespread pain and 90 matched healthy controls were blindly evaluated
according to criteria for the presence of JH and FM. RESULTS: Fifty-six
patients initially recognized as having FM met the American College of
Rheumatology (ACR) diagnostic criteria for FM and 6 of 90 healthy controls
had these criteria at the subsequent blinded examination. The frequency of
JH was 8% in patients with FM and 6% in subjects without FM (p > 0.05).
Interestingly, JH was found in 10 of 32 "FM" patients (31%) who had not
exactly met the ACR criteria for FM. The occurrence of JH was more common in
these patients compared to controls (p < 0.001). In total, 16% of patients
evaluated with widespread pain had associated with JH. CONCLUSION: Some
patients who have clinical symptoms of FM but do not exactly meet the ACR
criteria could in fact have JH, and these patients may be misdiagnosed as
having FM. Widespread pain is associated with JH in women under age 50, with
some of them fulfilling ACR tender point criteria for FM
(261) Fitzcharles
MA. Is hypermobility a factor in fibromyalgia? J Rheumatol 2000;
27(7):1587-1589.
(262) Stoll AL.
Fibromyalgia symptoms relieved by flupirtine: an open-label case series.
Psychosomatics 2000; 41(4):371-372.
(263) Hedenberg-Magnusson
B, Ernberg M, Kopp S. Presence of orofacial pain and temporomandibular
disorder in fibromyalgia. A study by questionnaire. Swed Dent J 1999;
23(5-6):185-192.
Abstract: The objective of this study was to evaluate subjective symptoms
from the temporomandibular system in patients with fibromyalgia. Two hundred
and thirty-seven individuals with fibromyalgia affiliated to the Stockholm
Rheumatologic Association were included in the study. A questionnaire about
symptoms of temporomandibular disorders (TMD) was mailed and returned by 191
(81%). The participants reported frequent and severe symptoms of TMD, 94%
reported local pain from the temporomandibular system with a mean duration
of 12 years. The most frequent sites were the temple, temporomandibular
joint and neck regions. General body pain had a significantly longer
duration than TMD, which indicates that fibromyalgia starts in other parts
of the body and later extends to the temporomandibular region. The severity
of general pain scored significantly higher than local pain, but there was a
significant positive correlation between the two conditions. High frequency,
73-78 %, of headache, facial pain and tiredness of the jaws was found and
about fifty percent of the patients also complained about difficulties to
open the mouth and to chew. Fibromyalgia is thus a probable cause of TMD. In
conclusion this study shows that patients with fibromyalgia often suffer
from symptoms of TMD, and that the intensity of the pain is correlated to
general body pain. These findings indicate that fibromyalgia is one of the
causes of TMD
(264) Gedalia A,
Garcia CO, Molina JF, Bradford NJ, Espinoza LR. Fibromyalgia syndrome:
experience in a pediatric rheumatology clinic. Clin Exp Rheumatol 2000;
18(3):415-419.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To report our experience of fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS)
in pediatric rheumatology clinic settings. METHODS: Clinical and laboratory
data were reviewed in all patients with FMS between March 1992 and March
1996. Patients with FMS and an underlying rheumatic disease were excluded
from the study. At presentation and follow-up visits, all patients had a
tender points (TP) count that was conducted by thumb palpation. Both the
children and their parents were questioned concerning the presence of
widespread pain or aching. All the patients fulfilled the ACR criteria for
the diagnosis of primary FMS. All children were evaluated by a protocol that
included relevant information on FMS. Telephone survey questionnaires were
used for patients who missed some of their follow-up visits. RESULTS: There
were 59 children (47 F and 12 M) diagnosed with primary FMS. The mean age at
onset was 13.7 years, and the mean age at diagnosis was 15.5 years. The mean
duration of follow-up was 18.3 months. Diffuse aching was reported in 57
patients (97%), headaches in 45 (76%), and sleep disturbances in 41 (69%).
Less common were stiffness in 17 (29%), subjective joint swelling in 14
(24%), fatigue in 12 (20%), abdominal pain in 10 (17%), and joint
hypermobility and depression in 8 (14%) and 4 (7%) patients, respectively.
The mean ESR was 15 mm/h, RF was negative in all patients, and ANA was
positive (mean titer 1:160) in 17 patients. The mean initial TP count was
14.6. Nine patients were not available for follow-up. There were 50 patients
available for follow-up and survey analysis, and of these 30 (60%) had
improved, while 18 (36%) remained unchanged, and 2 (4%) became worse when
compared with initial presentation. At the end of study follow-up, 37
patients (74%) were still taking medication (20 of them daily). Out of 25
patients whose TP counts were available at the end of follow-up, the mean TP
dropped from 14.12 to 12.04 (p = 0.09) for the total group, and 14.05 to
10.84 (p < 0.01) for the patients who had improved. 22 out of 30 patients in
the improved group and 7 out of 20 in the unchanged or worse group had
continued active exercise programs (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: The clinical
spectrum of FMS in children is similar to that of adults but with better
outcomes. The TP count correlates with clinical status only in patients who
had improved. Active exercise programs seem to correlate with better
outcomes. Prospective and larger patient population studies, and a longer
follow-up of children with FMS are needed to clarify these findings
(265) Taylor J, Skan
J, Erb N, Carruthers D, Bowman S, Gordon C et al. Lupus patients with
fatigue-is there a link with fibromyalgia syndrome? Rheumatology (Oxford)
2000; 39(6):620-623.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To determine whether fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS) was
more common in patients with lupus who were complaining of fatigue. METHODS:
We interviewed 216 patients attending two lupus clinics, all of whom
fulfilled the revised American College of Rheumatology (ACR) criteria for
lupus. The patients completed a questionnaire and were examined to determine
the presence of fatigue and whether they fulfilled the ACR criteria for FMS.
Disease activity was measured using the British Isles Lupus Assessment Group
(BILAG) index and the Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics (SLICC)/ACR
damage score. Measurements of erythrocyte sedimentation rate, complement C3,
lymphocyte count and DNA titre were also performed. RESULTS: Fifty per cent
of our patients complained of fatigue, but only 10% of these patients
fulfilled criteria for FMS. FMS did not correlate with any measure of
disease activity although patients with FMS had lower mean DNA antibody
titres and mean SLICC/ACR damage scores. CONCLUSION: A minority of lupus
patients with fatigue fulfil the ACR criteria for FMS. Other possible
factors leading to fatigue should be considered
(266) Wootton JC.
Fibromyalgia. J Womens Health Gend Based Med 2000; 9(5):571-573.
(267) Lindberg NE,
Lindberg E. [Use available knowledge--also when it is not complete. Current
example: chronic fatigue syndrome, fibromyalgia]. Lakartidningen 2000;
97(21):2651-2652.
(268) Anderberg UM.
[Fibromyalgia--probably a result of prolonged stress syndrome].
Lakartidningen 2000; 97(21):2641-2642.
(269) Leonhardt T.
[Fibromyalgia--a new name of an old "malady". Fatigue and pain syndrome with
a historical background]. Lakartidningen 2000; 97(21):2618-4.
Abstract: Fibromyalgia is a good illustration of the fact that a smart new
name of an old malady can spread like wildfire if well matched in time
socioculturally. "Muscular rheumatism" has earlier been looked upon as a
(rheumatic) inflammation of muscle cells or of muscular connective tissue.
During the last decades the interest of leading clinicians and researchers
have been directed against the pain perceiving system, suggesting defect
pain modulating mechanisms peripherally and centrally. Fibromyalgia seems to
supply several medical and social needs in our time and might be called a
"fin-de-siecle" disease
(270) Smith TC, Gray
GC, Knoke JD. Is systemic lupus erythematosus, amyotrophic lateral
sclerosis, or fibromyalgia associated with Persian Gulf War service? An
examination of Department of Defense hospitalization data. Am J Epidemiol
2000; 151(11):1053-1059.
Abstract: Since the Persian Gulf War ended in 1991, veterans have reported
diverse, unexplained symptoms. Some have wondered if their development of
systemic lupus erythematosus, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, or fibromyalgia
might be related to Gulf War service. The authors used Cox proportional
hazard modeling to determine whether regular, active-duty service personnel
deployed to the Persian Gulf War (n = 551,841) were at increased risk of
postwar hospitalization with the three conditions compared with nondeployed
Gulf War era service personnel (n = 1,478,704). All hospitalizations in
Department of Defense facilities from October 1, 1988, through July 31,
1997, were examined. With removal of personnel diagnosed with any of the
three diseases before August 1, 1991, and adjustment for multiple
covariates, Gulf War veterans were not at increased risk of postwar
hospitalization due to systemic lupus erythematosus (risk ratio (RR) = 0.94,
95% confidence interval (CI): 0.65, 1.35). Because of the small number of
cases and wide confidence limits, the data regarding amyotrophic lateral
sclerosis were inconclusive. Gulf War veterans were slightly at risk of
postwar hospitalization for fibromyalgia (RR = 1.23, 95% Cl: 1.05, 1.43);
however, this risk difference was probably due to the Gulf War veteran
clinical evaluation program beginning in 1994. These data do not support
Gulf War service and disease associations
(271) Fordyce WE.
Fibromyalgia and related matters. Clin J Pain 2000; 16(2):181-182.
(272) Sherman JJ,
Turk DC, Okifuji A. Prevalence and impact of posttraumatic stress
disorder-like symptoms on patients with fibromyalgia syndrome. Clin J Pain
2000; 16(2):127-134.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: Traumatic events can result in a set of symptoms
including nightmares, recurrent and intrusive recollections, avoidance of
thoughts or activities associated with the traumatic event, and symptoms of
increased arousal such as insomnia and hypervigilance. These posttraumatic
stress disorder (PTSD)-like symptoms are frequently observed in persons with
chronic pain syndromes. Little is known about how these two phenomena
interact with one another. The present study evaluated PTSD-like symptoms in
patients with fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS) and examined the relation between
PTSD-like symptoms and problems associated with FMS. DESIGN: Ninety-three
consecutive patients underwent a comprehensive FMS evaluation and completed
self-report questionnaires measuring PTSD-like symptoms, disability, and
psychosocial responses to their pain condition. Subjects were divided in two
groups based on level of self-reported PTSD-like symptoms. RESULTS:
Approximately 56% of the sample reported clinically significant levels of
PTSD-like symptoms (PTSD+). The PTSD+ patients reported significantly
greater levels of pain (p < 0.01), emotional distress (p < 0.01), life
interference (p < 0.01), and disability (p < 0.01) than did the patients
without clinically significant levels of PTSD-like symptoms (PTSD-). Over
85% of the PTSD+ patients compared with 50% of the
(273) Green S. Sleep
cycles, TMD, fibromyalgia, and their relationship to orofacial myofunctional
disorders. Int J Orofacial Myology 1999; 25:4-14.
Abstract: Poor quality sleep is caused by many factors including orofacial
myology disorders. TMJ and fibromyalgia patients demonstrate a variety of
similar symptoms making diagnosis difficult. A team approach utilizing
appropriate referrals is critical to successful patient treatment
(274) Cohn LJ.
Management of fibromyalgia. Ann Intern Med 2000; 132(12):1005.
(275) Akama H.
Management of fibromyalgia. Ann Intern Med 2000; 132(12):1005.
(276) Muilenburg N.
Management of fibromyalgia. Ann Intern Med 2000; 132(12):1004-1005.
(277) Wolfe F.
Management of fibromyalgia. Ann Intern Med 2000; 132(12):1004.
(278) Huppert A.
Management of fibromyalgia. Ann Intern Med 2000; 132(12):1004.
(279) Dryson E.
Venlafaxine and fibromyalgia. N Z Med J 2000; 113(1105):87.
(280) Ramsay C,
Moreland J, Ho M, Joyce S, Walker S, Pullar T. An observer-blinded
comparison of supervised and unsupervised aerobic exercise regimens in
fibromyalgia. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2000; 39(5):501-505.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To compare a supervised 12-week aerobic exercise class
with unsupervised home aerobic exercises in the treatment of patients with
fibromyalgia. METHODS: This was a 48-week randomized single (observer) blind
study in a teaching hospital rheumatology and physiotherapy department. The
subjects were 74 patients who fulfilled the American College of Rheumatology
criteria for fibromyalgia. Results and conclusions. A 12-week exercise class
programme with home exercises demonstrated no benefit over a single
physiotherapy session with home exercises in the treatment of pain in
patients with fibromyalgia. Neither group (nor the groups combined) showed
an improvement in pain compared with baseline. There was some significant
benefit in psychological well-being in the exercise class group and perhaps
a slowing of functional deterioration in this group
(281) Korszun A,
Young EA, Engleberg NC, Masterson L, Dawson EC, Spindler K et al. Follicular
phase hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis function in women with
fibromyalgia and chronic fatigue syndrome. J Rheumatol 2000;
27(6):1526-1530.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: Fibromyalgia (FM) and chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS)
are clinically overlapping stress associated disorders. Neuroendocrine
perturbations have been noted in both syndromes, and they are more common in
women, suggesting abnormalities of gonadal steroid hormones. We tested the
hypothesis that women with FM and CFS manifest abnormalities of the
hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) hormonal axis. METHODS: We examined the
secretory characteristics of estradiol, progesterone, follicle stimulating
hormone (FSH), and luteinizing hormone (LH), including a detailed analysis
of LH in premenopausal women with FM (n = 9) or CFS (n = 8) during the
follicular phase of the menstrual cycle compared to matched healthy
controls. Blood was collected from an indwelling intravenous catheter every
10 min. over a 12 h period. LH was assayed from every sample; pulses of LH
were identified by a pulse-detection program. FSH and progesterone were
assayed from a pool of hourly samples for the 12 h period and estradiol from
samples pooled over four 3 h time periods. RESULTS: There were no
significant differences in FSH, progesterone, or estradiol levels in
patients versus controls. There were no significant differences in pulsatile
secretion of LH. CONCLUSION: There is no indication of abnormal gonadotropin
secretion or gonadal steroid levels in this small, but systematic, study of
HPG axis function in patients with FM and CFS
(282) Raymond MC,
Brown JB. Experience of fibromyalgia. Qualitative study. Can Fam Physician
2000; 46:1100-1106.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To explore illness experiences of patients diagnosed
with fibromyalgia. DESIGN: Qualitative method of in-depth interviews.
SETTING: Midsize city in Ontario. PARTICIPANTS: Seven patients diagnosed
with fibromyalgia. METHOD: Seven in-depth interviews were conducted to
explore the illness experience of patients diagnosed with fibromyalgia. All
interviews were audiotaped and transcribed verbatim. All interview
transcriptions were read independently by the researchers, who then compared
and combined their analysis. Final analysis involved examining all
interviews collectively, thus permitting relationships between and among
central themes to emerge. The analysis strategy used a phenomenologic
approach and occurred concurrently rather than sequentially. MAIN FINDINGS:
Themes that emerged from the interpretive analysis depict patients' journeys
along a continuum from experiencing symptoms, through seeking a diagnosis,
to coping with the illness. Experiencing symptoms was composed of four
subcategories: pain, a precipitating event, associated symptoms, and
modulating factors. Seeking a diagnosis entailed frustration and social
isolation. Confirmation of diagnosis brought relief as well as anxiety about
the future. After diagnosis, several steps led to creation of adaptive
coping strategies, which were influenced by several factors. CONCLUSION:
Findings suggest that the conventional medical model fails to address the
complex experience of fibromyalgia. Adopting a patient- centred approach is
important for helping patients cope with this disease
(283) Lloyd R. How
should we manage fibromyalgia? Ann Rheum Dis 2000; 59(6):490.
(284) Anderberg UM,
Marteinsdottir I, von Knorring L. Citalopram in patients with
fibromyalgia--a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Eur J
Pain 2000; 4(1):27-35.
Abstract: The effect of the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor
citalopram was studied in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled,
4-month trial in patients with the fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS) who all
fulfilled the American College of Rheumatology criteria. The citalopram
doses varied between 20-40 mg daily. Forty female patients, 21 patients in
the citalopram and 19 in the placebo group, participated. Assessment of
pain, depressive symptoms and physical functioning were made using Visual
Analogue Scales (VAS), the Montgomery Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS)
and the Fibrositis Impact Questionnaire (FIQ).In the global judgement of
improvement, no significant changes were found between the citalopram and
placebo groups as concerns pain or well- being, either in the Intention to
Treat (ITT) analysis or in the completer analysis. However, among the
completers, it was a tendency that more patients in the citalopram group
(52.9%) were improved as compared to the placebo group (22.2%) concerning
well-being. Furthermore, the results indicated that treatment with
citalopram had a significant effect on pain on the VAS after 2 months of
treatment compared to baseline. After 4 months, however, the effect had
diminished. Measured with the FIQ, significant differences in the pain
ratings were seen at the end of the trial. Significant effects on the
depressive symptomatology measured by means of the MADRS were seen already
after 1 month of treatment and were increasing further at the end of the
trial, when a significant difference between the groups was also found
(285) Salerno A,
Thomas E, Olive P, Blotman F, Picot MC, Georgesco M. Motor cortical
dysfunction disclosed by single and double magnetic stimulation in patients
with fibromyalgia. Clin Neurophysiol 2000; 111(6):994-1001.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To investigate the motor cortex by single and double
magnetic stimulation, in patients with fibromyalgia.Methods: Thirteen
patients with fibromyalgia and 13 age-matched healthy subjects were
examined. We evaluated, in both limbs, motor evoked potential (MEP) latency
and amplitude and the MCA/MPA ratio, i.e. MEP cortical amplitude (MCA)
/maximal peripheral amplitude of the M response (MPA), the central
conduction time (TCC) and the length of the silent period (SP). With double
magnetic stimulation, different time intervals between shocks were used:
with delays between shocks of 4, 25, 55 and 85 ms, the intensities of the
conditioning shock were 80% the relaxed threshold. With delays between
shocks of 55, 85, 100, 155, 200, 255 and 355 ms, the intensities of the
conditioning shocks were set at 150% the relaxed threshold. In all cases,
the intensity of the test shock was 150% the relaxed threshold. The results
were also compared with those obtained in 5 women affected by rheumatoid
arthritis (RA).Results: As compared to control, the cortical relaxed
threshold was enhanced on both sides and limbs (P<0.05). The cortical silent
period recorded with single magnetic stimulation was reduced in the upper
limbs (P = 2.7x10(- 11)) and lower limbs (both sides P = 3.6x10(-5)). The
other parameters investigated were normal. With double magnetic stimulation,
facilitatory phenomena were absent in fibromyalgic patients and the
inhibitory responses recorded with a delay of 155 ms were reduced (P =
0.0052). No significant differences were noted between FM and RA patients.
Conclusion: This study demonstrated motor cortical dysfunction in patients
with fibromyalgia involving excitatory and inhibitory mechanisms. This
indicates motor cortical involvement and supports the hypothesis of aberrant
central pain mechanisms. The absence of differences between FM and RA
suggest that the lesions were not specific and could be related to chronic
pain disorders within the central nervous system
(286) Hains G, Hains
F. A combined ischemic compression and spinal manipulation in the treatment
of fibromyalgia: a preliminary estimate of dose and efficacy. J Manipulative
Physiol Ther 2000; 23(4):225-230.
Abstract: OBJECTIVES: To provide preliminary information on whether a
regimen of 30 chiropractic treatments that combines ischemic compression and
spinal manipulation effectively reduces the intensity of pain, sleep
disturbance, and fatigue associated with fibromyalgia. In addition, to study
the dose-response relation and identify the baseline characteristics that
may serve as predictors of outcome. DESIGN: Subjects were assessed with
self-administered questionnaires taken at baseline, after 15 and 30
treatments, and 1 month after the end of the treatment trial. SETTING:
Private practice. METHODS: Participating subjects were adult members of a
regional Fibromyalgia Association. Participating subjects had fibromyalgia
for more than 3 months. They received 30 treatments including ischemic
compression and spinal manipulation. The 3 outcomes being evaluated were
pain intensity, fatigue level, and sleep quality. A minimum 50 improvement
in pain intensity from baseline to the end of the treatment trial was needed
to include the patient in the respondent category. RESULTS: Fifteen women
(mean age 51.1 years) completed the trial. A total of 9 (60) patients were
classified as respondents. A statistically significant lessening of pain
intensity and corresponding improvement in quality of sleep and fatigue
level were observed after 15 and 30 treatments. After 30 treatments, the
respondents showed an average lessening of 77.2 (standard deviation = 12.3)
in pain intensity and an improvement of 63.5 (standard deviation = 31.6) in
sleep quality and 74.8 (standard deviation = 23. 1) in fatigue level. The
improvement in the 3 outcome measures was maintained after 1 month without
treatment. Subjects with less than 35 improvement after 15 treatments did
not show a satisfactory response after 30 treatments. A trend, determined as
not statistically significant, suggests that older subjects with severe and
more chronic pain and a greater number of tender points respond more poorly
to treatment. CONCLUSION: This study suggests a potential role for
chiropractic care in the management of fibromyalgia. A randomized clinical
trial should be conducted to test this hypothesis
(287) Richards S,
Cleare A. Treating fibromyalgia. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2000; 39(4):343-346.
(288) Merchant RE,
Carmack CA, Wise CM. Nutritional supplementation with Chlorella pyrenoidosa
for patients with fibromyalgia syndrome: a pilot study. Phytother Res 2000;
14(3):167-173.
Abstract: Fibromyalgia syndrome is a common, chronic musculoskeletal
disorder of unknown aetiology. While available therapy is often
disappointing, most patients can be helped with a combination of medication,
exercise and maintenance of a regular sleep schedule. The objective of the
present study was to determine if adding nutritional supplements derived
from the unicellular green alga, Chlorella pyrenoidosa, produced any
improvements in the clinical and functional status in patients with
moderately severe symptoms of fibromyalgia syndrome. Eligible patients had
2+ palpable tenderness at 11 or more of 18 defined tender points and had a
tender point index (TPI) of at least 22. Each day for 2 months, participants
consumed two commercially available Chlorella- based products, 10 g of 'Sun
Chlorella' tablets and 100 mL of liquid 'Wakasa Gold'. Any amelioration of
symptoms was validated and quantified using semi-objective and subjective
outcome measures systematically administered at clinic visits on days 0, 30
and 60 of the diet therapy. Eighteen of the 20 patients enrolled completed
the 2 month trial. The average TPI for the group which at onset was 32,
decreased to a mean of 25 after 2 months. This decrease was statistically
significant (p = 0.01), representing a 22% decrease in pain intensity. Blood
samples taken on each occasion indicated no significant alterations in serum
chemistries, formed elements, and circulating lymphocyte subsets.
Compilations of the results of patient interviews and self-assessment
questionnaires revealed that seven patients felt that the dietary supplement
had improved their fibromyalgia symptoms, while six thought they had
experienced no change, and five believed the symptoms had worsened over the
time of the trial. The results of this pilot study suggest that dietary
Chlorella supplementation may help relieve the symptoms of fibromyalgia in
some patients and that a larger, more comprehensive double-blind,
placebo-controlled clinical trial in these patients is warranted
(289) Hakkinen A,
Hakkinen K, Hannonen P, Alen M. Force production capacity and acute
neuromuscular responses to fatiguing loading in women with fibromyalgia are
not different from those of healthy women. J Rheumatol 2000;
27(5):1277-1282.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To compare the maximal and explosive strength
characteristics of the leg muscles in premenopausal women with fibromyalgia
(FM) with those of healthy female controls (HC) and to examine acute
neuromuscular fatigue during heavy resistance loading and short term
recovery from fatigue in these 2 groups. METHODS: Subjects were 11 women
with FM, 38.6 (5.8) years old, and 12 healthy female controls, 37.3 (6.1)
years old. The following were recorded before, during, and after a fatiguing
loading session: maximal bilateral concentric and isometric force, isometric
force-time curves and relaxation-time curves with agonist-antagonist neural
activation (by EMG) of the leg muscles, muscle pain, and blood lactate
concentrations. RESULTS: At baseline all the measured muscle strength
characteristics were comparable between the study groups. The heavy
fatiguing loading led to considerable and comparable acute fatigue found in
both muscle strength characteristics and agonist-antagonist electromyography
in both groups. The respective changes in blood lactate concentration and
subjectively perceived muscular pain in the loaded muscles during strenuous
resistance loading and recovery from fatigue were similar in both groups.
CONCLUSION: Premenopausal women with FM do not demonstrate lower dynamic or
isometric muscle strength characteristics compared to matched healthy
controls. Second, the similar neuromuscular responses recorded during and
after the fatiguing loading strongly support the hypothesis of normal muscle
structure and neuromuscular function in patients with FM
(290) Henriksson C,
Liedberg G. Factors of importance for work disability in women with
fibromyalgia. J Rheumatol 2000; 27(5):1271-1276.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To identify factors of importance for women with
fibromyalgia (FM) to continue working despite the limitations imposed by the
symptoms. METHODS: A mail questionnaire with questions regarding social
background, symptoms, sickness benefits, work situation, work conditions and
adjustments, opinions regarding own work ability, and satisfaction with the
situation was sent to 218 consecutive women seen at a university pain or
rheumatology clinic. Answers were obtained from 176 women. RESULTS: Pain,
poor quality sleep, abnormal tiredness, muscle stiffness, and increased pain
after muscle exertion were frequently reported symptoms. Fifty percent of
the women were employed, 15% full-time. Twenty-three percent reported FM as
the reason for not working. The work situation had been changed for 58% of
the working women, and 80% counted on being able to continue working.
CONCLUSION: Work disability is a serious concern in FM, and the majority of
women with FM have limitations in their ability to work. Our results
indicate that individual adjustments in the work situation need to be made
and that women who have found a level matching their ability may continue to
work and find it satisfactory. Early intervention in the work situation is
recommended
(291) Wolfe F. For
example is not evidence: fibromyalgia and the law. J Rheumatol 2000;
27(5):1115-1116.
(292) Tabeeva GR,
Korotkova SB, Vein AM. [Fibromyalgia]. Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova
2000; 100(4):69-77.
(293) Ivanichev GA,
Starosel'tseva NG. [Fibromyalgia (generalized tendomyopathy): defect of a
program of movements and their realization]. Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S
Korsakova 2000; 100(4):54-61.
Abstract: It was established that fulfillment of any motor action implies a
design of the program of action in CNS and its realization by peripheral
elements of locomotor system. A program includes an acceptor of the result
of action and efferent synthesis on a central level (parietal-premotor area,
pallidostriatal system, lymbico-reticular complex, ex cetera). A very motor
act is realized by the activity of a segmental apparatus of the spinal cord
and skeletal muscles. Acceptor of the result of action provides a control of
the coincidence between afferent parameters of the result of an action and
its real characteristics by means of the reverse feed-back (P.K. Anokhin,
1975). Incoordination of its parameters is a condition for the existence of
a physiologic functional system for the construction of the necessary
movement, while a coincidence of their indices resulted in the
disintegration of this system. Appearance of myofascicular hypertonus in
this system distorts a real parameters of the movement because of a deficit
and imbalance of the proprioception in a segmental apparatus and central
formations. A proprioceptive desafferentation promotes disinhibition of the
neurons and formation of the generators of pathologically increased
irritation with positive feed-back on rubro- segmental (A), pallido-thalamic
(B), strio-piramidal (C) and parietal- premotor (D) levels of the
construction of the movement according to N.A. Bernshtein (1966). Its
appearance on the B and C levels prevents destruction of the physiologic
system of organization after realization of its activity and promotes its
reformation into the pathologic one. It manifested clinically in appearance
of a pathologic dynamic stereotype. Additional integration of lymbico-reticular
complex, and high centers of autonomic supplement into this system promotes
a formation of the stable neurotic, depressive reactions and autonomic
disorders. Such reactions are transitory and have adaptive character at
normal program of construction and fulfillment of the motion, while at
pathologic one they have desadaptive character. Clinically they are known as
multiple psychoautonomic syndromes combined with muscular, fascial and
ligamental pains of different location
(294) Peters ML,
Vlaeyen JW, van Drunen C. Do fibromyalgia patients display hypervigilance
for innocuous somatosensory stimuli? Application of a body scanning reaction
time paradigm. Pain 2000; 86(3):283-292.
Abstract: This study tested the hypothesis that fibromyalgia patients
display hypervigilance for somatosensory signals. Hypervigilance was
operationalized as the detection of weak electrocutaneous stimuli. Innocuous
electrical stimuli gradually increasing in strength were administered to one
of four different body locations. A reaction time paradigm was used in which
subjects had to respond as fast as possible to stimulus detection by
pressing a button corresponding to the correct body location. The detection
task was presented first under single task conditions and subsequently under
dual task conditions, in combination with a second (visual) reaction time
task. It was predicted that hypervigilance would be most prominent under
dual task conditions, where subjects can choose to allocate attention
selectively to one of the tasks. Questionnaires on general body vigilance,
pain vigilance, pain related-fear and pain catastrophizing were also
administered. Thirty female fibromyalgia patients were compared to 30
healthy controls matched on age, sex and educational level. No evidence for
hypervigilance for innocuous signals was found: patients did not show
superior detection of electrical stimuli either under single or dual task
conditions. Also, no differences were found between patients and controls on
the body vigilance questionnaire. Detection of electrical stimuli was,
however, predicted by pain-related fear and pain vigilance
(295) Dessein PH,
Shipton EA, Stanwix AE, Joffe BI. Neuroendocrine deficiency-mediated
development and persistence of pain in fibromyalgia: a promising paradigm?
Pain 2000; 86(3):213-215.
(296) Karjalainen K,
Malmivaara A, van Tulder M, Roine R, Jauhiainen M, Hurri H et al.
Multidisciplinary rehabilitation for fibromyalgia and musculoskeletal pain
in working age adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2000;(2):CD001984.
Abstract: BACKGROUND: Non-malignant musculoskeletal pain is an increasing
problem in western countries. Fibromyalgia syndrome is an increasing
recognised chronic musculoskeletal disorder. OBJECTIVES: The objective of
this systematic review was to determine the effectiveness of
multidisciplinary rehabilitation for fibromyalgia and widespread
musculoskeletal pain among working age adults. SEARCH STRATEGY: An
electronic search was conducted and included Medline from 1966, PsycLIT from
1967 and EMBASE from 1980 to April 1998. The Cochrane Musculoskeletal Group
Trials Register was searched as well as, the Cochrane Controlled Trials
Register (CCTR). The references of identified articles and reviews were
checked, studies published in the Finnish medical database Medic from 1978
to 1998 screened and the Science Citation Index searched. Content experts
were also contacted for additional or unpublished studies. SELECTION
CRITERIA: From all references found in our original search, we selected all
randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and clinical controlled trials (CCTs).
Trials had to assess the effectiveness of multidisciplinary rehabilitation
for patients suffering from fibromyalgia and widespread musculoskeletal pain
among working age adults. The rehabilitation program was required to be
multidisciplinary; that is, it had to consist of a physician's consultation,
plus a psychological, social or vocational intervention, or a combination of
both. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Four reviewers independently selected
the RCTs and CCTs that met the specified inclusion criteria. Two experts in
the field of rehabilitation evaluated the relevance and applicability of the
findings of the selected studies to actual clinical use. Two other reviewers
extracted the data and assessed the main results and the methodological
quality of the studies using standardized forms. Finally, a qualitative
analysis was performed to evaluate the level of scientific evidence for the
effectiveness of multidisciplinary rehabilitation. MAIN RESULTS: After
screening 1808 abstracts, and the references of 65 reviews, we found only
seven relevant studies (1050 patients) that met our inclusion criteria. None
of these were considered, methodologically, a high quality randomized
controlled trial. Four of the included RCTs on fibromyalgia were graded low
quality and suggest no quantifiable benefits. The three included RCTs on
widespread musculoskeletal pain showed that based on limited evidence,
overall, no evidence of efficacy was observed. However, behavioral treatment
and stress management appear to be important components. Education combined
with physical training showed some positive effects in long term follow up.
REVIEWER'S CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that there appears to be little
scientific evidence for the effectiveness of multidisciplinary
rehabilitation for these musculoskeletal disorders. However,
multidisciplinary rehabilitation is a commonly used intervention for chronic
musculoskeletal disorders, which cause much personal suffering and
substantial economic loss to the society. There is a need for high quality
trials in this field
(297) Kaden M,
Bubenzer RH. [License fee for fibromyalgia? Illness with trademark
protection]. MMW Fortschr Med 1999; 141(46):60.
(298) Huston GJ. A
fibromyalgia scale in a general rheumatology clinic. Rheumatology (Oxford)
2000; 39(3):336-337.
(299) Nicassio PM,
Weisman MH, Schuman C, Young CW. The role of generalized pain and pain
behavior in tender point scores in fibromyalgia. J Rheumatol 2000;
27(4):1056-1062.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To determine and assess the significance of the
independent role of pain, pain behavior, depression, and weekly stress in
tender point scores in objectively diagnosed fibromyalgia (FM) patients.
METHODS: One hundred eleven patients with FM recruited from the community
and private and university based clinics participated in a comprehensive
evaluation of their pain, psychological distress, and pain behavior. Tender
point assessment was carried out across 18 discrete sites according to
American College of Rheumatology criteria. Pain was assessed with a
composite index of 4 pain measures; psychological distress consisted of
measures of stress and depression, and pain behavior was measured by an
objective index derived from a 10 minute videotaped sequence in which 5 pain
behaviors were recorded. RESULTS: Multiple regression analyses revealed that
high pain, high pain behavior, and shorter illness duration were related
independently to tender point scores. Measures of depression and weekly
stress were not independently related to tender point scores. CONCLUSION:
Tender point scores are related to generalized pain and pain behavior
tendencies in patients with FM, and do not independently reflect generalized
psychological distress
(300) Neerinckx E,
Van Houdenhove B, Lysens R, Vertommen H, Onghena P. Attributions in chronic
fatigue syndrome and fibromyalgia syndrome in tertiary care. J Rheumatol
2000; 27(4):1051-1055.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the attributions of patients with chronic
fatigue syndrome (CFS) and fibromyalgia (FM) consulting at a university
fatigue and pain clinic. METHODS: Consecutive attenders (n = 192) who met
the CFS criteria (n = 95) or FM criteria (n = 56) or who had medically
unexplained chronic pain and/or fatigue without meeting both criteria (CPF)
(n = 41) were evaluated. All subjects completed an extended form of the
Cause of Illness Inventory. Descriptive statistics, frequency analyses,
chi-square tests, one-way analysis of variance, and sequential Fisher least
significant difference tests were performed. RESULTS: In total, 48 patients
reported physical causes only and 10 patients psychosocial causes only; the
majority (70%) mentioned both types of causes. With regard to the contents,
"a chemical imbalance in my body" (61%), "a virus" (51%), "stress" (61%),
and "emotional confusion" (40%) were reported most frequently. The
diagnostic label did not have a significant influence on number and type of
attributions. Small to moderate effect sizes were registered concerning the
association of specific attributions and diagnosis, sex, duration of the
symptoms, contact with a self-help group, and premorbid depression.
CONCLUSION: The majority of patients with CFS, FM, and CPF reported a great
diversity of attributions open to a preferably personalized cognitive
behavioral approach. Special attention should be paid to patients with
symptoms existing for more than one year and those who had previous contacts
with a self-help group. They particularly show external, stable, and global
attributions that may compromise feelings of self-efficacy in dealing with
the illness
(301) Graven-Nielsen
T, Aspegren KS, Henriksson KG, Bengtsson M, Sorensen J, Johnson A et al.
Ketamine reduces muscle pain, temporal summation, and referred pain in
fibromyalgia patients. Pain 2000; 85(3):483-491.
Abstract: Central mechanisms related to referred muscle pain and temporal
summation of muscular nociceptive activity are facilitated in fibromyalgia
syndrome (FMS) patients. The present study assessed the effects of an NMDA-antagonist
(ketamine) on these central mechanisms. FMS patients received either i.v.
placebo or ketamine (0.3 mg/kg, Ketalar((R))50% decrease in pain intensity
at rest by active drug on two consecutive VAS assessments). Fifteen out of
17 ketamine-responders were included in the second part of the study. Before
and after ketamine or placebo, experimental local and referred pain was
induced by intramuscular (i.m.) infusion of hypertonic saline (0.7 ml, 5%)
into the tibialis anterior (TA) muscle. The saline-induced pain intensity
was assessed on an electronic VAS, and the distribution of pain drawn by the
subject. In addition, the pain threshold (PT) to i.m. electrical stimulation
was determined for single stimulus and five repeated (2 Hz, temporal
summation) stimuli. The pressure PT of the TA muscle was determined, and the
pressure PT and pressure pain tolerance threshold were determined at three
bilaterally located tenderpoints (knee, epicondyle, and mid upper trapezius).
VAS scores of pain at rest were progressively reduced during ketamine
infusion compared with placebo infusion. Pain intensity (area under the VAS
curve) to the post-drug infusion of hypertonic saline was reduced by
ketamine (-18. 4+/-0.3% of pre-drug VAS area) compared with placebo
(29.9+/-18.8%, P<0.02). Local and referred pain areas were reduced by
ketamine (-12. 0+/-14.6% of pre- drug pain areas) compared with placebo
(126.3+/-83. 2%, P<0.03). Ketamine had no significant effect on the PT to
single i.m. electrical stimulation. However, the span between the PT to
single and repeated i.m. stimuli was significantly decreased by the ketamine
(-42.3+/-15.0% of pre-drug PT) compared with placebo (50. 5+/-49.2%, P<0.03)
indicating a predominant effect on temporal summation. Mean pressure pain
tolerance from the three paired tenderpoints was increased by ketamine
(16.6+/-6.2% of pre-drug thresholds) compared with placebo (- 2.3+/-4.9%,
P<0.009). The pressure PT at the TA muscle was increased after ketamine
(42.4+/-9. 2% of pre-drug PT) compared with placebo (7.0+/-6.6%, P<0.011).
The present study showed that mechanisms involved in referred pain, temporal
summation, muscular hyperalgesia, and muscle pain at rest were attenuated by
the NMDA-antagonist in FMS patients. It suggested a link between central
hyperexcitability and the mechanisms for facilitated referred pain and
temporal summation in a sub-group of the fibromyalgia syndrome patients.
Whether this is specific for FMS patients or a general phenomena in painful
musculoskeletal disorders is not known
(302) Torpy DJ,
Papanicolaou DA, Lotsikas AJ, Wilder RL, Chrousos GP, Pillemer SR. Responses
of the sympathetic nervous system and the hypothalamic- pituitary-adrenal
axis to interleukin-6: a pilot study in fibromyalgia. Arthritis Rheum 2000;
43(4):872-880.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To determine whether deficient activity of the
hypothalamic corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) neuron, which stimulates
the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and the central control nuclei
of the sympathetic nervous system and inhibits ascending pain pathways, may
be pathogenic in patients with fibromyalgia (FM). METHODS: We administered
interleukin-6 (IL-6; 3 microg/kg of body weight subcutaneously), a cytokine
capable of stimulating hypothalamic CRH release, and measured plasma levels
of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), cortisol, and catecholamines and
their metabolites and precursors. Thirteen female FM patients and 8 age- and
body mass index- matched female controls were studied. The diagnosis of FM
was made according to American College of Rheumatology criteria. Tender
points were quantitated by pressure algometry. All subjects had HPA axis
studies. Seven FM patients and 7 controls also had catecholamine
measurements. RESULTS: After IL-6 injection, delayed ACTH release was
evident in the FM patients, with peak levels at 96.9 +/- 6.0 minutes (mean
+/- SEM; control peak 68.6 +/- 10.3 minutes; P = 0.02). Plasma cortisol
responses to IL-6 did not differ significantly between patients and
controls. Basal norepinephrine (NE) levels were higher in the FM patients
than in the controls. While a small, although not significant, rise in NE
levels occurred after IL-6 injection in the controls, NE levels dramatically
increased over basal levels in the FM patients between 60 and 180 minutes
after IL-6 injection. Both peak NE levels (mean +/- SEM 537.6 +/- 82.3
versus 254.3 +/- 41.6 pg/ml; P = 0.0001) and time-integrated NE responses
(93.2 +/- 16.6 pg/ml x minutes(-3) versus 52.2 +/- 5.7 pg/ml x minutes(-3);
P = 0.038) were greater in FM patients than in controls. Heart rate was
increased by IL- 6 injection in FM patients and controls, but rose to
significantly higher levels in the FM patients from 30 minutes to 180
minutes after IL-6 injection (P < 0.03). CONCLUSION: Exaggerated NE
responses and heart rate increases, as well as delayed ACTH release, were
observed among female FM patients compared with age-matched female controls.
Delayed ACTH release after IL-6 administration in FM is consistent with a
defect in hypothalamic CRH neuronal function. Exaggerated NE release may
reflect abnormal regulation of the sympathetic nervous system, perhaps
secondary to chronically deficient hypothalamic CRH. The excessive heart
rate response after IL-6 injection in FM patients may be unrelated to the
increase in NE, or it may reflect an alteration in the sensitivity of
cardiac beta-adrenoceptors to NE. These responses to a physiologic stressor
support the notion that FM may represent a primary disorder of the stress
system
(303) Sperber AD,
Carmel S, Atzmon Y, Weisberg I, Shalit Y, Neumann L et al. Use of the
Functional Bowel Disorder Severity Index (FBDSI) in a study of patients with
the irritable bowel syndrome and fibromyalgia. Am J Gastroenterol 2000; 95(4
):995-998.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the utility
of the Functional Bowel Disorder Severity Index (FBDSI) as a measure of
severity of disease among patients with the irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)
and matched controls. METHODS: A total of 75 IBS patients and 69 matched
controls completed questionnaires on bowel symptoms, health status, quality
of life, psychological distress, concerns, anxiety, and sense of coherence.
All participants also were tested for fibromyalgia (FS), a functional
disorder of the musculoskeletal system. All participants were administered a
questionnaire that included the FBDSI. On the basis of their responses to
the questionnaire, the controls were subdivided as healthy controls (n = 48)
or IBS nonpatients (n = 21). On the basis of the FS classification, 75 IBS
patients were subdivided as IBS only (n = 50) or IBS and FS combined (n =
25). RESULTS: The mean FBDSI score was higher for the IBS patients than the
controls (100.5+/- 12.7 and 23.5+/-3.9, respectively; p < 0.001). IBS
nonpatients had an intermediate score of 42.3+/-18.0. Patients with both IBS
and fibromyalgia had the highest mean FBDSI score: 138.8+/-31.5. There was
no association between FBDSI and age or gender, but FBDSI was significantly
associated with other measures of health status. CONCLUSIONS: An association
was found between the FBDSI and IBS patient status: IBS nonpatients,
patients with IBS only, and patients with both IBS and fibromyalgia had
increasingly severe scores. The results provide support for the validity of
FBDSI as a measure of illness severity in functional gastrointestinal
disorders
(304) Armstrong R.
Fibromyalgia: is recovery impeded by the internet? Arch Intern Med 2000;
160(7):1039-1040.
(305) Citera G,
Arias MA, Maldonado-Cocco JA, Lazaro MA, Rosemffet MG, Brusco LI et al. The
effect of melatonin in patients with fibromyalgia: a pilot study. Clin
Rheumatol 2000; 19(1):9-13.
Abstract: The aim of the study was to determine the possible effect of
melatonin treatment on disturbed sleep, fatigue and pain symptoms observed
in fibromyalgia (FM) patients. Twenty-one consecutive patients with FM were
included in an open 4-week-duration pilot study. Before and after treatment
with melatonin 3 mg at bedtime, patients were evaluated using tender point
count by palpation of 18 classic anatomical regions, pain score in four
predesignated areas, pain severity on a 10 cm visual analogue scale (VAS),
sleep disturbances, fatigue, depression, anxiety, and patient and physician
global assessments, also by a VAS. Urine 6- sulphatoxymelatonin levels
(aMT-6S) were measured in the patients and 20 age- and sex-matched controls.
Nineteen patients completed the study. One patient withdrew because of
migraine and another was lost to follow-up. At day 30, median values for the
tender point count and severity of pain at selected points, patient and
physician global assessments and VAS for sleep significantly improved with
melatonin treatment. Other variables improved but did not reach statistical
significance. Adverse events were mild and transient. Lower levels of aMT-6S
were found in FM patients compared with normal median controls (+/-SD, 9.16
+/- 7.9 microg/24 h vs 16.8 +/- 12.8 microg/24 h) (p = 0.06). Although this
is an open study, our preliminary results suggest that melatonin can be an
alternative and safe treatment for patients with FM. Double-blind placebo
controlled studies are needed
(306) Papadopoulos
IA, Georgiou PE, Katsimbri PP, Drosos AA. Treatment of fibromyalgia with
tropisetron, a 5HT3 serotonin antagonist: a pilot study. Clin Rheumatol
2000; 19(1):6-8.
Abstract: In this pilot study we investigated 10 women suffering from
primary fibromyalgia. All patients received 5 mg of tropisetron in the
evening, for a period of 4 weeks. Clinical disease variables included the
measurement of a pain score, fatigue, sleep disturbances and measurement of
the number of tender points. Five of our patients (50%) showed a statistical
clinical improvement of all the above parameters starting after the first
week of treatment. Two patients did not respond to the therapy and three
discontinued the study because of side- effects. We conclude that
administration of tropisetron in fibromyalgia patients could be useful in
the management of this difficult and incurable syndrome
(307) Neerinckx E,
Van Houdenhove B, Lysen R, Vertommen H. What happens to the fibromyalgia
concept? Clin Rheumatol 2000; 19(1):1-5.
(308) Buskila D.
Fibromyalgia, chronic fatigue syndrome, and myofascial pain syndrome. Curr
Opin Rheumatol 2000; 12(2):113-123.
Abstract: Fibromyalgia and widespread pain were common in Gulf War veterans
with unexplained illness referred to a rheumatology clinic. Increased
tenderness was demonstrated in the postmenstrual phase of the cycle compared
with the intermenstrual phase in normally cycling women but not in users of
oral contraceptives. Patients with fibromyalgia had high levels of symptoms
that have been used to define silicone implant- associated syndrome. Tender
points were found to be a common transient finding associated with acute
infectious mononucleosis, but fibromyalgia was an unusual long-term outcome.
The common association of fibromyalgia with other rheumatic and systemic
illnesses was further explored. A preliminary study revealed a possible
linkage of fibromyalgia to the HLA region. Patients with fibromyalgia were
found to have an impaired ability to activate the hypothalamic pituitary
portion of the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis as well as the
sympathoadrenal system, leading to reduced corticotropin and epinephrine
response to hypoglycemia. Much interest has been expressed in the literature
on the possible role of autonomic dysfunction in the development or
exacerbation of fatigue and other symptoms in chronic fatigue syndrome.
Mycoplasma genus and mycoplasma fermentans were detected by polymerase chain
reaction in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome. It was reported that
myofascial temporomandibular disorder does not run in families. No major
therapeutic trials in fibromyalgia, chronic fatigue syndrome, or myofascial
pain syndrome were reported over the past year. The effectiveness of
cognitive behavioral therapy and behavior therapy for chronic pain in adults
was emphasized. A favorable outcome of fibromyalgia and chronic fatigue
syndrome in children and adolescents was reported
(309) Arnold LM,
Keck PE, Jr., Welge JA. Antidepressant treatment of fibromyalgia. A
meta-analysis and review. Psychosomatics 2000; 41(2):104-113.
Abstract: Fibromyalgia is a common musculoskeletal pain disorder associated
with mood disorders. Antidepressants, particularly tricyclics, are commonly
recommended treatments. Randomized, controlled trials of antidepressants for
treatment of fibromyalgia were reviewed by methodology, results, and
potential predictors of response. Twenty-one controlled trials, 16 involving
tricyclic agents, were identified; 9 of these 16 studies were suitable for
meta-analysis. Effect sizes were calculated for measurements of physician
and patient overall assessment, pain, stiffness, tenderness, fatigue, and
sleep quality. Compared with placebo, tricyclic agents were associated with
effect sizes that were substantially larger than zero for all measurements.
The largest improvement was associated with measures of sleep quality; the
most modest improvement was found in measures of stiffness and tenderness.
Further studies are needed utilizing randomized, double- blind,
placebo-controlled, parallel designs with antidepressants administered at
therapeutic dose ranges, using standardized criteria for fibromyalgia and
systematically assessed for co-occurring psychiatric illness
(310) White KP,
Ostbye T, Harth M, Nielson W, Speechley M, Teasell R et al. Perspectives on
posttraumatic fibromyalgia: a random survey of Canadian general
practitioners, orthopedists, physiatrists, and rheumatologists. J Rheumatol
2000; 27(3):790-796.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To determine which factors physicians consider
important in patients with chronic generalized posttraumatic pain. METHODS:
Using physician membership directories, random samples of 287 Canadian
general practitioners, 160 orthopedists, 160 physiatrists, and 160
rheumatologists were surveyed. Each subject was mailed a case scenario
describing a 45-year-old woman who sustained a whiplash injury and
subsequently developed chronic, generalized pain, fatigue, sleep
difficulties, and diffuse muscle tenderness. Respondents were asked whether
they agreed with a diagnosis of fibromyalgia (FM), and what factors they
considered to be important in the development of chronic, generalized
posttraumatic pain. RESULTS: More-recent medical school graduates were more
likely to agree with the FM diagnosis. Orthopedists (28.8%) were least
likely to agree, while rheumatologists (83.0%) were most likely to agree. On
multivariate analysis, 5 factors predicted agreement or disagreement with
the diagnosis of FM: (1) number of FM cases diagnosed by the respondent per
week (p < 0.0001); (2) patient's sex (p < 0.0001); (3) force of initial
impact (p = 0.003); (4) patient's pre-collision psychiatric history (p =
0.03); and (5) severity of initial injuries (p = 0.03). The force of initial
impact and the patient's pre-collision psychiatric history were both
negatively correlated with agreement in diagnosis. Patient related factors
(personality, emotional stress, pre-collision physical, mental health) were
considered more important than trauma related factors in the development of
chronic, widespread pain. CONCLUSION: Future studies of the association
between trauma and FM should identify potential cases outside of specialty
clinics, and baseline assessments should include some measurement of
personality, stress, and pre-collision physical and mental health
(311) Kaplan RM,
Schmidt SM, Cronan TA. Quality of well being in patients with fibromyalgia.
J Rheumatol 2000; 27(3):785-789.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: The Quality of Well-being Scale (QWB) is a generic
measure of health related quality of life that can be used for population
monitoring, measurement of clinical outcomes, or cost effectiveness
analysis. We report data on the validity of the QWB for patients with
fibromyalgia (FM) and compare the effect of FM to that of other chronic
diseases. METHODS: The participants were 594 people recruited from a private
health maintenance organization with a confirmed diagnosis of FM. The QWB
was administered, along with measures of self-rated health status, physical
functioning, pain, stiffness, anxiety, sleep, and depression. The QWB places
levels of wellness on a continuum ranging from 0.0 (for death or the
equivalent of being dead) to 1.0 (for optimum functioning without symptoms).
RESULTS: Patients with FM had mean QWB scores of 0.559 (SD 0.074), which is
lower than scores reported for patients in most other chronic disease
categories. QWB was significantly correlated with measures of physical
functioning, stiffness, anxiety, depression, pain, and sleep quality.
CONCLUSION: Evidence supports the validity of the QWB for patients with FM.
Patients with FM obtain lower scores on the QWB than patients with diagnoses
of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, rheumatoid arthritis, atrial
fibrillation, advanced cancer, and several other chronic diseases. Although
FM is generally considered a syndrome rather than a disease, substantial
disability is experienced by people with this diagnosis
(312) Akkasilpa S,
Minor M, Goldman D, Magder LS, Petri M. Association of coping responses with
fibromyalgia tender points in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. J
Rheumatol 2000; 27(3):671-674.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To determine the association between fibromyalgia (FM)
tender points (TP) and psychological constructs in patients with systemic
lupus erythematosus (SLE). METHODS: One hundred seventy-three patients with
SLE were examined for FM TP, and asked to complete 2 questionnaires at the
same visit, the Health-Related Hardiness Scale (HRHS), and the Mishel
Uncertainty in Illness Scale (MUIS). RESULTS: The examination of FM TP
showed that 38.2% had no TP, 44.5% had 1-10 TP, and 17.3% had > or = 11 TP.
The mean +/- SD score of the HRHS was 155.6 +/- 19.7 (range 105.0-198.0;
higher scores indicate greater hardiness), and the MUIS was 85.3 +/- 18.7
(range 41.0-132.0; higher scores indicate uncertainty). There were
significant associations between FM TP and HRHS (no TP 161.2 +/- 20.2, 1-10
TP 152.5 +/- 19.7, > or = 11 TP 151.0 +/- 15.8; p = 0.0108) and between FM
TP and MUIS (no TP 78.2 +/- 20.2, 1-10 TP 86.9 +/- 17.6, > or = 11 TP 95.8
+/- 14.7; p = 0.0001). CONCLUSION: This study shows a strong association
between FM TP and uncertainty or lack of "hardiness." We conclude that SLE
patients with FM TP are less likely to be good "copers." Prospective studies
to determine if "poor coping" predicts FM in SLE are recommended. If the
association between coping and FM is causal, it will justify interventions
to improve coping and similar constructs, such as self-efficacy
(313) Raphael KG,
Marbach JJ. Comorbid fibromyalgia accounts for reduced fecundity in women
with myofascial face pain. Clin J Pain 2000; 16(1):29-36.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: This study examined factors related to reduced
fecundity among women with myofascial face pain (MFP) arising from
hypotheses concerning the role of neurohormonal factors in MFP and
associated conditions. DESIGN: Fecundity rates among 162 MFP cases and 173
demographically equivalent acquaintance female controls were compared.
OUTCOME MEASURES: Fecundity indicators and factors underlying differential
fecundity rates were investigated. RESULTS: It was determined that female
cases with MFP had significantly fewer children and were more likely to have
never been pregnant. Although women with MFP were more likely than controls
to indicate that volitional factors related to their health discouraged them
from any or additional pregnancies, these factors did not account for lower
rates of fecundity. MFP cases also did not differ from controls on
self-reported indicators of infertility. Moreover, we show that reduced
fecundity was restricted to the subgroup of MFP cases who reported a history
of fibromyalgia. CONCLUSIONS: Reduced fecundity in women with MFP is
restricted to those who self-report a history of fibromyalgia. Possible
mechanisms for reduced fecundity in fibromyalgia are discussed. These
findings highlight the need to screen for widespread pain among women with
regional myofascial pain syndromes
(314) Fibromyalgia.
Health News 2000; 6(2):1-2.
(315) Martinez-Lavin
M, Amigo MC, Coindreau J, Canoso J. Fibromyalgia in Frida Kahlo's life and
art. Arthritis Rheum 2000; 43(3):708-709.
(316) Sartin JS.
Fibromyalgia and pain management. Mayo Clin Proc 2000; 75(3):316-317.
(317) White KP,
Speechley M, Harth M, Ostbye T. Co-existence of chronic fatigue syndrome
with fibromyalgia syndrome in the general population. A controlled study.
Scand J Rheumatol 2000; 29(1):44-51.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To determine the proportion of adults with fibromyalgia
syndrome (FMS) in the general population who also meet the 1988 Centre for
Disease Control (CDC) criteria for chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS). METHODS:
Seventy-four FMS cases were compared with 32 non-FMS controls with
widespread pain and 23 with localized pain, all recruited in a general
population survey. RESULTS: Among females, 58.0% of fibromyalgia cases met
the full criteria for CFS, compared to 26.1% and 12.5% of controls with
widespread and localized pain, respectively (p=0.0006). Male percentages
were 80.0, 22.2, and zero, respectively (p=0.003). Compared to those with
FMS alone, those meeting the case definitions for both FMS and CFS reported
a worse course, worse overall health, more dissatisfaction with health, more
non-CFS symptoms, and greater disease impact. The number of total symptoms
and non-CFS symptoms were the best predictors of co-morbid CFS. CONCLUSIONS:
There is significant clinical overlap between CFS and FMS
(318) Strombeck B,
Ekdahl C, Manthorpe R, Wikstrom I, Jacobsson L. Health-related quality of
life in primary Sjogren's syndrome, rheumatoid arthritis and fibromyalgia
compared to normal population data using SF-36. Scand J Rheumatol 2000;
29(1):20-28.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To investigate the health-related quality of life in
women with primary Sjogren's syndrome (prim SS) and compare with normative
data and the health-related quality of life in women with rheumatoid
arthritis (RA) and women with fibromyalgia. METHODS: A questionnaire
including the MOS Short-Form 36 (SF-36) was completed by 42 prim SS women,
59 RA women, and 44 women with fibromyalgia. RESULTS: All three patient
groups experienced a decreased quality of life level ranging from 5 to 65 %
in all SF-36 scales compared to normative data. Differences between groups
were seen in 7 of the 8 scales (p< or = 0.004). The prim SS patients
experienced a higher quality of life level with regard to physical function
than the women with RA and fibromyalgia, whereas in the psychological
dimensions the quality of life level was comparable to that of the two other
groups. CONCLUSION: The health-related quality of life was significantly
decreased as compared to norms in prim SS women and comparable to the levels
of women with RA and fibromyalgia
(319) Barth H, Berg
PA, Klein R. Is there any relationship between eosinophilia myalgia syndrome
(EMS) and fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS)? An analysis of clinical and
immunological data. Adv Exp Med Biol 1999; 467:487-496.
Abstract: The eosinophilia-myalgia syndrome (EMS) caused by intake of
contaminated L-tryptophan resembles in its clinical presentation the
fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS). We, therefore, analysed clinical and
immunological parameters in 16 patients with chronic EMS and 100 patients
with FMS in order to see whether there may be a relationship between both
disorders. From 12 FMS patients and 12 controls also peripheral blood
mononuclear cells (PBMC) were obtained. Myalgia and arthralgia was observed
in chronic EMS in the same incidence as in patients with FMS (81%). Also
antibodies to serotonin, gangliosides and phospholipids were present in both
groups. In vitro stimulation of PBMC with different L-tryptophan
preparations revealed in six of the 12 FMS patients but only two of the
control individuals a production of type 2 cytokines (IL-5, IL-10). We,
therefore, conclude that EMS may have developed in patients suffering
primarily from FMS as an allergic reaction towards a more immunogenic L-tryptophan
preparation
(320) Lekander M,
Fredrikson M, Wik G. Neuroimmune relations in patients with fibromyalgia: a
positron emission tomography study. Neurosci Lett 2000; 282(3):193-196.
Abstract: To study relations between neural and immune activity in patients
with chronic pain, we correlated regional cerebral blood flow measured with
[(15)O]butanol positron emission tomography to immune function in five
patients with fibromyalgia. Partly replicating previous data in healthy
volunteers, natural killer cell activity correlated negatively with right
hemisphere activity in the secondary somatosensory and motor cortices as
well as the thalamus. Moreover, natural killer cell activity was negatively
and bilaterally related to activity in the posterior cingulate cortex. Thus,
immune parameters were related to activity in brain areas involved in pain
perception, emotion, and attention. Implicated from a small study
population, these strong neuro- immune associations are discussed in view of
recent findings concerning mechanisms and adaptive values in immuno-cortical
communication and regulation
(321) Cohen H,
Neumann L, Shore M, Amir M, Cassuto Y, Buskila D. Autonomic dysfunction in
patients with fibromyalgia: application of power spectral analysis of heart
rate variability. Semin Arthritis Rheum 2000; 29(4):217-227.
Abstract: OBJECTIVES: To assess the interaction between the sympathetic and
parasympathetic systems in patients with fibromyalgia syndrome (FM), using
power spectrum analysis (PSA) of heart rate variability (HRV). In addition,
we explored the association between HRV, measures of tenderness, FM
symptoms, physical function, psychological well being and quality of life.
METHODS: We studied 22 women with FM and 22 age- matched healthy women.
Twenty-minute electrocardiogram recordings were obtained in a supine
position during complete rest. Spectral analysis of R-R intervals was done
by the fast-Fourier transform algorithm. RESULTS: Heart rate was
significantly higher in FM patients compared with controls (P < .006). FM
patients had significantly lower HRV compared with controls (P= .001), and
higher low-frequency (LF) and lower high-frequency (HF) components of PSA
than controls (P < .001). Quality of life, physical function, anxiety,
depression, and perceived stress were moderately to highly correlated with
LF, HF (in normalized units), and LF/HF. No association was observed between
HRV parameters and measures of tenderness and FM symptoms. CONCLUSIONS: The
basal autonomic state of patients with FM is characterized by increased
sympathetic and decreased parasympathetic tones. Autonomic dysregulation may
have implications regarding the symptomatology, physical and psychological
aspects of health status
(322) White KP,
Carette S, Harth M, Teasell RW. Trauma and fibromyalgia: is there an
association and what does it mean? Semin Arthritis Rheum 2000;
29(4):200-216.
Abstract: OBJECTIVES: The primary objective is to review current research
with respect to the role of trauma in fibromyalgia (FM). A secondary
objective is to hypothesize which steps need to be taken, first to determine
whether such an association truly exists, and second to clarify what such an
association might mean. METHODS: An extensive literature review was
undertaken, including Medline from 1979 to the present. RESULTS: The
strongest evidence supporting an association between trauma and FM is a
recently published Israeli study in which adults with neck injuries had
greater than a 10-fold increased risk of developing FM within 1 year of
their injury, compared with adults with lower extremity fractures (P= .001).
Several other studies provide a hypothetical construct for such an
association. These include studies on (1) postinjury sleep abnormalities;
(2) local injury sites as a source of chronic distant regional pain; and (3)
the concept of neuroplasticity. There are, however, several primary
arguments against such an association: (1) FM may not be a distinct clinical
entity; (2) FM may be a psychological, rather than physical, disease; (3)
the evidence supporting any association is limited and not definitive; (4)
the Israeli study, itself, has some methodological limitations; and (5)
other factors may be more important than the injurious event in determining
chronic symptoms after an acute injury. CONCLUSIONS: Although there is some
evidence supporting an association between trauma and FM, the evidence is
not definitive. Further prospective studies are needed to confirm this
association and to identify whether trauma has a causal role
(323) Martinez-Lavin
M, Hermosillo AG. Autonomic nervous system dysfunction may explain the
multisystem features of fibromyalgia. Semin Arthritis Rheum 2000;
29(4):197-199.
(324) de Jesus M.
Fibromyalgia onset. Am J Nurs 2000; 100(1):14.
(325) Brattberg G.
Connective tissue massage in the treatment of fibromyalgia. Eur J Pain 1999;
3(3):235-244.
Abstract: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of connective
tissue massage in the treatment of individuals with fibromyalgia. The
results of this random study of 48 individuals diagnosed with fibromyalgia
(23 in the treatment group and 25 in the reference group) show that a series
of 15 treatments with connective tissue massage conveys a pain relieving
effect of 37%, reduces depression and the use of analgesics, and positively
effects quality of life. The treatment effects appeared gradually during the
10-week treatment period. Three months after the treatment period about 30%
of the pain relieving effect was gone, and 6 months after the treatment
period pain was back to about 90% of the basic value. As long as there is a
lack of effective medical treatment for individuals with fibromyalgia, they
ought to be offered treatments with connective tissue massage. However,
further studies are needed in the mechanisms behind the treatment effects.
Copyright 1999 European Federation of Chapters of the International
Association for the Study of Pain
(326) Anderberg UM,
Liu Z, Berglund L, Nyberg F. Elevated plasma levels of neuropeptide Y in
female fibromyalgia patients. Eur J Pain 1999; 3(1):19-30.
Abstract: Neuropeptide Y(NPY) co-exists with norepinephrine in the
sympathetic nervous system, and NPY may represent the sympathetic-neuronal
output. Fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS) patients have perturbations in the
hypothalmic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and in the sympathetic stress axis
as well. As opioid peptides, monoamines and sex steroids are integrated in
the regulation of stress, it is interesting to further explore the role of
NPY in FMS patients, as they show many symptoms that are related to
perturbations of those systems.In this study, plasma NPY levels were
assessed in subgroups of FMS patients: cyclic (regular menstrual cycles),
non-cyclic (post-menopausal), depressed and non-depressed patients. In order
to examine whether pain and other symptoms seen in FMS patients are
correlated to the NPY levels, the patients were also registering 15
different symptoms daily during 28 days. Sex and age-matched healthy
controls were recruited for comparisons. Non-parametric tests were used for
the statistical analyses.The results showed that the NPY levels were
significantly elevated in the patients compared to the controls. In the
luteal phase of the cyclic patients, the levels of the peptide were higher
than in the corresponding controls. For the non-cyclic patients, there was a
positive correlation between physical symptoms and NPY levels, however, pain
per se did not reach the significant level of correlation. The non-
depressed patients had the same levels of NPY as the depressed FMS patients,
who also had a positive correlation between anxiety and NPY levels.These
results suggest that FMS patients have an altered activity in the NPY
system, most likely due to prolonged and/or repeated stress, and that the
hormonal state and time of the menstrual cycle also may be of importance in
the complex pathophysiologic mechanism behind the development of FMS.
Copyright 1999 European Federation of Chapters of the International
Association for the Study of Pain
(327) Wik G, Fischer
H, Bragee B, Finer B, Fredrikson M. Functional anatomy of hypnotic
analgesia: a PET study of patients with fibromyalgia. Eur J Pain 1999;
3(1):7-12.
Abstract: Hypnosis is a powerful tool in pain therapy. Attempting to
elucidate cerebral mechanisms behind hypnotic analgesia, we measured
regional cerebral blood flow with positron emission tomography in patients
with fibromyalgia, during hypnotically-induced analgesia and resting
wakefulness. The patients experienced less pain during hypnosis than at
rest. The cerebral blood-flow was bilaterally increased in the orbitofrontal
and subcallosial cingulate cortices, the right thalamus, and the left
inferior parietal cortex, and was decreased bilaterally in the cingulate
cortex. The observed blood-flow pattern supports notions of a multifactorial
nature of hypnotic analgesia, with an interplay between cortical and
subcortical brain dynamics. Copyright 1999 European Federation of Chapters
of the International Association for the Study of Pain
(328) Hallberg LR,
Carlsson SG. Anxiety and coping in patients with chronic work-related
muscular pain and patients with fibromyalgia. Eur J Pain 1998; 2(4):309-319.
Abstract: The aims of this study were: (1) to compare two groups of patients
with chronic pain conditions (work-related muscular pain, mainly low back
pain, and fibromyalgia) in general coping and pain-specific coping; (2) to
examine the relationship between general and pain-specific coping and, (3)
to examine the influence of state-trait anxiety on general and pain-specific
coping. The sample included 80 individuals (range=19-70 years; mean=47;
SD=9.9), who were patients at two pain management clinics for examination of
their physical and psychosocial health conditions and consideration on
disability pension. The patients were asked to respond to theStrategies to
Handle Stress Questionnaire, theCoping Strategies Questionnaireand theState-Trait
Anxiety Inventory. Patients with fibromyalgia scored significantly higher on
T-anxiety and adopted <<problem-solving>> (p<0.01) and <<catharsis>>
(p<0.05) less often and <<religion>> more often (p<0.01) than patients with
work- related muscular pain in coping with stressful situations in general.
No differences were revealed in pain-related coping between the groups.
T-anxiety was positively correlated to pain-related <<catastrophizing>>
(p<0.001) and negatively to abilities to control and reduce pain (p<0.05
andp<0.01, respectively). The correlation between general and pain-specific
coping was weak to moderate. In conclusion, patients with fibromyalgia
scored significantly higher on trait-anxiety and seem to interpret stressful
situations as more threatening than patients with work-related muscular
pain. Anxiety seems to be of central importance for coping with chronic
pain. Anxiety-prone patients with fibromyalgia might benefit from
psychological support in the process of coping with pain. Copyright 1998 The
British Infection Society. All rights reserved
(329) Andersson M,
Bagby JR, Dyrehag L, Gottfries C. Effects of staphylococcus toxoid vaccine
on pain and fatigue in patients with fibromyalgia/chronic fatigue syndrome.
Eur J Pain 1998; 2(2):133-142.
Abstract: Positive results of pilot studies of the effect of staphylococcus
toxoid vaccine in patients with fibromyalgia and chronic fatigue syndrome
were the incitement to the present, placebo-controlled study. It included 28
patients who fulfilled the criteria for both fibromyalgia and chronic
fatigue syndrome. The effect of vaccination with a staphylococcus toxoid was
compared with the effect of injections of sterile water. Psychometric
assessment was made using 15 items from the comprehensive psychopathological
rating scale (CPRS), Zung's self- rating depression scale and clinical
global impressions (CGI). The visual analogue scale (VAS) was used to
measure pain levels, and a hand- held electronic pressure algometer was used
to measure pressure pain thresholds. Significant improvement was seen in
seven of the 15 CPRS items in the vaccine group when pretreatment values
were compared to post-treatment values. In CPRS <<fatiguability>>, there
were significant intergroup differences, and in CPRS <<pain>> intergroup
differences bordered on significance. There was no significant improvement
in CPRS items in the placebo group. Clinical global impressions showed
significant improvement in the vaccine-treated group, and VAS did so in both
groups. In a follow-up study of 23 patients, the vaccine treatment was
continued for 2-6 years. Fifty percent were rehabilitated successfully and
resumed half-time or full- time work. The results of this study support the
authors>> hypothesis that treatment with staphylococcus toxoid may be a
fruitful strategy in patients with fibromyalgia and chronic fatigue
syndrome. Copyright 1998 European Federation of Chapters of the
International Association for the Study of Pain
(330) Berg D, Berg
LH, Couvaras J, Harrison H. Chronic fatigue syndrome and/or fibromyalgia as
a variation of antiphospholipid antibody syndrome: an explanatory model and
approach to laboratory diagnosis. Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis 1999;
10(7):435-438.
Abstract: Chronic Fatigue and/or Fibromyalgia have long been diseases
without definition. An explanatory model of coagulation activation has been
demonstrated through use of the ISAC panel of five tests, including,
Fibrinogen, Prothrombin Fragment 1+2, Thrombin/ AntiThrombin Complexes,
Soluble Fibrin Monomer, and Platelet Activation by flow cytometry. These
tests show low level coagulation activation from immunoglobulins (Igs) as
demonstrated by Anti-B2GPI antibodies, which allows classification of these
diseases as a type of antiphospholipid antibody syndrome. The ISAC panel
allows testing for diagnosis as well as monitoring for anticoagulation
protocols in these patients
(331) Wolfe F, Zhao
S, Lane N. Preference for nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs over
acetaminophen by rheumatic disease patients: a survey of 1,799 patients with
osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, and fibromyalgia. Arthritis Rheum
2000; 43(2):378-385.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: Because there is controversy regarding the efficacy of
acetaminophen in rheumatic diseases and because apparently safer
nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are being produced, we surveyed
rheumatic disease patients about their preferences for these agents to
determine the degree to which one type of therapeutic agent is preferred
over the other. METHODS: In 1998, we surveyed by mailed questionnaire 1,799
patients with osteoarthritis (OA), rheumatoid arthritis, or fibromyalgia who
were participating in a long-term outcome study. Patients who had taken
acetaminophen rated the effectiveness of acetaminophen, compared its
effectiveness with that of NSAIDs, and then rated their overall satisfaction
with acetaminophen compared with NSAIDs when both effectiveness and side
effects were considered. RESULTS: Two-thirds of study participants had taken
acetaminophen. About 37% of patients who had taken acetaminophen found it to
be moderately or very effective and about 63% indicated that it was not
effective or was only slightly effective. One-fourth of the patients found
acetaminophen and NSAIDs to be equally effective, but >60% found
acetaminophen to be much less effective or somewhat less effective. About
12% preferred acetaminophen to NSAIDs. When both effectiveness and side
effects were considered together, 25% of the patients had no preference, 60%
preferred NSAIDs, and 14% preferred acetaminophen. CONCLUSION: There was a
considerable and statistically significant preference for NSAIDs compared
with acetaminophen among the 3 groups of rheumatic disease patients.
Although this preference decreased slightly with age and was less pronounced
in OA patients, the preference was noted among all categories of patients
and was not altered by disease severity. If safety and cost are not issues,
there would hardly ever be a reason to recommend acetaminophen over NSAIDs,
since patients generally preferred NSAIDs and fewer than 14% preferred
acetaminophen. If safety and costs are issues, then the recommendation of
the American College Rheumatology that acetaminophen be tried first seems
correct, since 38.2% found acetaminophen to be as effective or more
effective than NSAIDs
(332) Ernberg M,
Lundeberg T, Kopp S. Pain and allodynia/hyperalgesia induced by
intramuscular injection of serotonin in patients with fibromyalgia and
healthy individuals. Pain 2000; 85(1-2):31-39.
Abstract: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of injection
of serotonin (5-HT) into the masseter muscle on pain and
allodynia/hyperalgesia. Twelve female patients with fibromyalgia (FM) and 12
age-matched female healthy individuals (HI) participated in the study. The
current pain intensity (CPI) and the pressure pain threshold (PPT) of the
superficial masseter muscles were assessed bilaterally. 5- HT in one of
three randomized concentrations (10(-3), 10(-5), 10(-7) M) or isotonic
saline was then injected into either of the two masseter muscles in a
double-blind manner. After the injections the CPI and PPT were recorded ten
times during 30 min. The injections were repeated twice with the other
concentrations of 5-HT after 1 and 2 weeks, respectively. In the FM-group
there was a non-significant increase of CPI after injection that lasted
during the entire 30-min period irrespective of whether 5-HT or saline was
injected. Neither did the PPT change significantly. In the HI-group pain
developed significantly after injection irrespective of whether 5-HT or
saline was injected, but significantly more so after 5-HT at 10(-3) M than
saline injection. CPI decreased quickly and then remained on a very low
level for most of the experiment. 5-HT at both 10(-5) M and 10(-3) M caused
a significantly greater decrease of PPT than saline. In conclusion, our
results show that 5-HT injected into the masseter muscle of healthy female
subjects elicits pain and allodynia/hyperalgesia, while no such responses
occur in patients with fibromyalgia
(333) Nasralla M,
Haier J, Nicolson GL. Multiple mycoplasmal infections detected in blood of
patients with chronic fatigue syndrome and/or fibromyalgia syndrome. Eur J
Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 1999; 18(12):859-865.
Abstract: The aim of this study was to investigate the presence of different
mycoplasmal species in blood samples from patients with chronic fatigue
syndrome and/or fibromyalgia syndrome. Previously, more than 60% of patients
with chronic fatigue syndrome/fibromyalgia syndrome were found to have
mycoplasmal blood infections, such as Mycoplasma fermentans infection. In
this study, patients with chronic fatigue syndrome/fibromyalgia syndrome
were examined for multiple mycoplasmal infections in their blood. A total of
91 patients diagnosed with chronic fatigue syndrome/fibromyalgia syndrome
and with a positive test for any mycoplasmal infection were investigated for
the presence of Mycoplasma fermentans, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Mycoplasma
hominis and Mycoplasma penetrans in blood using forensic polymerase chain
reaction. Among these mycoplasma-positive patients, infections were detected
with Mycoplasma pneumoniae (54/91), Mycoplasma fermentans (44/91),
Mycoplasma hominis (28/91) and Mycoplasma penetrans (18/91). Multiple
mycoplasmal infections were found in 48 of 91 patients, with double
infections being detected in 30.8% and triple infections in 22%, but only
when one of the species was Mycoplasma pneumoniae or Mycoplasma fermentans.
Patients infected with more than one mycoplasmal species generally had a
longer history of illness, suggesting that they may have contracted
additional mycoplasmal infections with time
(334) Robertson TJ.
Misunderstood illnesses: fibromyalgia and chronic fatigue syndrome. Alta RN
1999; 55(3):6-7.
(335) Yunus MB,
Inanici F, Aldag JC, Mangold RF. Fibromyalgia in men: comparison of clinical
features with women. J Rheumatol 2000; 27(2):485-490.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To describe possible differences between male and
female patients with fibromyalgia syndrome (FM) in their clinical
manifestations. METHODS: Five hundred thirty-six consecutive patients with
FM (469 women, 67 men) seen in a university rheumatology clinic and 36
healthy men without significant pain seen in the same clinic were included
in the study. Data on demographic and clinical features were gathered by a
standard protocol. Tender point examination was performed by the same
physician. Level of significance was set at p < or = 0.01. RESULTS: Several
features were significantly (p < or = 0.01) milder or less common among men
than women, including number of tender points (TP), TP score, "hurt all
over," fatigue, morning fatigue, and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). The
total number of symptoms was also fewer among men and approached
significance (p = 0.02) by parametric test, but reached significance (p =
0.001) by nonparametric analysis. All clinical and psychological symptoms as
well as TP were significantly (p < 0.01) more common or greater in male
patients with FM than healthy male controls, with the exception of IBS (p =
0.03). Patient assessed global severity of illness, Health Assessment
Questionnaire disability score, and pain severity were similar in both
sexes. CONCLUSION: Male patients with FM had fever symptoms and fewer TP,
and less common "hurt all over," fatigue, morning fatigue, and IBS, compared
with female patients. Stepwise logistic regression showed significant
differences between men and women in number of TP (p < 0.001)
(336) Da Costa D,
Dobkin PL, Fitzcharles MA, Fortin PR, Beaulieu A, Zummer M et al.
Determinants of health status in fibromyalgia: a comparative study with
systemic lupus erythematosus. J Rheumatol 2000; 27(2):365-372.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To compare perceived health status in women with
fibromyalgia (FM) and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) using the Medical
Outcomes Study (MOS) Short Form Health Survey (SF-36); and to identify
determinants of physical and mental health in each patient group. METHODS: A
cross sectional study of 46 women with FM (mean age 48.13 yrs, SD 9.40) and
59 women with SLE (mean age 42.36 yrs, SD 11.31). Patients with FM were
recruited from a rheumatology clinic and a rheumatology practice, while
patients with SLE were recruited from 4 rheumatology clinics. Clinical
examination determined disease activity (by Systemic Lupus Activity Measure)
in SLE and a tender point count was used for FM. Patients completed
questionnaires assessing health status (SF-36), stress (Hassles), social
support (Social Support Questionnaire 6), and coping (Coping Inventory for
Stressful Situations). RESULTS: Patients with FM reported more impairment on
the following SF-36 subscales: physical function (p < 0.001), role physical
(p < 0.001), bodily pain (p < 0.001), and vitality (p < 0.001). Physical
component summary scores were also significantly lower (p < 0.001) for the
FM group. Four hierarchical regression analyses were computed to determine
factors related to physical and mental health in each patient group, with
the following variables in the equation: age, income, disease activity (Step
1), hassles (Step 2), emotional and task coping, and social support (Step
3). Better physical health in FM was related to higher income (R2 = 0.17, p
< 0.05). In the SLE group, better physical health was associated with
younger age, less disease activity, and lower hassles (R2 = 0.37, p <
0.0001). Worse mental health among women with FM was associated with more
hassles, more emotional coping, and less satisfaction with social support
(R2 = 0.64, p < 0.0001), while lower income, higher hassles, and more
emotional coping were linked to worse mental health in SLE (R2 = 0.46, p <
0.0001). CONCLUSION: Health related quality of life (HRQL) is impaired among
women with FM and SLE, with FM patients reporting greater impairment along
several dimensions. Enhancing the HRQL of patients with FM and SLE requires
targeting specific modifiable psychosocial factors
(337) Xie X, Yang Q,
Zhang J, Tan Y, Li X, Liu Y. [Relation between fibromyalgia and bacterial
urine]. Hunan Yi Ke Da Xue Xue Bao 1998; 23(2):217.
(338) Chang L, Mayer
EA, Johnson T, FitzGerald LZ, Naliboff B. Differences in somatic perception
in female patients with irritable bowel syndrome with and without
fibromyalgia. Pain 2000; 84(2-3):297-307.
Abstract: BACKGROUND: Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and fibromyalgia (FM)
are considered chronic syndromes of altered visceral and somatic perception,
respectively. Because there is a significant overlap of IBS and FM, shared
pathophysiological mechanisms have been suggested. Although visceral
perception has been well studied in IBS, somatic perception has not. AIMS:
To compare hypervigilance and altered sensory perception in response to
somatic stimuli in patients with IBS, IBS+FM, and healthy controls. METHODS:
Eleven IBS females (mean age 40), 11 IBS+FM females (mean age 46), and ten
healthy female controls (mean age 39) rated pain perception in response to
pressure stimuli administered to active somatic tender points, non-tender
control points and the T-12 dermatome, delivered in a predictable ascending
series, and delivered in an unpredictable randomized fashion (fixed
stimulus). RESULTS: Although IBS patients had similar pain thresholds during
the ascending series compared with controls, they were found to have somatic
hypoalgesia with higher pain thresholds and lower pain frequency and
severity during fixed stimulus series compared with IBS+FM patients and
controls (P<0.05). Patients with IBS+FM were more bothered by the somatic
stimuli and had somatic hyperalgesia with lower pain thresholds and higher
pain frequency and severity. CONCLUSIONS: Both hypervigilance and somatic
hypoalgesia contribute to the altered somatic perception in IBS patients.
Co-morbidity with FM results in somatic hyperalgesia in IBS patients
(339) Romano TJ.
Patients with fibromyalgia must be treated fairly. Arch Intern Med 1999;
159(20):2481-2483.
(340) Baschetti R.
Fibromyalgia, chronic fatigue syndrome, and Addison disease. Arch Intern Med
1999; 159(20):2481-2483.
(341) Borman P,
Celiker R, Hascelik Z. Muscle performance in fibromyalgia syndrome.
Rheumatol Int 1999; 19(1-2):27-30.
Abstract: The objective of the study was to examine the muscle performance,
isokinetic muscle strength, muscle endurance ratio, and submaximal aerobic
performance in fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS) patients, to evaluate the
relation between muscle performance, pain severity, clinical findings, and
physical activity level, and to compare the results with healthy control
subjects. Twenty-four FMS patients and 15 control subjects participated in
this study. Data were obtained about the symptoms, location and onset of
pain, treatment, and associated symptoms. Patients and controls underwent an
examination of isokinetic muscle strength of right quadriceps on a Cybex
dynamometer, and submaximal aerobic performance tests (PWC-170) were done
for all subjects. Maximal voluntary muscle strength of the quadriceps was
significantly lower in patients compared with the control group. Endurance
ratios showing the work capacity were not statistically different between
two groups. Submaximal aerobic performance scores were higher in the control
group. There was not a relation between the decreased muscle performance and
clinical findings, including pain severity, number of tender points, and
duration of the symptoms of FMS patients. We found a reduced quadriceps
muscle strength and submaximal aerobic performance in patients with FMS,
indicating that patients have impaired muscle function
(342) Gunaydin I,
Terhorst T, Eckstein A, Daikeler T, Kanz L, Kotter I. Assessment of
keratoconjunctivitis sicca in patients with fibromyalgia: results of a
prospective study. Rheumatol Int 1999; 19(1-2):7-9.
Abstract: Patients with fibromyalgia (FM) often describe the presence of dry
eyes and other ocular symptoms. It has been claimed that a subgroup of
patients with FM might have features suggestive of primary Sjogren syndrome.
In others, such a relationship could not be found. The purpose of the
present study was to investigate the association and prevalence of
keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS) in patients with FM. Among 285 patients
with FM, 40 patients reporting sicca symptoms were screened with Schirmer's
I test, break-up time and Rose-Bengal score. KCS was diagnosed when two of
the selected three tests gave pathological results. A detailed
ophthalmological examination was also performed. In 15 patients the
diagnosis of KCS could be confirmed. Eighteen of 40 patients had been taking
low-dose antidepressants and 7 of them had objective signs of KCS. Eight of
40 patients had signs of chronic blepharitis and 4 of them had KCS. Fourteen
patients showed unremarkable test results. Chronic blepharitis and the use
of tricyclic antidepressants may play a role in developing KCS. It seems
that the rate of KCS does not increase in patients with FM and they probably
have objective ocular findings comparable with the normal population
(343) Okifuji A,
Turk DC, Sherman JJ. Evaluation of the relationship between depression and
fibromyalgia syndrome: why aren't all patients depressed? J Rheumatol 2000;
27(1):212-219.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To examine the relationship between fibromyalgia
syndrome (FM) and depression by determining the set of factors that
differentiate FM patients with and without depressive disorders. METHODS: A
sample of 69 patients with FM underwent a standardized tender point
examination and a semistructured psychological interview and completed a set
of self-report inventories. RESULTS: Of the sample, 39 met criteria for
depressive disorder and 30 did not. Depressed patients with FM were
significantly more likely to live alone, report elevated functional
limitations, and display maladaptive thoughts than nondepressed patients.
Nondepressed patients were significantly more likely to have received prior
physical therapy than depressed patients. Pain severity, numbers of positive
tender points, and pain intensity of tender points and control points did
not differentiate the depressed and nondepressed patients. Discriminant
analysis revealed that living status, the perception of functional
limitations, maladaptive thoughts, and physical therapy treatment together
identified diagnoses of depressive disorders for 78% of the patients.
CONCLUSION: Concurrent depressive disorders are prevalent in FM and may be
independent of the cardinal features of FM, namely, pain severity and
hypersensitivity to pressure pain, but are related to the cognitive
appraisals of the effects of symptoms on daily life and functional
activities
(344) Aaron LA,
Burke MM, Buchwald D. Overlapping conditions among patients with chronic
fatigue syndrome, fibromyalgia, and temporomandibular disorder. Arch Intern
Med 2000; 160(2):221-227.
Abstract: BACKGROUND: Patients with chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS),
fibromyalgia (FM), and temporomandibular disorder (TMD) share many clinical
illness features such as myalgia, fatigue, sleep disturbances, and
impairment in ability to perform activities of daily living as a consequence
of these symptoms. A growing literature suggests that a variety of comorbid
illnesses also may commonly coexist in these patients, including irritable
bowel syndrome, chronic tension-type headache, and interstitial cystitis.
OBJECTIVE: To describe the frequency of 10 clinical conditions among
patients with CFS, FM, and TMD compared with healthy controls with respect
to past diagnoses, degree to which they manifested symptoms for each
condition as determined by expert-based criteria, and published diagnostic
criteria. METHODS: Patients diagnosed as having CFS, FM, and TMD by their
physicians were recruited from hospital-based clinics. Healthy control
subjects from a dermatology clinic were enrolled as a comparison group. All
subjects completed a 138-item symptom checklist and underwent a brief
physical examination performed by the project physicians. RESULTS: With
little exception, patients reported few past diagnoses of the 10 clinical
conditions beyond their referring diagnosis of CFS, FM, or TMD. In contrast,
patients were more likely than controls to meet lifetime symptom and
diagnostic criteria for many of the conditions, including CFS, FM, irritable
bowel syndrome, multiple chemical sensitivities, and headache. Lifetime
rates of irritable bowel syndrome were particularly striking in the patient
groups (CFS, 92%; FM, 77%; TMD, 64%) compared with controls (18%) (P<.001).
Individual symptom analysis revealed that patients with CFS, FM, and TMD
share common symptoms, including generalized pain sensitivity, sleep and
concentration difficulties, bowel complaints, and headache. However, several
symptoms also distinguished the patient groups. CONCLUSIONS: This study
provides preliminary evidence that patients with CFS, FM, and TMD share key
symptoms. It also is apparent that other localized and systemic conditions
may frequently co-occur with CFS, FM, and TMD. Future research that seeks to
identify the temporal relationships and other pathophysiologic mechanism(s)
linking CFS, FM, and TMD will likely advance our understanding and treatment
of these chronic, recurrent conditions
(345) Leslie M.
Fibromyalgia syndrome: a comprehensive approach to identification and
management. Clin Excell Nurse Pract 1999; 3(3):165-171.
Abstract: Fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS) is a common, chronic musculoskeletal
pain disorder of unknown etiology seen predominately in women. It is
recognized as an important clinical problem associated with high levels of
functional disability, emotional distress, and utilization of several types
of medical services. While widespread pain and the presence of multiple
tender points characterize the dominating features, there are a large number
of nonrheumatic symptoms and associated conditions that occur in a high
frequency in this disorder. When the characteristic pattern of symptoms is
recognized, FMS can be successfully managed by nurse practitioners with
expectation of some improvement. The mainstays of management include patient
education, medication, aerobic exercise, and physical therapy. An ongoing
relationship with the patient and periodic follow-up are mandatory
(346) Mur E, Drexler
A, Gruber J, Hartig F, Gunther V. [Electromyography biofeedback therapy in
fibromyalgia]. Wien Med Wochenschr 1999; 149(19-20):561-563.
Abstract: Nineteen patients with fibromyalgia underwent a course of
treatment with EMG-biofeedback (EMG-BFB) technique. On completion of
treatment, there was a statistically significant lowering of sensitivity to
pain at pressure points typical for fibromyalgia (p = 0.017), which could be
observed also 2 months after completion of treatment. In addition, there was
a reduction both in the affective (p = 0.04) and in the sensory (p = 0.007)
components of pain. Furthermore, there was a statistically significant
improvement in the accompanying disease parameters of sleep disturbance (p =
0.004) and head ache (p = 0.031). Since EMG-BFB training might contribute
not only to a reduction of pain and muscle tension but also to an
improvement of quality of life, it can be recommended as part of a
multimodal pain therapy in fibromyalgia patients
(347) Siegmeth W. [Panalgesia
and the fibromyalgia concept]. Wien Med Wochenschr 1999; 149(19-20):558-560.
Abstract: Fibromyalgia is a chronic soft tissue pain syndrome characterized
by the presence of widespread musculosceletal aching, tender points at
characteristic sites, fatigue and poor sleep. Associated disorders are
restless leg syndrome, irritable bowel syndrome, irritable bladder syndrome,
cognitive dysfunction, cold intolerance, multiple sensitivities and
dizziness. Despite the superficial appearance of normality, many
fibromyalgia patients have difficulties with remaining competitive in the
work force. Impressive resurgence of research had been done about
fibromyalgia in a better understanding in the neurobiology of chronic pain.
The results demonstrate that sensory disorders processing at a central level
are in part involved in fibromyalgia. These findings also influence the
management of the disease with the tendency to a multidisciplinary
therapeutical concept
(348) Ng SY. Hair
calcium and magnesium levels in patients with fibromyalgia: a case center
study . J Manipulative Physiol Ther 1999; 22(9):586-593.
Abstract: BACKGROUND: Fibromyalgia is not an uncommon condition. Because its
cause has yet to be identified. treatment of the condition has been
empirical; frequently, outcomes are unsatisfactory. Some patients with
fibromyalgia were observed to have high hair calcium and magnesium levels
compared with healthy subjects. Because of this and because supplementing
calcium with magnesium to fibromyalgia subjects reduced the number of tender
points detected by digital palpation, it is worth investigating if patients
with fibromyalgia have significantly higher hair calcium and magnesium
levels than their healthy counterparts. OBJECTIVES: To determine the degree
of difference between the hair calcium and magnesium levels in patients with
fibromyalgia and in healthy subjects. METHODS: The study was retrospective
and of paired design. Twelve patients who had hair analysis performed and
met the criteria of fibromyalgia defined by American College of Rheumatology
(1990) were selected consecutively from clinical files. These patients were
then matched by age and sex to 12 healthy subjects selected consecutively
from the same patient files who had hair analysis performed for checkup
purposes. Nonparametric Wilcoxon rank sum tests were used to determine if
the hair calcium and magnesium levels in patients with fibromyalgia were
significantly higher than that of the control subjects. RESULTS: Wilcoxon
rank sum tests showed that patients with fibromyalgia had significantly
higher calcium and magnesium levels than the control subjects at alpha =
.025 and .05, respectively. CONCLUSION: In the presence of high hair calcium
and magnesium levels, calcium and magnesium supplements may be indicated as
an adjunctive treatment of fibromyalgia
(349) Bazelmans E,
Vercoulen JH, Swanink CM, Fennis JF, Galama JM, van Weel C et al. Chronic
Fatigue Syndrome and Primary Fibromyalgia Syndrome as recognized by GPs. Fam
Pract 1999; 16(6):602-604.
Abstract: BACKGROUND: Prevalence studies on Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS)
are rare. Because of the similarity in symptoms, the prevalence of Primary
Fibromyalgia Syndrome (PFS) was investigated at the same time. OBJECTIVES:
To determine the prevalence of CFS and PFS as recognized by GPs in The
Netherlands and to inform them of the existence of CFS. METHODS: A postal
questionnaire was sent to all GPs. RESULTS: The questionnaire was returned
by 60% of the GPs. Seventy-three per cent reported one or more CFS patients
and 83% one or more PFS patients in their practice. CONCLUSION: The
estimated prevalence of CFS as recognized by GPs of 112 (PFS 157) patients
per 100,000 is a minimum estimate
(350) Kurtze N,
Gundersen KT, Svebak S. Quality of life, functional disability and lifestyle
among subgroups of fibromyalgia patients: the significance of anxiety and
depression. Br J Med Psychol 1999; 72 ( Pt 4):471-484.
Abstract: This study explored the significance of anxiety and depression in
quality of life, functional disability and lifestyle among fibromyalgia
patients. Functional disability was defined by subjective work ability and
activity-related discomfort. Lifestyle reflected habits of physical
activity, regularity of meals, smoking and patterns of drinking coffee and
alcohol. Members of two county divisions of fibromyalgia patients (N = 322)
were investigated. Owing to colinearity between anxiety and depression
scores, extreme groups were defined according to high vs. low anxiety and
depression scores. Two-thirds of the initial sample were excluded by this
approach which permitted a 2 x 2 factorial split- plot MANCOVA for the
assessment of main effects and interaction of anxiety and depression upon
quality of life, functional disability and lifestyle. Main effects of
anxiety and depression were significant for index scores on activity-related
discomforts, subjective work ability and quality of life, whereas depression
was also significantly associated with regularity of meals. Anxiety and
depression interacted to yield relatively high consumption of coffee and
cigarettes among the anxious and depressed subgroup, and this effect emerged
only after the elimination of confounding effects of age and duration of the
fibromyalgia disease
(351) Bradley LA,
Alarcon GS. Is Chiari malformation associated with increased levels of
substance P and clinical symptoms in persons with fibromyalgia? Arthritis
Rheum 1999; 42(12):2731-2732.
(352) Leventhal LJ.
Management of fibromyalgia. Ann Intern Med 1999; 131(11):850-858.
(353) Russell AS.
Effect of gamma-hydroxybutyrate on pain, fatigue, and alpha sleep anomaly in
patients with fibromyalgia. J Rheumatol 1999; 26(12):2712.
(354) Korszun A,
Sackett-Lundeen L, Papadopoulos E, Brucksch C, Masterson L, Engelberg NC et
al. Melatonin levels in women with fibromyalgia and chronic fatigue
syndrome. J Rheumatol 1999; 26(12):2675-2680.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: Fibromyalgia (FM) and chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS)
are stress associated disorders mainly affecting women. FM is characterized
primarily by widespread musculoskeletal pain, and CFS by profound
debilitating fatigue, but there is considerable overlap of clinical symptoms
between these 2 syndromes. Neuroendocrine abnormalities have been noted in
both FM and CFS and desynchronization of circadian systems has been
postulated in their etiology. The pineal hormone melatonin is involved in
synchronizing circadian systems and the use of exogenous melatonin has
become widespread in patients with FM and CFS. METHODS: We examined the
characteristics and relationship of melatonin and cortisol levels in
premenopausal women with FM (n = 9) or CFS (n = 8), compared to age and
menstrual cycle phase matched controls. Blood was collected from an
indwelling intravenous catheter every 10 min over 24 h, and plasma melatonin
and cortisol were determined by radioimmunoassay at 60 and 10 min intervals,
respectively. RESULTS: Night time (23:00-06:50) plasma melatonin levels were
significantly higher in FM patients compared to controls (p<0.05), but there
was no significant difference in melatonin levels between CFS patients and
controls. No differences in the timing of cortisol and melatonin secretory
patterns and no internal desynchronization of the 2 rhythms were found in
either patient group, compared to controls. CONCLUSION: Raised plasma
melatonin concentrations have been documented in several other conditions
that are associated with dysregulation of neuroendocrine axes. Increased
melatonin levels may represent a marker of increased susceptibility to
stress induced hypothalamic disruptions. These data indicate that there is
no rationale for melatonin replacement therapy in patients with FM and CFS
(355) Swezey RL,
Adams J. Fibromyalgia: a risk factor for osteoporosis. J Rheumatol 1999;
26(12):2642-2644.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To investigate associations of bone mineral density (BMD)
and osteoporosis in patients with fibromyalgia (FM) and healthy controls.
METHODS: Twenty-four women meeting the American College of Rheumatology
criteria for FM (23 Caucasians, one Asian) were each compared to 2 age (+/-3
years) and ethnically matched controls by bone densitometry of the femoral
neck and lumbar spine. The patients' ages were 33 to 60 years. No patient or
control used steroids or other bone demineralizing agents. Simple T tests
were used to compare hip and lumbar spine BMD of FM cases to controls by 3
decades (31-40, 41-50, 51- 60 years). RESULTS: The patients with FM in all 3
decades had a lower mean BMD of the spine (p<0.05). The femoral neck BMD
were also lower, but reached significance (p<0.05) only in the 51-60 age
group. CONCLUSION: FM in this pilot study was frequently associated with
osteoporosis. Early detection and implementation of appropriate nutritional
supplementation (calcium/vitamin D), resistive and weight bearing exercise,
and specific bone mineral enhancing pharmacological therapy may be indicated
in pre, peri, and postmenopausal subjects
(356) Sperber AD,
Atzmon Y, Neumann L, Weisberg I, Shalit Y, Abu-Shakrah M et al. Fibromyalgia
in the irritable bowel syndrome: studies of prevalence and clinical
implications. Am J Gastroenterol 1999; 94(12):3541-3546.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: The irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and the fibromyalgia
syndrome (FS) coexist in many patients. We conducted complementary studies
of the prevalence of FS in IBS patients and matched controls, and of IBS in
FS patients and the implications of concomitant IBS and FS on health-related
quality of life (HRQOL). METHODS: A study of 79 IBS patients with 72 matched
controls (IBS study), and a study of 100 FS patients (FS study). All
participants underwent tests of tender point sites and threshold of
tenderness and answered questionnaires including personal and medical
history, GI symptoms, and indices of HRQOL. RESULTS: In the IBS study, 25 of
the 79 IBS patients (31.6%) and 3 of the 72 controls (4.2%) had FS (p <
0.001). Statistically significant differences were found among the study
groups in terms of global well-being (p < 0.001), sleep disturbance (p <
0.001), physician visits (p = 0.003), pain (p < 0.001), anxiety (p < 0.001),
and global severity index (SCL-90-R) (p < 0.001), with patients with IBS and
FS having the worst results. IBS patients had significantly more tender
points than controls (p < 0.001). In the FS study, 32 of the 100 FS patients
(32%) had IBS. Patients with both disorders had significantly worse scores
for physical functioning (p = 0.030) and for all but one of a 16-item
quality of life questionnaire. CONCLUSIONS: FS and IBS coexist in many
patients. Patients with both disorders have worse scores on HRQOL indices
than patients with either disorder alone, or controls. Physicians treating
these patients should be aware of the overlap, which can affect the
presentation of symptoms, health care utilization, and treatment strategies
(357) Pennacchio EA,
Borg-Stein J, Keith DA. The incidence of pain in the muscles of mastication
in patients with fibromyalgia. J Mass Dent Soc 1998; 47(3):8-12.
Abstract: This study recognizes the high incidence of temporomandibular
symptoms in a group of patients with documented fibromyalgia. Findings
indicate that the diagnosis and treatment of temporomandibular disorders and
fibromyalgia have many similarities
(358) Okifuji A,
Turk DC, Marcus DA. Comparison of generalized and localized hyperalgesia in
patients with recurrent headache and fibromyalgia. Psychosom Med 1999;
61(6):771-780.
Abstract: OBJECTIVES: Research suggests that dysregulated pain modulation
may play an important role in recurrent headaches and fibromyalgia syndrome
(FMS). The primary objective of this study was to investigate algesic
responses in localized cervical and pericranial regions (ie, headache-
specific areas) and distal locations (ie, trochanter and gluteal) in
patients with primary headaches (tension-type and migraine). The headache
patients' algesic responses were compared with those of a sample of patients
with musculoskeletal pain who report generalized hyperalgesia, or FMS.
METHODS: Seventy patients with mixed headache diagnoses and 66 patients with
FMS underwent a standardized examination of generalized hyperalgesia based
on American College of Rheumatology criteria. RESULTS: Twenty-eight of the
70 headache patients reported the presence of widespread TP pain, suggesting
generalized hyperalgesia. Headache diagnosis was unrelated to the presence
or absence of generalized hyperalgesia. The subset of headache patients with
generalized hyperalgesia did not differ from the FMS patients in pain
sensitivity in the cervical and pericranial areas. Regression analyses
revealed that pressure pain sensitivity was significantly related to
self-reported pain only in the headache patients with generalized
hyperalgesia. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that extensive
dysregulation in pain modulation is important for a substantial minority of
recurrent headache patients, who seem to be quite similar to FMS patients.
Differential treatment planning targeting generalized hyperalgesia may be
useful in treating headache patients exhibiting generalized hyperalgesia
more effectively
(359) Nishikai M.
[Fibromyalgia]. Nippon Naika Gakkai Zasshi 1999; 88(10):1937-1942.
(360) Granzow B.
[Mutual features of chronic fatigue syndrome, fibromyalgia and multiple
chemical sensitivity]. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 1999; 124(41):1224.
(361) Thomas E,
Ginies P, Blotman F. Fibromyalgia as a national issue: the French example.
Baillieres Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol 1999; 13(3):525-529.
Abstract: Fibromyalgia has been known by French rheumatologists for more
than 15 years. However, only recently have teaching and basic, clinical and
epidemiological research been developed on this topic in France. Management
of the fibromyalgia patient should benefit from this recent evolution, all
the more so since the French government took action to facilitate the
medical treatment of chronic pain and to support the development of algology
in France
(362) Sim J, Adams
N. Physical and other non-pharmacological interventions for fibromyalgia.
Baillieres Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol 1999; 13(3):507-523.
Abstract: There is little empirical evidence for the effectiveness of
physical and other non-pharmacological approaches to the management of
fibromyalgia. Although a number of studies have been conducted into such
approaches, many of these are uncontrolled, and relatively few randomized
controlled trials of appropriate size and methodological rigour have been
carried out. This chapter provides an overview of the evidence available
under the following headings: exercise, EMG biofeedback training,
electrotherapy and acupuncture, patient education and self-management
programmes, multimodal treatment approaches, and other interventions. It is
hard to reach firm conclusions from the literature, owing to the variety of
interventions that have been evaluated and the varying methodological
quality of the studies concerned. Nonetheless, in terms of specific
interventions, exercise therapy has received a moderate degree of support
from the literature, and has been subjected to more randomized studies than
any other intervention. In contrast, there is little or no evidence
available for most types of electrotherapy. In terms of overall management
strategies, a multimodal programme of management, including physical,
psychological and educational components and delivered in a
multidisciplinary setting, has gained some support from descriptive and
experimental studies, and accords with current understanding of the
aetiology and clinical features of fibromyalgia. There is a clear need for
further systematic evaluation of the effectiveness of non- pharmacological
treatment approaches in fibromyalgia
(363) Berman BM,
Swyers JP. Complementary medicine treatments for fibromyalgia syndrome.
Baillieres Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol 1999; 13(3):487-492.
Abstract: Fibromyalgia is a chronic-pain-related syndrome associated with
high rates of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) use. Among the
many CAM therapies frequently used by fibromyalgia patients, empirical
research data exist to support the use of only three: (1) mind-body, (2)
acupuncture, and (3) manipulative therapies for treating fibromyalgia. The
strongest data exist for the use of mind-body techniques (e.g. biofeedback,
hypnosis, cognitive behavioural therapy), particularly when utilized as part
of a multidisciplinary approach to treatment. The weakest data exist for
manipulative techniques (e.g. chiropractic and massage). The data supporting
the use of acupuncture for fibromyalgia are only moderately strong. Also,
for some fibromyalgia patients, acupuncture can exacerbate symptoms, further
complicating its application for this condition. Further research is needed
not only in these three areas, but also for other treatments being
frequently utilized by fibromyalgia patients
(364) Thorson K. Is
fibromyalgia a distinct clinical entity? The patient's evidence. Baillieres
Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol 1999; 13(3):463-467.
Abstract: In the eyes of a person with fibromyalgia syndrome, their pain and
other symptoms are real. By the time a patient seeks medical care for
fibromyalgia, they will have probably endured criticism and
misunderstandings about the invisible nature of their symptoms. Patients are
genuinely disturbed that their bodies are not performing up to par, while at
the same time, their family, friends and employers are placing demands on
them that can't be met. No one would want to be placed in such a frustrating
and painful predicament, so naturally this situation becomes the driving
force for fibromyalgia patients who are seeking medical advice.
Unfortunately, lack of understanding about the neurophysiology of chronic
pain syndromes and the advent of evidence- based medicine leads to
restricted care for patients who really need a physician's help. The best
prescription for aiding people with fibromyalgia undoubtedly includes a
physician with an open mind on treatment options
(365) Henriksson KG.
Is fibromyalgia a distinct clinical entity? Pain mechanisms in fibromyalgia
syndrome. A myologist's view. Baillieres Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol 1999;
13(3):455-461.
Abstract: The cause of muscle pain and allodynia may not be the same in all
persons fulfilling the American College of Rheumatology (ACR) criteria for
fibromyalgia syndrome. In the majority of patients the generalized pain is
preceded by localized or regional pain, usually in the musculoskeletal
system. In many patients with fibromyalgia there are findings compatible
with tissue injury pain with pain mechanisms involving both the primary
afferent neuron and the nociceptive system in the central nervous system.
Evidence for these mechanisms is described
(366) Russell IJ. Is
fibromyalgia a distinct clinical entity? The clinical investigator's
evidence. Baillieres Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol 1999; 13(3):445-454.
Abstract: SUBJECTIVE: Chronic widespread pain with multiple tender points
(fibromyalgia syndrome) is a common clinical presentation. Criteria for
inclusion of fibromyalgia patients into research studies have led to a
medical model which integrates symptoms, signs, epidemiology, pathogenesis,
responses to treatment, and prognosis. Controversy regarding fibromyalgia
relates mostly to issues of compensation. THEORETICAL: The diagnosis of
fibromyalgia has been challenged as an inappropriate extraction from an
epidemiological continuum of subjective discomfort. There are many
conditions in which normally distributed measures exhibit distinctly unique
outcomes at their extremes. OBJECTIVE: Since fibromyalgia patients exhibit
lowered pain thresholds, the process of nociception was studied. Samples of
fibromyalgia urine, blood, and spinal fluid disclosed abnormalities
consistent with a biomedical model of failed neuroregulatory inhibition,
altered nociception, central sensitization, and allodynia. All three views
support fibromyalgia as a distinct clinical syndrome deserving of informed
medical care and continued research to better understand chronic widespread
pain
(367) Fitzcharles
MA. Is fibromyalgia a distinct clinical entity? The approving
rheumatologist's evidence. Baillieres Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol 1999;
13(3):437-443.
Abstract: Fibromyalgia is a challenge to the modern day physician. Today's
practice of medicine is evidence-based, but fibromyalgia shifts this
paradigm. There is even still debate as to whether this diffuse
musculoskeletal pain syndrome, with a reduced pain threshold, and tender
points on examination constitutes a definitive entity or disease process. We
do not have the luxury of measurable abnormal findings on clinical
examination or laboratory testing. The diagnosis of this condition is not
aided by the use of any modern-day technology, and is simply a clinical
syndrome. No treatment which we prescribe for fibromyalgia is universally
successful in managing symptoms. Our skills as physicians are constantly
challenged by treatment options offered to patients by non-conventional
medicine. Even so, as physicians, our role should be to support our patients
and continue to pursue scientific study in order to better understand this
enigma
(368) Wessely S,
Hotopf M. Is fibromyalgia a distinct clinical entity? Historical and
epidemiological evidence. Baillieres Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol 1999;
13(3):427-436.
Abstract: Most medical specialities have defined medically unexplained
syndromes such as fibromyalgia, to categorize patients with prominent but
unexplained symptoms. Other such syndromes include irritable bowel syndrome,
chronic fatigue syndrome and atypical chest pain. In this chapter we present
evidence to suggest that fibromyalgia is not a unique clinical entity, but
shares much with these other syndromes. We use historical, clinical and
epidemiological evidence to illustrate this idea. The historical data
emphasize the essentially arbitrary way in which fibromyalgia developed. The
clinical evidence shows the considerable overlap between patients with
fibromyalgia and those with other unexplained syndromes. From an
epidemiological perspective we emphasize the strong associations between
symptoms such as myalgia and fatigue. We conclude by suggesting that
fibromyalgia is one of many medically unexplained syndromes which have more
similarities than differences between them
(369) Cohen ML. Is
fibromyalgia a distinct clinical entity? The disapproving rheumatologist's
evidence. Baillieres Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol 1999; 13(3):421-425.
Abstract: Fibromyalgia syndrome was an attempt to create, for the purposes
of investigation, a relatively homogeneous clinical entity out of the
clinical phenomena of musculoskeletal pain and tenderness. The attempt has
foundered, arising out of circular argument and violation of its own
criteria, thus creating an over-inclusive and ultimately meaningless label.
The epistemological errors include the failure to distinguish a clinical
feature from a disease process, the use of syndromic description without a
unifying concept and failure to agree on the importance and biological
nature of tenderness itself
(370) Makela MO. Is
fibromyalgia a distinct clinical entity? The epidemiologist's evidence.
Baillieres Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol 1999; 13(3):415-419.
Abstract: The key features of fibromyalgia are chronic widespread pain,
general distress and enhanced pain sensitivity as revealed by a tender point
count. Fibromyalgia could be considered a distinct entity if the key
features defined a patient group with any one of the following: a
characteristics feature or cluster of features with a distribution clearly
demarcating the group from the rest of the population, identifiable risk
factors, a characteristic natural course or prognosis, or a specific
response to treatment. This should be seen in population studies, not only
in selected clinic series. The available epidemiological evidence suggests
that the distributions of the key features are continuous and no clear
population groups can be defined. Also, difficulties in identifying changes
such as incidence and recovery, and unreliable measurements of the key
features themselves, detract from the utility of the concept of fibromyalgia
as an epidemiological entity
(371) Macfarlane GJ.
Generalized pain, fibromyalgia and regional pain: an epidemiological view.
Baillieres Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol 1999; 13(3):403-414.
Abstract: Generalized pain, which is one component of the fibromyalgia
syndrome, is a common and disabling problem in the general population. Pain
at individual sites, such as the lower back and shoulder, has traditionally
been considered distinct from generalized pain and studied separately. This
chapter considers first the basic definition and distribution of widespread
pain in the population, and second examines the evidence as to whether
widespread and regional pain are truly or usefully distinguished
(372) Schedule for
rating disabilities; fibromyalgia. Department of Veterans Affairs (VA).
Final rule. Fed Regist 1999; 64(116):32410-32411.
Abstract: This document adopts as a final rule without change an interim
final rule adding a diagnostic code and evaluation criteria for fibromyalgia
to the Department of Veterans Affairs' (VA's) Schedule for Rating
Disabilities. The intended effect of this rule is to insure that veterans
diagnosed with this condition meet uniform criteria and receive consistent
evaluations
(373) Soderberg S,
Lundman B, Norberg A. Struggling for dignity: the meaning of women's
experiences of living with fibromyalgia. Qual Health Res 1999; 9(5):575-587.
Abstract: Fibromyalgia (FM) is a common chronic pain syndrome with an
obscure etiology, which mostly afflicts middle-aged women. In this study, 14
women with FM were interviewed about the meaning of living with the illness.
A phenomenological-hermeneutic method was used to analyze and interpret the
interview texts. The findings show that being a woman with FM means living a
life greatly influenced by the illness in various ways. The women's
experiences of living with FM were presented in three major interlaced
themes: loss of freedom, threat to integrity, and a struggle to achieve
relief and understanding. This study highlights the importance of meeting
people suffering in illness with respect for their human dignity. The care
of women with FM must empower the women to bring to bear their own resources
so that they can manage to live with the illness
(374) Drewes AM.
Pain and sleep disturbances with special reference to fibromyalgia and
rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatology (Oxford) 1999; 38(11):1035-1038.
(375) Forseth KO,
Husby G, Gran JT, Forre O. Prognostic factors for the development of
fibromyalgia in women with self-reported musculoskeletal pain. A prospective
study. J Rheumatol 1999; 26(11):2458-2467.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To estimate the risk of developing fibromyalgia (FM) in
women with self-reported pain and to estimate the relative risk of a series
of variables. METHODS: As part of a population study, 214 women with
self-reported pain were interviewed and examined in 1990 and 1995. In 1990,
39 of these women fulfilled the American College of Rheumatology criteria
for FM. The other 175 women represented a continuum of pain extent from
nonchronic pain to chronic widespread pain, and were assessed as individuals
at risk for developing FM. Potential risk factors for FM were registered in
1990 and analyzed by bivariate and multiple statistical methods in the total
sample and also in a subgroup of 115 women with limited pain. RESULTS:
Forty-three (25%) women developed FM. Having > or = 4 associated symptoms,
pain of > or = 6 years' duration, back pain, alternately hard/loose stools,
and self-assessed depression were found to be predictors. Pain in the lower
arm and a feeling of swelling were more weakly associated. In women with
limited pain, pain > or = 6 years' duration, > or = 4 associated symptoms,
not feeling refreshed in the morning, and paresthesia were found to be
predictors. A weaker association was found with self- assessed depression
and a lack of formal education. CONCLUSION: A high cumulative incidence of
FM was found and a diversity of predictors for FM were identified in the
total sample and also in women with limited pain. Of the variables that were
part of the FM syndrome, back pain predicted FM, while tender points and
pain in the neck did not. Moreover, > or = 4 associated symptoms,
self-assessed depression, and longlasting pain were shown to be important
predictors
(376) Offenbaecher
M, Bondy B, de Jonge S, Glatzeder K, Kruger M, Schoeps P et al. Possible
association of fibromyalgia with a polymorphism in the serotonin transporter
gene regulatory region. Arthritis Rheum 1999; 42(11):2482-2488.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To analyze the genotypes of the promoter region of the
serotonin transporter gene (5-HTT) in patients with fibromyalgia (FM).
METHODS: Genomic DNA from 62 patients meeting the American College of
Rheumatology 1990 criteria for FM and 110 healthy controls was analyzed by
polymerase chain reaction. Additionally, the psychopathologic state of 52 of
the FM patients was evaluated using the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and
the Symptom Checklist-90-Revised (SCL-90-R). RESULTS: The 5-HTTLPR genotypes
in FM patients versus controls were distributed as follows: L/L 27% versus
34%, L/S 42% versus 50%, and S/S 31% versus 16%. FM patients with the S/S
genotype had higher mean scores on the BDI and the SCL-90-R compared with
those in the L/L and L/S groups. CONCLUSION: A higher frequency of the S/S
genotype of 5-HTT was found in FM patients compared with healthy controls.
The S/S subgroup exhibited higher mean levels of depression and
psychological distress. These results support the notion of altered
serotonin metabolism in at least a subgroup of patients with FM
(377) Grace GM,
Nielson WR, Hopkins M, Berg MA. Concentration and memory deficits in
patients with fibromyalgia syndrome. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 1999;
21(4):477-487.
Abstract: The present study compared 30 patients with Fibromyalgia Syndrome
(FS) to 30 healthy control subjects matched for age, sex, and estimated
intellectual level on standardized measures of attention, concentration, and
memory as well as subjective ratings of memory abilities and sleep quality.
In addition, in order to investigate the relationship between cognitive
functioning and other physical and psychological symptoms, subjects with FS
completed psychological measures of pain severity, trait anxiety, and
depression. Results indicated that patients with FS performed more poorly on
tests of immediate and delayed recall, and sustained auditory concentration,
and their ratings of both their memory abilities and sleep quality were
lower than those of controls. Furthermore, perceived memory deficits of the
FS subjects were disproportionately greater than their objective deficits.
Results indicated significant correlations between performance on memory and
concentration measures and scores on questionnaires of pain severity and
trait anxiety. Implications of these results for multidisciplinary treatment
programs are discussed
(378) Laroche M,
Tack Y. Hypophosphoremia secondary to idiopathic moderate phosphate
diabetes: a differential diagnosis with primary fibromyalgia. Clin Exp
Rheumatol 1999; 17(5):628.
(379) Coward BL.
Clinical snapshot. Fibromyalgia. Am J Nurs 1999; 99(10):42-43.
(380) Dessein PH,
Shipton EA, Joffe BI, Hadebe DP, Stanwix AE, Van der Merwe BA. Hyposecretion
of adrenal androgens and the relation of serum adrenal steroids, serotonin
and insulin-like growth factor-1 to clinical features in women with
fibromyalgia. Pain 1999; 83(2):313-319.
Abstract: Neuroendocrine deficiencies have been implicated in fibromyalgia
(FM). In the present study, adrenal androgen metabolites and their
relationship with health status in FM were investigated. For comparison,
serum levels of other implicated neuroendocrine mediators were correlated
with health status. Fifty-seven consecutive women with FM completed the
Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire (FIQ). Fasting blood samples were taken
for measurement of dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate (DHEAS), free
testosterone (T), cortisol, serotonin and insulin-like growth factor-1.
Normal value for DHEAS and T were obtained from 114 controls. DHEAS levels
were decreased significantly in pre- and postmenopausal patients (P<0.0001
and P<0.0005, respectively). T levels were decreased significantly in
premenopausal and insignificantly in postmenopausal patients (P<0.0001 and
P=0.06, respectively). The following correlations between neurohormonal
levels and FIQ scores were found: DHEAS (after adjustment for age) vs. pain
(P<0.001) and T (after adjustment for age) versus physical functioning
(P=0.002). None of the other neurohormonal levels correlated significantly
with any of the FIQ scores. IGF-1 levels were lower in the obese patients as
compared to those who were non-obese (P=0.03). The BMI correlated positively
with pain (P<0. 001) and inversely with DHEAS levels (P=0.006). After
further adjustment for BMI, the correlation between age adjusted DHEAS and
pain was no longer significant. Hyposecretion of adrenal androgens was
documented in FM. This was more pronounced in obese patients. Low serum
androgen levels correlated with poor health status in FM. Longitudinal
studies are needed to elucidate whether these are cause and/or effect
relationships
(381) Fibromyalgia
syndrome. Feeling more pain. Harv Health Lett 1999; 24(12):4-5.
(382) King S, Wessel
J, Bhambhani Y, Maikala R, Sholter D, Maksymowych W. Validity and
reliability of the 6 minute walk in persons with fibromyalgia. J Rheumatol
1999; 26(10):2233-2237.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To assess the reliability and construct validity of the
6 minute walk (6MW) in persons with fibromyalgia (FM) and to determine an
equation for predicting peak oxygen consumption (pVO2) from the distance
covered in 6 minutes. METHODS: Ninety-six women who met the American College
of Rheumatology (ACR) criteria for FM were tested on the 6MW and the
Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire (FIQ). A subset (n = 23) were tested on a
separate day for pVO2 during a symptom-limited, incremental treadmill test.
Twelve subjects repeated the 6MW five times over 10 days. Heart rate and
rating of perceived exertion (RPE) were recorded for each walk. Intraclass
correlations were used to determine the reliability of the 6MW. Validity was
examined by correlating the 6MW with pVO2 and the FIQ. Body mass index (BMI)
and 6MW were independent variables in a stepwise regression to predict pVO2.
RESULTS: A significant increase in distance occurred from Walk 1 to Walk 2
(p = 0.000) with the distance maintained on the remaining walks (p = 0.148)
The correlations of the 6MW with the FIQ and pVO2 were - 0.325 and 0.657,
respectively. The regression equation to predict pVO2 from 6MW distance and
BMI was: pVO2 (ml/kg/min) = 21.48 + (-0.4316 x BMI) + [0.0304 x distance(m)]
(R = 0.76, R2 = 0.66). CONCLUSION: When using the 6MW it is necessary to
conduct a practice walk, with the second walk taken as the baseline measure.
It was determined from the correlations that the 6MW cannot replace the FIQ
as a measure of function. The 6MW may be used as an indicator of aerobic
fitness, although obtaining VO2 by means of a graded exercise test is
preferable
(383) Bondy B,
Spaeth M, Offenbaecher M, Glatzeder K, Stratz T, Schwarz M et al. The T102C
polymorphism of the 5-HT2A-receptor gene in fibromyalgia. Neurobiol Dis
1999; 6(5):433-439.
Abstract: Based on a possible involvement of serotonergic dysfunction in the
pathophysiology of fibromyalgia (FM) and on preliminary reports of a
possible genetically driven vulnerability for this disorder we investigated
the silent T102C polymorphism of the 5-HT2A-receptor gene in 168 FM patients
and 115 healthy controls. Our results showed a significantly different
genotype distribution in FM patients with a decrease in T/T and an increase
in both T/C and C/C genotypes as compared to the control population
(Fisher's Exact test, two-sided, P = 0.008). However, the increase in
allele-C102 frequency felt short of significance (P = 0.07). Correlation of
genotypes to clinical parameters revealed no influences on age of onset,
duration of disease or psychopathological symptoms, measured with the Beck
Depression Inventory and the symptom checklist SCL-90-R. In contrast to that
the pain score, being a self reported information on pain severity, was
significantly higher in patients of the T/T genotype (Mann-Whitney U test, P
= 0.028). This suggests that the T102-allele might be involved in the
complex circuits of nociception. However, the T102C polymorphism is not
directly involved in the aetiology of FM but might be in linkage
dysequilibrium with the true functional variant, which has to be unravelled
(384) Wallace DJ,
Shapiro S, Panush RS. Update on fibromyalgia syndrome. Bull Rheum Dis 1999;
48(5):1-4.
(385) Jamison JR. A
psychological profile of fibromyalgia patients: a chiropractic case study. J
Manipulative Physiol Ther 1999; 22(7):454-457.
Abstract: BACKGROUND: Fibromyalgia is a chronic condition characterized by
widespread musculoskeletal pain and tenderness. Reversible modulation of the
pain threshold is believed to contribute to the pathogenesis of this
condition, and psychosocial stress is known to alter the pain threshold.
OBJECTIVE: To describe and compare the psychological profile of fibromyalgia
patients attending chiropractic clinics in Australia. SETTING: Chiropractic
clinics located in 5 Australian states and the Australian capital territory
with practices in inner city, suburban, coastal, and rural areas were
included. SUBJECTS: Chiropractic patients with acute and chronic
biomechanical conditions, fibromyalgia, and who were undergoing maintenance
care were included in the study. METHOD: A case study to explore the
psychological profile of fibromyalgia patients was undertaken. The Distress
and Risk Assessment Method (DRAM) and Sense of Coherence (SOC)
questionnaires were used to ascertain and compare the distress, sense of
coherence, and manageability levels of patients with fibromyalgia with
patients having maintenance chiropractic care. Purposive sampling of
practitioners and convenience sampling of patients fulfilling the study's
inclusion criteria were undertaken. Patients were asked to complete two
questionnaires and chiropractors to complete one questionnaire and an
interview. RESULTS: While more than half of the patients in the fibromyalgia
group were distressed, fewer than 1 in 7 maintenance patients were found to
be distressed according to the DRAM questionnaire. With several individual
exceptions, fibromyalgia patients also tended to have lower SOC and
manageability scores than the maintenance group. CONCLUSION: This study
supports the view that fibromyalgia may represent a problem of coping with
various environmental stresses, including psychosocial stresses. However,
owing to individual variation, a diagnosis of fibromyalgia at the clinical
level does not accurately predict whether a particular patient is distressed
or has a low SOC score. Screening of fibromyalgia patients may help
determine whether intensive counseling and stress management by the
chiropractor or another health professional should be contemplated
(386) Parziale JR.
The clinical management of fibromyalgia. Med Health R I 1999; 82(9):325-328.
Abstract: Fibromyalgia is characterized by chronic diffuse muscular aches,
fatigue and poor sleep; it affects nearly three million individuals in the
United States alone, predominantly younger women. The diagnosis of
fibromyalgia requires adherence to the American College of Rheumatology
criteria and the exclusion of secondary causes and systemic diseases.
Treatment with sleep cycle regulators, NSAIDs, and light aerobic exercise is
usually helpful. Patients must be reminded that fibromyalgia is often a
chronic condition, but can be successfully treated
(387) Mannerkorpi K,
Svantesson U, Carlsson J, Ekdahl C. Tests of functional limitations in
fibromyalgia syndrome: a reliability study. Arthritis Care Res 1999;
12(3):193-199.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the reliability and discriminative ability
of a test battery consisting of 7 tests designed for the assessment of
functional limitations in patients with fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS).
METHODS: The intrarater reliability of the test battery was evaluated for 15
women with FMS. Interrater reliability was calculated on 4 tests separately.
Fifteen healthy women constituted a reference group. RESULTS: The intrarater
coefficient of variation was < 8% for the shoulder range of motion tests,
chair test, and 6-minute walk test, and < 21% for the shoulder endurance
test, with correlation coefficients above 0.80 for all tests. Kappa was
0.70-0.80 for the hand-to-scapula tests. The interrater coefficient of
variation was < 5% for shoulder range of motion. The performances of the FMS
patients were significantly decreased in comparison with healthy subjects in
all the tests except for the hand-to-scapula movement. CONCLUSIONS: All but
1 of the selected 7 tests were considered to possess acceptable intrarater
reliability for use in FMS in clinical physical therapy practice
(388) Gowans SE,
deHueck A, Voss S, Richardson M. A randomized, controlled trial of exercise
and education for individuals with fibromyalgia. Arthritis Care Res 1999;
12(2):120-128.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy of a 6-week exercise and
educational program for patients with fibromyalgia. METHODS: Forty-one
subjects were randomly assigned to the program or served as waiting list
controls. Program outcome was assessed with a 6-minute walk test, the
Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire, a Self-Efficacy Scale, and a "knowledge"
questionnaire (based on information provided during the educational
sessions). Waiting list control subjects subsequently completed the program.
Program outcome was reassessed 3 or 6 months post-program. RESULTS: The
program produced significant improvements in 6-minute walk distance,
well-being, fatigue, self-efficacy (for controlling pain and other
symptoms), and knowledge. At followup, immediate gains in walk distance,
well-being, and self-efficacy were maintained, but gains in fatigue and
knowledge were lost. CONCLUSION: Short-term exercise and educational
programs can produce immediate and sustained benefits for patients with
fibromyalgia. The benefits of our program may be due to exercise or
education since both interventions were given
(389) Wallace DJ.
What constitutes a fibromyalgia expert? Arthritis Care Res 1999;
12(2):82-84.
(390) Fallon J,
Bujak DI, Guardino S, Weinstein A. The Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire: a
useful tool in evaluating patients with post-Lyme disease syndrome.
Arthritis Care Res 1999; 12(1):42-47.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To determine the reliability and validity of a modified
version of the Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire (FIQ) in evaluating
patients with post-Lyme disease syndrome (PLDS). METHODS: In this cross-
sectional analysis 13 PLDS, 18 fibromyalgia (FM), and 16 healthy controls (n
= 47) completed a modified FIQ containing items to evaluate physical
impairment, symptom severity, and global well-being. Comparisons between
groups were done using analysis of variance with a significance level set at
0.05. RESULTS: PLDS patients demonstrated statistically significantly
greater levels of impairment than controls in physical functioning, FIQ
total score, global well-being, joint pain, fatigue, depression, ability to
perform activities of daily living, and memory/concentration. FM patients
demonstrated a statistically significantly greater level of impairment than
the control group in all categories, and the scores were significantly
higher than the PLDS group in the measurement of physical impairment, FIQ
total score, muscle pain, and joint pain. Overall, the instrument possesses
good reliability and validity, although adequacy of this instrument to
measure impairment in the male PLDS population needs further elucidation.
CONCLUSION: The results of this study suggest that the modified FIQ may be a
useful tool in evaluating PLDS patients. The findings suggest that there may
be some differences in the etiopathology of the symptoms experienced by PLDS
and FM patients
(391) Rossy LA,
Buckelew SP, Dorr N, Hagglund KJ, Thayer JF, McIntosh MJ et al. A
meta-analysis of fibromyalgia treatment interventions. Ann Behav Med 1999;
21(2):180-191.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To evaluate and compare the efficacy of pharmacological
and nonpharmacological treatments of fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS). METHODS:
This meta-analysis of 49 fibromyalgia treatment outcome studies assessed the
efficacy of pharmacological and nonpharmacological treatment across four
types of outcome measures-physical status, self- report of FMS symptoms,
psychological status, and daily functioning. RESULTS: After controlling for
study design, antidepressants resulted in improvements on physical status
and self-report of FMS symptoms. All nonpharmacological treatments were
associated with significant improvements in all four categories of outcome
measures with the exception that physically-based treatment (primarily
exercise) did not significantly improve daily functioning. When compared,
nonpharmacological treatment appears to be more efficacious in improving
self-report of FMS symptoms than pharmacological treatment alone. A similar
trend was suggested for functional measures. CONCLUSION: The optimal
intervention for FMS would include nonpharmacological treatments,
specifically exercise and cognitive- behavioral therapy, in addition to
appropriate medication management as needed for sleep and pain symptoms
(392) Wolfe F,
Anderson J. Silicone filled breast implants and the risk of fibromyalgia and
rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol 1999; 26(9):2025-2028.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: The symptoms of what has been called silicone implant
associated syndrome (SIAS) and fibromyalgia (FM) are similar. It has been
hypothesized that silicone (filled) breast implants (SBI) might be causally
related to the development of FM. This hypothesis was investigated by
comparing 508 patients with FM with 1228 control subjects. We also studied
the relationship of SBI to the subsequent development of rheumatoid
arthritis (RA). METHODS: Utilizing a longitudinal databank, implantation
status was determined in 464 patients with RA, 508 with FM, 261 with
osteoarthritis (OA) of the knee or hip, and in 503 randomly selected
community controls. We obtained data on the type of implant and its temporal
relationship to the onset of FM and RA. RESULTS: No association between SBI
and RA was found (OR 1.66, 95% CI 0.33, 8.23, p = 0.538). No association
between prior SBI and subsequent FM was found (OR 1.22, 95% CI 0.30, 4.89, p
= 0.781). But one-third of the SBI in FM occurred after development of the
syndrome. When all implants regardless of temporal relationship were
considered, the overall relationship between any implant and the diagnosis
of FM was significant at p = 0.095 (OR 2.45, 95% CI 0.86, 7.03). CONCLUSION:
No relationship between prior SBI and the subsequent development of FM or RA
was noted. But implants appear to be more common in patients with than in
those without FM (p = 0.095). A common, predisposing set of psychosocial
characteristics may be shared between those who have FM and those who
undergo SBI
(393) Maes M,
Libbrecht I, Delmeire L, Lin A, De Clerck L, Scharpe S et al. Changes in
platelet alpha-2-adrenoceptors in fibromyalgia: effects of treatment with
antidepressants. Neuropsychobiology 1999; 40(3):129-133.
Abstract: The aim of this study was to determine platelet
alpha(2)-adrenergic receptor (alpha(2)-AR) binding sites in fibromyalgia
both before and after treatment with sertraline or placebo. The maximum
number of binding sites (B(max)) and their affinity (K(d)) for
[(3)H]rauwolscine, a selective alpha(2)-AR antagonist, were measured in 13
normal volunteers and 22 fibromyalgia patients. Severity of illness was
evaluated by means of the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS) and
dolorimetric assessments of tenderness at tender points. Fibromyalgia
patients had repeated measurements of [(3)H]rauwolscine binding
characteristics both before and after subchronic treatment with sertraline
or placebo for 12 weeks. [(3)H]rauwolscine binding K(d) values were
significantly higher in fibromyalgia patients than in normal volunteers.
There were significant inverse correlations between [(3)H]rauwolscine
binding K(d) values and duration of illness, age and lower energy.
Significantly higher [(3)H]rauwolscine binding K(d) values were found in
fibromyalgia patients in an early phase of illness (<3 years) than in
fibromyalgia patients with a protracted illness (>3 years). Repeated
administration of sertraline had no significant effects on [(3)H]rauwolscine
binding B(max) or K(d) values. The results suggest that fibromyalgia and, in
particular, fibromyalgia in an early phase of illness, is accompanied by
lowered affinity of platelet alpha(2)-ARs
(394) Barkhuizen A,
Bennett RM. Elevated levels of hyaluronic acid in the sera of women with
fibromyalgia. J Rheumatol 1999; 26(9):2063-2064.
(395) Hart FD.
Underlying signs of fibromyalgia. Practitioner 1998; 242(1586):407-410.
(396) Sergi M, Rizzi
M, Braghiroli A, Puttini PS, Greco M, Cazzola M et al. Periodic breathing
during sleep in patients affected by fibromyalgia syndrome. Eur Respir J
1999; 14(1):203-208.
Abstract: Seventeen patients affected by fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS) (16
females and one male) and 17 matched healthy subjects underwent formal
polysomnography, a sleep questionnaire and lung function tests. FMS patients
slept significantly less efficiently than the healthy controls (p<0.01), had
a higher proportion of stage 1 sleep (mean+/-SD, 21+/-6% versus 11+/-4%;
p<0.001), less slow wave sleep (p<0.01) and twice as many arousals per hour
of sleep (p<0.001). The respiratory pattern of FMS patients showed a high
occurrence of periodic breathing (PB) (15+/- 8% of total sleep time) in
15/17 patients, versus 2/17 control subjects. The short length of apnoeas
and hypopnoeas did not affect the apnoea/hypopnoea index (5.1+/-3.5 versus
3.2+/-1.6; NS), but FMS patients had a greater number of desaturations per
hour of sleep (8+/-5 versus 3+/-3; p<0.01). Pulmonary volumes did not differ
between the two groups, but FMS patients had a lower transfer factor of the
lung for carbon monoxide (TL,CO (5.8+1 versus 7.7+1 mmol x min(-1) x kPa(-1);
p=0.001). PB occurrence correlated with TL,CO (r=-0.62; p=0.01), number of
desaturations (r=0.76, p=0.001) and carbon dioxide tension in arterial blood
(Pa,CO2) (r=-0.50; p=0.05). Stepwise multiple linear regression analysis
showed desaturation frequency (p=0.0001) and TL,CO (p=0.029) to be the best
predictors of PB percentage (R2 0.73; p=0.0001). Patients complaining of
daytime hypersomnolence had a higher number of tender points, about twice as
many arousals per hour and a lower sleep efficiency than patients who did
not report this symptom. TL,CO was more impaired and the occurrence of PB
was higher. The occurrence of periodic breathing in fibromyalgia syndrome
patients, which was previously unreported, and is shown to be linked to a
reduction of transfer factor of the lung for carbon monoxide could play a
major role in the symptoms of poor sleep of these patients
(397) Leal-Cerro A,
Povedano J, Astorga R, Gonzalez M , Silva H, Garcia-Pesquera F et al. The
growth hormone (GH)-releasing hormone-GH-insulin-like growth factor- 1 axis
in patients with fibromyalgia syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1999;
84(9):3378-3381.
Abstract: Fibromyalgia (FM) is a painful syndrome of nonarticular origin,
characterized by fatigue and widespread musculoskeletal pain, tiredness, and
sleep disturbances, without any other objective findings on examination.
Interestingly, some of the clinical features of FM resemble the ones
described in the adult GH-deficiency syndrome. Furthermore, insulin-like
growth factor (IGF)-1 levels are frequently reduced in patients with FM. To
gain further insight into the mechanisms leading to dysregulation of the
GH-IGF-1 axis in these patients, we assessed 24-h spontaneous GH secretion,
GH responses to GHRH, and IGF-1 and IGF binding protein (BP)-3 levels before
and after 4 days treatment with human (h)GH. We found that, in comparison
with controls, patients with FM exhibited a marked decrease in spontaneous
GH secretion as assessed by mean GH secretion (2.5 +/- 0.4 microg/L in
controls vs. 1.2 +/- 0.1 microg/L in FM, P < 0.05), pulse height (4.7 +/-
0.8 microg/L in controls vs. 2.5 +/- 0.3 microg/L in FM, P < 0.05), and
pulse area (4.7 +/- 1 min/mg x L in controls vs. 2.3 +/- 0.3 min/mg x L in
FM, P < 0.05). In contrast, GH responses to GHRH (100 microg, i.v.) were
similar in controls (mean peak, 13.5 +/- 2.5 microg/L) and in patients with
FM (12.2 +/- 3 microg/L). Finally, treatment with hGH (2 IU, s.c. daily),
over 4 days, led to a clear-cut increase in plasma IGF-1 and IGFBP-3 levels
in patients with FM. In conclusion, our data show that patients with FM
exhibited a marked decrease in spontaneous GH secretion, but normal
pituitary responsiveness to exogenously administered GHRH, thus suggesting
the existence of an alteration at the hypothalamic level in the
neuroendocrine control of GH in these patients. Furthermore, our finding of
increased IGF-1 and IGFBP-3 levels after GH treatment, over 4 days, opens up
the possibility of testing the therapeutic potential of hGH in patients with
FM
(398) Karaaslan Y,
Ozturk M, Haznedaroglu S. Secondary fibromyalgia in Turkish patients with
rheumatologic disorders. Lupus 1999; 8(6):486.
(399) Russell IJ,
Vipraio GA, Michalek JE, Craig FE, Kang YK, Richards AB. Lymphocyte markers
and natural killer cell activity in fibromyalgia syndrome: effects of
low-dose, sublingual use of human interferon-alpha. J Interferon Cytokine
Res 1999; 19(8):969-978.
Abstract: A clinical study was designed to utilize flow cytometric
immunophenotyping and chromium release from cultured tumor target cells to
characterize peripheral blood mononuclear leukocyte (PBML) subpopulations
and natural killer activity in healthy normal controls (n = 18) and in
patients with fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS) at baseline (n = 124) and again
after 6 weeks of treatment with low-doses of orally administered human
interferon-alpha (IFN-alpha). Volunteer subjects discontinued all analgesic
and sedative hypnotic medications for 2 weeks prior to the baseline
phlebotomy. Laboratory measures included a complete blood count; a
phenotypic analysis of PBML by flow cytometry; and in vitro natural killer (NK)
cell activity. After baseline blood sample collection, the FMS patients were
randomized to one of four parallel treatment groups (n = 28/group) to
receive sublingual IFN- alpha (15 IU, 50 IU, 150 IU), or placebo every
morning for 6 weeks. The tests were repeated at week 6 to evaluate treatment
effects. At baseline, FMS patients exhibited fewer lymphocytes and more
CD25+ T lymphocytes than did normal controls. By week 6, the main
significant and consistent change was a decrease in the HLA-DR+ CD4+
subpopulation in the 15 IU and 150 IU treatment groups. These data do not
support an immunologically dysfunctional PBML phenotype among patients with
FMS as has been observed in the chronic fatigue syndrome
(400) Russell IJ,
Michalek JE, Kang YK, Richards AB. Reduction of morning stiffness and
improvement in physical function in fibromyalgia syndrome patients treated
sublingually with low doses of human interferon-alpha. J Interferon Cytokine
Res 1999; 19(8):961-968.
Abstract: One hundred and twelve fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS) patients were
randomized into one of four demographically similar groups (n = 28/group).
Sequential primary FMS patient volunteers were to receive daily sublingual
placebo or interferon-alpha (IFN-alpha) at 15, 50, or 150 IU. After a
screening evaluation, analgesic or sedative hypnotic medications were
withdrawn. Two weeks later, daily IFN-alpha or placebo was initiated with
follow-up evaluations at 2-week intervals ending with week 6. One primary,
three secondary, and seven tertiary variables were assessed. Study outcome
was based on improvement in the tender point index (TPI). The TPI did not
improve with any IFN-alpha dose. However, significant improvement was seen
in morning stiffness and in physical function with the 50 IU IFN-alpha (p <
0.01). None of the other outcome means changed significantly and no adverse
events were attributable to IFN-alpha therapy
(401) Breau LM,
McGrath PJ, Ju LH. Review of juvenile primary fibromyalgia and chronic
fatigue syndrome. J Dev Behav Pediatr 1999; 20(4):278-288.
Abstract: This article reviews the current literature on childhood
fibromyalgia and chronic fatigue syndrome. In doing so, it questions
assumptions about the presumed nature of the disorders-that they are
distinct from each other and are duplicates of their adult counterparts. It
also attempts to synthesize the available data to reach some preliminary
judgments about these disorders: that fibromyalgia and chronic fatigue
syndrome may be related in children and may not be duplicates of the adult
disorders; that psychological and psychosocial factors are unlikely
contributors to the etiology of these disorders; and that the evidence is
increasingly pointing to a role for genetic factors in their etiology. A
discussion of the research into treatments for childhood fibromyalgia and
chronic fatigue syndrome highlights the lack of well-designed, controlled
studies. Finally, directions for future research are offered where results
of the current literature are unclear
(402) Rusy LM,
Harvey SA, Beste DJ. Pediatric fibromyalgia and dizziness: evaluation of
vestibular function. J Dev Behav Pediatr 1999; 20(4):211-215.
Abstract: Twelve children with fibromyalgia and complaints of chronic
dizziness were evaluated with both clinical office maneuvers of vestibular
function and laboratory tests composed of electronystagmography and
sinusoidal harmonic acceleration rotary chair testing. All test results were
normal for spontaneous nystagmus with or without visual fixation,
oculocephalic reflex, dynamic visual acuity, head-shaking nystagmus, Quix
test, and Dix-Hallpike maneuver. Electronystagmography test results were
essentially normal for saccades, gaze, Dix-Hallpike, pendular tracking, and
caloric evaluation. Rotary chair testing was normal in all 12 patients.
These findings suggest that central (brainstem) and peripheral vestibular
(inner ear) mechanisms do not account for the complaints of dizziness in the
pediatric patient with fibromyalgia. The common musculoskeletal
abnormalities of fibromyalgia may affect their proprioceptive orientation,
therefore giving them a sense of imbalance
(403) Itoh Y,
Igarashi T, Tatsuma N, Imai T, Yoshida J, Tsuchiya M et al. [Autoimmune
fatigue syndrome and fibromyalgia syndrome]. Nippon Ika Daigaku Zasshi 1999;
66(4):239-244.
Abstract: We have encounted two patients with fibromyalgia (FM) initially
diagnosed as having autoimmune fatigue syndrome (AIFS). To investigate the
relationship between AIFS and FM, the distribution of the tender points in
patients with AIFS was assessed according to the ACR criteria for FM. It was
revealed that AIFS patients had 5.6 tender points on averages. Patients with
headaches, digestive problems, or difficulty going to school had more tender
points than patients without. Patients with ANA titers < 1: 160 had more
tender points than patients with ANA > or = 1: 160. Anti-Sa negative
patients had more tender points than positive patients. These results
suggest a relationship between AIFS and FM in terms of the pathophysiologic
mechanisms of the numerous tender points. In other words, ANA-positive FM
patients could be one form of AIFS, as well as ANA-positive chronic fatigue
syndrome patients. Thus, autoimmunity could explain the controversial
disease entities of FM and/or CFS
(404) Wolfe F, Kong
SX. Rasch analysis of the Western Ontario MacMaster questionnaire (WOMAC) in
2205 patients with osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, and fibromyalgia.
Ann Rheum Dis 1999; 58(9):563-568.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: Advances in health measurement have led to the
application of Rasch Item Response Theory (IRT) analysis (Rasch analysis) to
evaluate instruments measuring health status and quality of life of
patients, including the Health Assessment Questionnaire and SF-36. This
study investigated the extent to which the Western Ontario MacMaster
osteoarthritis questionnaire (WOMAC) satisfies the Rasch model, particularly
in respect to unidimensionality, item separation, and linearity. METHODS:
The study included a total of 2205 patients, 1013 with rheumatoid arthritis
(RA), 655 with osteoarthritis of the knee or hip (OA), and 537 with
fibromyalgia. All patients completed the WOMAC as part of a longitudinal
study of rheumatic disease outcomes. To examine whether the WOMAC pain and
function scales each fits the Rasch model, the Winsteps program was used to
assess item difficulty, scale unidimensionality, item separation, and
linearity. RESULTS: Although the WOMAC worked best in OA, regardless of
disorder, both the pain and function scales were unidimensional, had
adequate item separation, and had a long range (25-150) of linearity in the
function scale. Several functional items, however, had a high information
weight fit (INFIT) statistic, indicating poor fit to the model. These items
included "getting in and out of the bath" and "going down stairs."
CONCLUSION: The WOMAC generally satisfies the requirements of Rasch item
response theory across all disorders studied, and is an appropriate measure
of lower body function in OA, RA and fibromyalgia. Although some individual
items do not fit well, it is not likely that removing such items would
result in more than overall minimal differences, and it will be difficult to
remove traces of multidimensionality while keeping the central constructs of
progressive lower body musculoskeletal abnormality intact. In addition, it
is possible that a "purer", still more unidimensional instrument would be
less useful in clinical trials and epidemiological studies by restricting
the range of the scale
(405) Neumann L,
Dudnik Y, Bolotin A, Buskila D. Evaluation of a Hebrew version of the
revised and expanded Arthritis Impact Measurement Scales (AIMS2) in patients
with fibromyalgia. J Rheumatol 1999; 26(8):1816-1821.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To validate a translated version of the revised and
expanded Arthritis Impact Measurement Scales (AIMS2) to be used by Hebrew
speaking populations. METHODS: The AIMS2 was translated into Hebrew and
administered to 66 women with fibromyalgia (FM) along with the Hebrew
versions of the Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire (FIQ) and the Quality of
Life (QOL) Scale. All subjects were asked about the presence and severity
(assessed by visual analog scale) of FM symptoms (pain, fatigue, anxiety,
etc.); a count of 18 tender points was conducted by thumb palpation, and
tenderness thresholds were measured by dolorimetry. Test-retest reliability
was assessed by Pearson correlation coefficients, and internal consistency
was evaluated with Cronbach's alpha coefficient of reliability. Construct
validity was tested by correlating the AIMS2 items with measures of symptom
severity, count of tender points, tenderness thresholds, physical
functioning measured by FIQ, and with a score of QOL. RESULTS: Test- retest
reliability coefficients ranged from 0.84 to 0.99, and Cronbach's alpha
coefficients from 0.74 to 0.93. Significant moderate to high correlations
were obtained between the AIMS2 subscales (except self-care) and measures of
physical functioning, quality of life, severity of FM symptoms, and number
of tender points. CONCLUSION: The AIMS2 is a reliable and valid instrument
for measuring health status and physical functioning in Israeli women with
FM
(406) Bellometti S,
Galzigna L. Function of the hypothalamic adrenal axis in patients with
fibromyalgia syndrome undergoing mud-pack treatment. Int J Clin Pharmacol
Res 1999; 19(1):27-33.
Abstract: Fibromyalgia (FM) is a nonarticular rheumatological syndrome
associated with diverse clinical and psychological features. One of the
major complaints in FM is reduced pain tolerance, especially in tender
points (TP) for which patients derive significant benefit from nonsteroidal
antiinflammatory drugs or corticosteroids. Patients with FM also have
altered reactivity of the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis where
the predominant feature is reduced containment of the stress response system
through diminished adrenocortical output and feedback resistance. Our
results show that mud packs together with antidepressant treatment are able
to influence the HPA axis, stimulating increased levels of
adrenocorticotropic hormone, cortisol and beta-endorphin serum levels. The
discharge of corticoids in the blood and the increase in beta-endorphin
serum levels are followed by a reduction in pain symptoms, which is closely
related to an improvement in disability, depression and quality of life. It
seems that the synergic association between a pharmacological treatment (trazodone)
and mud packs acts by helping the physiological responses to achieve
homeostasis and to rebalance the stress response system. To clarify and
optimize the effectiveness of this synergic association, studies involving a
larger number of FM patients and a different pharmacological treatment are
needed
(407) Mannerkorpi K,
Kroksmark T, Ekdahl C. How patients with fibromyalgia experience their
symptoms in everyday life. Physiother Res Int 1999; 4(2 ):110-122.
Abstract: BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS) is
characterized by diffuse widespread pain and fatigue. The purpose of this
study was to search for a deeper knowledge of the way patients with FMS
experience their symptoms in everyday life. METHOD: Qualitative interviews,
applying the phenomenological method, were used. The respondents were
interviewed twice and asked to describe a typical day. Eleven Swedish women,
aged 24-54 years, fulfilling the ACR criteria for FMS participated in the
study. The duration of pain ranged from three to 20 years. Three patients
worked full-time, six worked part-time and two did not work outside the
home. RESULTS: The effect of perceived symptoms on everyday life was
considerable. Four different patterns of perceiving and managing symptoms
were identified: Struggling: respondents who perceived that they managed
their everyday life by mobilizing their physical and psychological strength
to fight their pain and fatigue; Adapting: respondents who perceived that
they managed their everyday life by planning their activities on the basis
of their assumptions of limitations; In despair: respondents who were in
despair as they could no longer cope with their pain and life situation;
Giving up: respondents who had given up many activities of everyday life and
felt that their symptoms dominated their life. CONCLUSIONS: The study
illuminates qualitative differences in FMS patients' experience and
management of their symptoms in their everyday life. These differences ought
to be considered when planning physiotherapy treatment
(408) Han SS.
[Effects of a self-help program including stretching exercise on symptom
reduction in patients with fibromyalgia]. Taehan Kanho 1998; 37(1):78-80.
(409) Rocca PV.
Fibromyalgia: how disabling? Del Med J 1999; 71(6):263-265.
(410) Koenig C,
Stevermer J. Acupuncture in the treatment of fibromyalgia. J Fam Pract 1999;
48(7):497.
(411) Gerster JC.
[Fibromyalgia. Past and present]. Rev Med Suisse Romande 1999;
119(6):513-516.
(412) Neeck G,
Riedel W. Hormonal pertubations in fibromyalgia syndrome. Ann N Y Acad Sci
1999; 876:325-338.
Abstract: The symptomatology characterizing fibromyalgia (FM) comprises
three systems: the musculoskeletal system with widespread muscular pain,
neuroendocrine disorders, and psychological distress including depression.
Though the most prominent symptom of FM is pain in defined points of the
musculoskeletal system, the numerous other somatoform and psychological
disorders suppose a common primary disturbance which we consider to
originate within higher levels of the central nervous system. Recent studies
of the entire endocrine profile of FM patients following a simultaneous
challenge of the hypophysis with corticotropin- releasing hormone (CRH),
thyrotropin-releasing hormone, growth hormone- releasing hormone, and
luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone support the hypothesis that an
elevated activity of CRH neurons determines not only many symptoms of FM but
may also cause the deviations observed in the other hormonal axes.
Hypothalamic CRH neurons thus may play a key role not only in "resetting"
the various endocrine loops but possibly also nociceptive and psychological
mechanisms as well
(413) Lopez-Osa A,
Jimenez-Alonso J, Garcia-Sanchez A, Sanchez-Tapia C, Perez M, Peralta MI et
al. Fibromyalgia in Spanish patients with systemic lupus erythematosus.
Lupus 1999; 8 (4):332-333.
(414) Wolfe F,
Hawley DJ. Evidence of disordered symptom appraisal in fibromyalgia:
increased rates of reported comorbidity and comorbidity severity. Clin Exp
Rheumatol 1999; 17( 3):297-303.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: Using a large series of unselected consecutive
patients, to investigate whether patients with fibromyalgia differ from
those with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) or osteoarthritis (OA) in the number of
reported comorbid conditions and in their perceived importance, and thereby
to investigate differences in symptom appraisal and somatization. METHOD: In
a clinical care setting, 1,298 patients with fibromyalgia and 2,396 with RA
or OA participating in longitudinal data bank research as part of their
routine medical care completed questionnaires concerning the presence or
absence of 23 comorbid conditions, and then rated the current importance of
each condition to them. Additional information concerning psychological
factors and disease severity was also obtained. RESULTS: In analyses
adjusted for age and sex, patients with fibromyalgia reported more
conditions (4.5 vs. 3.1) than those with RA or OA. In 17 of 23 conditions,
the condition was more commonly reported in fibromyalgia than in RA or OA.
In 20 of the 23 conditions, the importance attached to the conditions by
fibromyalgia patients exceeded that of the importance attributed by RA/OA
patients. After adjustment for anxiety, statistical differences between the
groups for importance was lost for 6 conditions. CONCLUSIONS: Fibromyalgia
patients report more medical conditions and report that they are more
important to them than do patients with RA or OA. These differences extend
to conditions that might be expected to cause symptoms, as well as to those
that are usually symptom free. These data suggest that, on average, patients
with fibromyalgia appraise medical symptoms and their importance differently
from patients with other rheumatic conditions
(415) Barton A, Pal
B, Whorwell PJ, Marshall D. Increased prevalence of sicca complex and
fibromyalgia in patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Am J Gastroenterol
1999; 94(7):1898-1901.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: As many as 70% of patients with fibromyalgia complain
of the symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), but there is a clinical
impression that IBS patients do not suffer from fibromyalgia as frequently.
The sicca complex (dry eyes and mouth) is also commonly observed in
fibromyalgia, but its prevalence in IBS has not been evaluated. Our
objective was to assess the frequency of fibromyalgia and sicca complex in
secondary care patients with IBS. METHODS: Forty- six secondary care
patients with IBS and 46 healthy controls were assessed by a rheumatologist
for the presence of fibromyalgia and objective evidence of sicca complex (Schirmer
and Rose-Bengal tests). Psychological status was also assessed (HAD
questionnaire). RESULTS: Thirteen (28%) IBS patients suffered from
fibromyalgia, compared with five (11%) controls, a difference of 17% (95%
confidence intervals [CI], 2-33%). Fifteen (33%) IBS patients versus three
(6%) controls had sicca complex, a difference of 27% (95% CI, 11-45%).
CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that the prevalence of fibromyalgia in
IBS is approximately half that of IBS in fibromyalgia. Furthermore, sicca
complex seems to be another complaint that should be added to the list of
extracolonic manifestations of IBS. Study of the overlap between functional
disorders presenting to different specialties may give new insights into the
pathophysiology of these puzzling conditions
(416) White KP,
Speechley M, Harth M, Ostbye T. The London Fibromyalgia Epidemiology Study:
comparing the demographic and clinical characteristics in 100 random
community cases of fibromyalgia versus controls. J Rheumatol 1999;
26(7):1577-1585.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To identify demographic and clinical features that
distinguish fibromyalgia (FM) from other chronic widespread pain. METHODS:
We identified 100 confirmed FM cases, 76 widespread pain controls, and 135
general controls in a random community survey of 3395 noninstitutionalized
adults living in London, Ontario. FM cases were distinguished from pain
controls using the 1990 American College of Rheumatology (ACR)
classification criteria for FM. RESULTS: The mean age of FM cases was 47.8
years (range 19 to 86), the same as for pain controls; 86% of FM cases were
female versus 67.1% of pain controls (p < 0.01). FM cases were less educated
than general controls (p = 0.03). Male and female FM cases were similar,
except females were older and reported more major symptoms (both p = 0.02).
FM cases reported more severe pain and fatigue, more symptoms, more major
symptoms, and worse overall health than pain controls or general controls.
The most commonly reported major symptoms among FM cases were
musculoskeletal pain (77.3%), fatigue (77.3%), severe fatigue lasting 24 h
after minimal activity (77.0%), nonrestorative sleep (65.7%), and insomnia
(56.0%). Subjects with 11-14 tender points were more similar to those with
15-18 tender points than to those with 7-10 points in 11 of 14 clinical
variables. On multivariate analysis, 4 symptoms distinguished FM cases from
pain controls: pain severity (p = 0.004), severe fatigue lasting 24 h after
minimal activity (p = 0.006), weakness (p = 0.008), and self-reported
swelling of neck glands (p = 0.01). CONCLUSION: In the general population,
adults who meet the ACR definition of FM appear to have distinct features
compared to those with chronic widespread pain who do not meet criteria
(417) White KP,
Speechley M, Harth M, Ostbye T. The London Fibromyalgia Epidemiology Study:
the prevalence of fibromyalgia syndrome in London, Ontario. J Rheumatol
1999; 26(7):1570-1576.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To estimate the point prevalence of fibromyalgia
syndrome (FM) among noninstitutionalized Canadian adults; and to assess the
effect of demographic variables on the odds of having FM. METHODS: A
screening questionnaire was administered via telephone to a random community
sample of 3395 noninstitutionalized adults residing in London, Ontario.
Individuals screening positive were invited to be examined by a
rheumatologist to confirm or exclude FM using the 1990 American College of
Rheumatology classification criteria. RESULTS: One hundred confirmed cases
of FM were identified, of whom 86 were women. Mean age among FM cases was
49.2 years among women, 39.3 years among men (p < 0.02). FM affects an
estimated 4.9% (95% CI 4.7%, 5.1%) of adult women and 1.6% (1.3%, 1.9%) of
adult men in London, for a female to male ratio of roughly 3 to one. In
women, prevalence rises steadily with age from < 1% in women aged 18-30 to
almost 8% in women 55-64. Thereafter, it declines. The peak prevalence in
men also appears to be in middle age (2.5%; 1.1%, 5.7%). FM affects 3.3%
(3.2%, 3.4%) of noninstitutionalized adults in London. Female sex, middle
age, less education, lower household income, being divorced, and being
disabled are associated with increased odds of having FM. CONCLUSION: FM is
a common musculoskeletal disorder among Canadian adults, especially among
women and persons of lower socioeconomic status
(418) Giovengo SL,
Russell IJ, Larson AA. Increased concentrations of nerve growth factor in
cerebrospinal fluid of patients with fibromyalgia. J Rheumatol 1999;
26(7):1564-1569.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To determine whether there is a difference in the
concentration of nerve growth factor (NGF) in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
from patients diagnosed with primary fibromyalgia syndrome (FM),
fibromyalgia associated with other secondary conditions (SFM), patients with
other painful conditions but lacking fibromyalgia (OTHER), and healthy
controls. METHODS: The clinical measures of pain threshold included the
tender point index, a measure of pain threshold intensity measured by
digital pressure, and the average pain threshold measured by dolorimetry.
Concentrations of NGF in the CSF were measured using a 2 site enzyme
immunoassay. RESULTS: The mean (+/- SEM) concentration of NGF measured in
patients with FM was significantly increased (41.8 +/- 12.7 pg/ml) compared
to controls (9.1 +/- 4.1 pg/ml), but with large variability. Concentrations
of NGF is SFM (8.9 +/- 4.4 pg/ml) and OTHER (16.2 +/- 8.4 pg/ml) were not
elevated compared to controls. CONCLUSION: The findings of increased
concentrations of NGF in patients with FM suggest a central mechanism,
involving abnormalities in neuropeptides such as NGF, may be a factor in the
pathogenesis of FM
(419) Biasi G, Badii
F, Magaldi M, Moltoni L, Marcolongo R. [A new approach to the treatment of
fibromyalgia syndrome. The use of Telo Cypro]. Minerva Med 1999;
90(1-2):39-43.
Abstract: BACKGROUND: The therapy of fibromyalgia (SF), with pharmacological
and non pharmacological treatments, is not always effective and the benefits
obtained can be unsteady or non-lasting. The aim of this study was to
evaluate the effect of a pure copper wire sheet ("Telo Cypro") used as
bedsheet, on sleep quality as well as spontaneous and provoked pain.
METHODS: The study was double-blind, with two parallel groups, versus
placebo. Forty patients with fibromyalgia were enrolled, thirty- eight
females and two males, with a mean age of 48.8 years and without any current
pharmacological treatment. RESULTS: The results obtained show how the use of
"Telo Cypro" is extremely beneficial in subjects with fibromyalgia, in
reducing painful symptomatology at the tender point level and improving
sleep quality, with a positive effect on the patients' cenesthesia at
awakening. CONCLUSIONS: In conclusion, the use of "Telo Cypro" can be a
valid help in the treatment of fibromyalgia
(420) Wolfe F.
Determinants of WOMAC function, pain and stiffness scores: evidence for the
role of low back pain, symptom counts, fatigue and depression in
osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis and fibromyalgia. Rheumatology (Oxford)
1999; 38(4):355-361.
Abstract: OBJECTIVES: The Western Ontario MacMaster (WOMAC) is a validated
instrument designed specifically for the assessment of lower extremity pain
and function in osteoarthritis (OA) of the knee or hip. In the clinic,
however, we have noted that OA patients frequently have other
musculoskeletal and non-musculoskeletal problems that might contribute to
the total level of pain and functional abnormality that is measured by the
WOMAC. In this report, we investigated back pain and non- articular factors
that might explain WOMAC scores in patients with OA, rheumatoid arthritis
(RA) and fibromyalgia (FM) in order to understand the specificity of this
instrument. METHODS: RA, OA and FM patients participating in long-term
outcomes studies completed the WOMAC and were assessed for low back pain,
fatigue, depression and rheumatic disease symptoms by mailed questionnaires.
RESULTS: Regardless of diagnosis, WOMAC functional and pain scores were very
much higher (abnormal) among those complaining of back pain. On average,
WOMAC scores for back pain (+) patients exceeded those of back pain (-)
patients by approximately 65%,, and 52% of OA patients reported back pain.
In regression analyses, study symptom variables explained 42, 44 and 38% of
the variance in WOMAC function, pain and stiffness scores, respectively. In
the subset of OA patients, radiographic scores added little to the explained
variance. The strongest predictor of WOMAC abnormality in bivariate and
multivariate analyses was the fatigue score, with correlations of 0.58, 0.60
and 0.53 with WOMAC function, pain and stiffness, respectively. The WOMAC
performed well in RA and FM, and correlated strongly with the Health
Assessment Questionnaire (HAQ) disability scale and a visual analogue scale
(VAS) pain scale. CONCLUSION: The WOMAC captures more than just knee or hip
pain and dysfunction, and is clearly influenced by the presence of fatigue,
symptom counts, depression and low back pain. WOMAC scores also appear to
reflect psychological and constitutional status. These observations suggest
the need for care in interpreting WOMAC scores as just a measure of
function, pain or stiffness, and indicate the considerable importance of
psychological factors in rheumatic disease and rheumatic disease assessments
(421) Alvarez LB,
Alonso Valdivielso JL, Alegre LJ. [Pathophysiology of pain in fibromyalgia
syndrome: on the threshold of its understanding]. Med Clin (Barc ) 1999; 112
(16):621-630.
(422) Agargun MY,
Tekeoglu I, Gunes A, Adak B, Kara H, Ercan M. Sleep quality and pain
threshold in patients with fibromyalgia. Compr Psychiatry 1999;
40(3):226-228.
Abstract: The purpose of the study was to examine the association between
the subjective sleep quality and pain threshold in fibromyalgia. Sixteen
patients with fibromyalgia were included in the study. The pain threshold
was determined using a manual algometer. The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index
(PSQI) was used to assess sleep quality. The pain threshold was negatively
correlated with the scores for subjective sleep quality, habitual sleep
efficiency, and sleep disturbance and the PSQI global score. We conclude
that there is a negative correlation between pain and sleep disturbance:
increased pain sensitivity is associated with greater sleep disturbance
(423) Forseth KO,
Forre O, Gran JT. A 5.5 year prospective study of self-reported
musculoskeletal pain and of fibromyalgia in a female population:
significance and natural history. Clin Rheumatol 1999; 18(2):114-121.
Abstract: In order to investigate the significance and outcome of
self-reported pain and fibromyalgia (FM) in a female population, 214 women
with initially self-reported pain were interviewed and examined in 1990 and
1995. In 1990 the sample was categorised into four pain status groups: 46
individuals (21%) with nonchronic (recurrent) pain, 69 (32%) with chronic
regional pain 42 (20%) with chronic multifocal pain and 57 with chronic
widespread pain (CWP). The last group comprised 39 (18%) women with FM,
fulfilling the American College of Rheumatology 1990 criteria. The frequency
of tender points, associated symptoms called historical variables and
individuals with low education increased statistically significantly with
increasing pain status. In 1995, 48 women had non- chronic pain (23%), 46
(21%) chronic regional pain, 39 (18%) chronic multifocal pain and 81 (38%)
CWP; of these, 71 (33%) had FM. Eleven of the 39 women initially with FM no
longer fulfilled the criteria. The risk of developing CWP among the 157
individuals with initially a lower pain status was statistically higher in
women with chronic multifocal pain than in women with less pain extension.
Self-reported pain constitutes a continuum of pain severity and thus of
clinical and social significance. The overall outcome was poor with an
increase of individuals with CWP and FM. The prognosis of chronic multifocal
pain, CWP and FM was especially poor. About half of the women with non-
chronic pain or chronic regional pain did not deteriorate. However, because
the process of developing FM started with localised pain in most cases,
self-reported pain of any severity confers a risk for developing FM.
Identifying possible risk factors for FM are at present under study and will
be presented separately in another report
(424) Ammer K,
Melnizky P. [Medicinal baths for treatment of generalized fibromyalgia].
Forsch Komplementarmed 1999; 6(2):80-85.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: We studied whether whirl baths with plain water or with
water containing pine oil or valerian have a different influence on pain,
disturbed sleep or tender point count. METHODS: A randomized, comparative
and investigator-blinded study was performed. Out-patients with generalized
fibromyalgia were randomized into three treatment groups. INTERVENTIONS:
Therapy consisted of either whirl bath with plain water or with the addition
of pine oil or valerian. The baths were carried out 10 times, three times a
week. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: General pain, change of pain intensity during
the day, general well- being and occurrence of disturbed sleep were recorded
before and after the therapy. The number of tender points was assessed by
digital palpation, the pain threshold on the shinbone and the middle part of
the deltoid muscle was measured by the dolorimeter of A. Fischer. The same
instrument was used for recording pain threshold and pain tolerance of both
trapezius muscles. The tissue compliance of these muscles was measured as
well. RESULTS: 30 out of 39 patients included in the study were evaluated
statistically. After treatment with valerian bath (n = 12) well-being and
sleep were significantly improved and also the tender point count decreased
significantly. Pine oil added to the bath water (n = 7) resulted in a
significant improvement of well- being, but unfortunately also in a
significant decrease of pain threshold of the shinbone and the right deltoid
muscle. Whirl bath in plain water (n = 11) reduced general and maximum pain
intensity significantly. CONCLUSIONS: Our cautious conclusion of this study
is - with respect to the small number of treated patients - that different
effects of whirl baths with or without medicinal bath oils can be detected
in fibromyalgia patients. Plain water baths modify the pain intensity,
medicinal baths improve well-being and sleep
(425) Kulig JW.
Chronic Fatigue Syndrome and Fibromyalgia in Adolescence. Adolesc Med 1991;
2(3):473-484.
Abstract: A complaint of persistent, debilitating fatigue in an adolescent,
accompanied by symptoms that meet the recently adopted criteria for chronic
fatigue syndrome (CFS), presents a difficult challenge for the clinician.
This article describes the diagnostic criteria for CFS and fibromyalgia, and
discusses the epidemiology, etiology, and management of these conditions
(426) Ang D, Wilke
WS. Diagnosis, etiology, and therapy of fibromyalgia. Compr Ther 1999;
25(4):221-227.
Abstract: Fibromyalgia is characterized by diffuse pain, multiple tender
points, fatigue, and sleep disturbance. Its frequent concurrence with
rheumatic diseases modifies the clinical picture of the "primary" disease.
This article reviews new information about the etiopathogenesis and
treatment of this syndrome
(427) Maes M,
Libbrecht I, van Hunsel F, Lin AH, De Clerck L, Stevens W et al. The
immune-inflammatory pathophysiology of fibromyalgia: increased serum soluble
gp130, the common signal transducer protein of various neurotrophic
cytokines. Psychoneuroendocrinology 1999; 24(4):371-383.
Abstract: Fibromyalgia is a chronic, painful musculoskeletal disorder
characterized by widespread pain, pressure hyperalgesia, morning stiffness
and by an increased incidence of depressive symptoms. The etiology, however,
has remained elusive. The aim of the present study was to examine the
inflammatory response system (IRS) in fibromyalgia. Serum interleukin-6
(IL-6), soluble IL-6 receptor (sIL-6R), sgp130, sIL- 1R antagonist (IL-1RA)
and sCD8 were determined in 33 healthy volunteers and in 21 fibromyalgia
patients, classified according to the American College of Rheumatology
criteria. Severity of illness was measured with several pain scales,
dolorimetry and the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS). Serum sgp130
was significantly higher and serum sCD8 significantly lower in fibromyalgia
patients than in healthy volunteers. Serum sIL-6R and sIL-1RA were
significantly higher in fibromyalgia patients with an increased HDRS score
(> or = 16) than in normal volunteers and fibromyalgia patients with a HDRS
score < 16. In fibromyalgia patients, an important part of the variance in
sCD8 (50.3%) and IL-1RA (19.3%) could be explained by the HDRS score; 74.3%
of the variance in sIL-6R was explained by the combined effects of pain
symptoms and the HDRS score; and 25.9% of the variance in serum sgp130 was
explained by stiffness. The results support the contention that pain and
stiffness in fibromyalgia may be accompanied by a suppression of some
aspects of the IRS and that the presence of clinically significant
depressive symptoms in fibromyalgia is associated with some signs of IRS
activation
(428) Reilly PA. How
should we manage fibromyalgia? Ann Rheum Dis 1999; 58(6):325-326.
(429) Adler GK,
Kinsley BT, Hurwitz S, Mossey CJ, Goldenberg DL. Reduced
hypothalamic-pituitary and sympathoadrenal responses to hypoglycemia in
women with fibromyalgia syndrome. Am J Med 1999; 106(5):534-543.
Abstract: PURPOSE: To perform a detailed comparison of the
hypothalamic-pituitary- adrenal axis and the sympathoadrenal system in women
with and without fibromyalgia. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Fifteen premenopausal
women who met the 1990 American College of Rheumatology criteria for the
diagnosis of fibromyalgia and 13 healthy, premenopausal women were enrolled.
We measured baseline 24-hour urinary free cortisol levels and evening and
morning adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and cortisol levels, performed
stepped hypoglycemic hyperinsulinemic clamp studies in which serum glucose
levels were decreased from 5.0 to 2.2 mmol/L, and compared the effects of
infusions of placebo and ACTH. RESULTS: Women with fibromyalgia had normal
24-hour urinary free cortisol levels and normal diurnal patterns of ACTH and
cortisol. There was a significant, approximately 30%, reduction in the ACTH
and epinephrine responses to hypoglycemia in women with fibromyalgia
compared with controls. Prolactin, norepinephrine, cortisol, and
dehydroepiandrosterone responses to hypoglycemia were similar in the two
study groups. In subjects with fibromyalgia, the epinephrine response to
hypoglycemia correlated (P = 0.01) inversely with overall health status as
measured by the fibromyalgia impact questionnaire. Graded ACTH infusion
revealed similar increases in cortisol in women with fibromyalgia and
healthy controls. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with fibromyalgia have an impaired
ability to activate the hypothalamic-pituitary portion of the
hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis as well as the sympathoadrenal system,
leading to reduced ACTH and epinephrine responses to hypoglycemia
(430) Wolfe F.
"Silicone related symptoms" are common in patients with fibromyalgia: no
evidence for a new disease. J Rheumatol 1999; 26(5):1172-1175.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To ascertain if the symptom content and rate of
symptoms in patients with fibromyalgia (FM) are similar to those in what has
been called silicone implant associated syndrome (SIAS), and to determine if
SIAS is indeed a new disease or whether it is largely recognizable as FM.
METHODS: Mailed survey to 901 patients in Wichita, KS, Portland, OR, Los
Angeles, CA, Peoria, IL, Boston, MA, San Antonio, TX, and eastern Kansas who
were participating in a longterm outcome study of FM. Laboratory data were
available from Wichita patients. RESULTS: Content of symptoms was similar to
that in SIAS, and rates were generally as high or higher in patients with FM
than in SIAS. In patients with FM, 37.2% had all of the following 5 items:
arthralgias, myalgias, sicca complex, atypical rash, and symptoms of a
peripheral neuropathy; and 55.2% had 4 of the 5 items. CONCLUSION: These
data do not suggest that SIAS is an unrecognized new disease, but suggest
the opposite, that such symptoms are well known and previously recognized,
and are common among those with musculoskeletal complaints and those seen in
rheumatology clinics
(431) Buskila D,
Odes LR, Neumann L, Odes HS. Fibromyalgia in inflammatory bowel disease. J
Rheumatol 1999; 26(5):1167-1171.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: Studies of the rheumatological complications of
inflammatory bowel disease (IBD; Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis)
have focused on peripheral arthritis and spondylitis, and less is known
about soft tissue rheumatism, specifically the fibromyalgia syndrome (FM).
Our aim was to estimate the prevalence of FM and assess pain thresholds in
patients with Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC). METHODS:
Seventy-two patients with UC and 41 with CD attending consecutively at the
Gastroenterology Outpatient Clinic were assessed for the presence of FM and
tenderness thresholds. FM was diagnosed according to the American College of
Rheumatology 1990 criteria. Tenderness was measured by manual palpation and
with a dolorimeter. One hundred twenty healthy subjects served as controls.
RESULTS: FM was documented in 30 of 113 patients with IBD (30%),
specifically in 49% of patients with CD and 19% with UC (p = 0.001); in
controls the rate was 0%. Subjects with CD exhibited more tenderness and
reported more frequent and more severe FM associated symptoms than subjects
with UC. Patients with CD had a higher tender point count, 11.3 (+/- 6.5),
than those with UC, 6.4 (+/- 5.7) (p = 0.001); in healthy controls, the
count was 0.1 (+/- 0.5). Tenderness thresholds (kg) were lower in CD 2.9
(+/- 1.7) than UC 3.9 (+/- 2.0) (p = 0.005) and controls 5.8 (+/- 0.9).
CONCLUSION: FM is common in IBD, particularly Crohn's disease. The lower
pain threshold in Crohn's disease may suggest a disease- specific effect.
Recognizing FM in patients with IBD will prevent misdiagnosis and ensure
correct treatment
(432) Buskila D.
Fibromyalgia, chronic fatigue syndrome, and myofascial pain syndrome. Curr
Opin Rheumatol 1999; 11(2):119-126.
Abstract: Fibromyalgia was almost completely absent from an urban affluent
population compared with poor urban and rural communities. Seventeen percent
of Gulf War veterans with soft tissue syndromes had fibromyalgia, a much
higher rate than was seen in previous studies of rheumatic disease in the
military population. A state of central hyperexcitability in the nociceptive
system was reported in fibromyalgia. Altered functioning of the
stress-response system has been further documented in fibromyalgia and
chronic fatigue syndrome. Administration of growth hormone to patients with
fibromyalgia who have low levels of insulin-like growth factor 1 resulted in
improvement in their symptoms and tenderness. An association between chronic
fatigue syndrome and initial infections was demonstrated. A correlation
between particular immunologic abnormalities and measures of disease
severity was documented in chronic fatigue syndrome. Concomitant
fibromyalgia in other rheumatic diseases was a major contributor to poor
quality of life. A favorable outcome of fibromyalgia in children was
reported; the majority of patients improved over 2 to 3 years of follow-up.
Treatment of patients with fibromyalgia continues to be of limited success
(433) Sperber AD,
Carmel S, Atzmon Y, Weisberg I, Shalit Y, Neumann L et al. The sense of
coherence index and the irritable bowel syndrome. A cross- sectional
comparison among irritable bowel syndrome patients with and without
coexisting fibromyalgia, irritable bowel syndrome non-patients, and
controls. Scand J Gastroenterol 1999; 34(3):259-263.
Abstract: BACKGROUND: Sense of Coherence (SOC) is a global orientation that
affects coping with stressors. A strong SOC is associated with better health
outcomes. The purpose of this study was to evaluate SOC among patients with
irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and matched controls. METHODS: Seventy-nine
IBS patients and 72 matched controls completed questionnaires and were
tested for fibromyalgia (FS). The controls were subdivided into healthy
controls (n = 49) or IBS non-patients (n = 23), and the patients into IBS
only (n = 54) or IBS and FS (n = 25). RESULTS: The mean SOC score was higher
for the controls than for the IBS patients (65.7+/-1.2 and 59.6+/-1.1,
respectively; P = 0.003). There was no significant difference between the
healthy controls and the IBS non-patients. The controls had a higher SOC
than patients with IBS only and patients with IBS and FS (P = 0.0004).
CONCLUSIONS: An association was found between IBS and SOC. No causality can
be inferred from this study. Individuals with low SOC may be more likely to
express symptoms in terms of psychologic distress and increased health care
utilization because of poor coping skills. Conversely, the presence of IBS
may affect SOC negatively. Further longitudinal studies could clarify the
potential of SOC as a predictor variable (for example, for treatment
results) or an outcome variable
(434) Hellstrom O,
Bullington J, Karlsson G, Lindqvist P, Mattsson B. A phenomenological study
of fibromyalgia. Patient perspectives. Scand J Prim Health Care 1999;
17(1):11-16.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To describe the way in which the fibromyalgia patients
understand the meaning of their illness. DESIGN: Qualitative, empirical
phenomenological psychological method. SETTING: A collaborative
transdisciplinary interview study of patients' described experiences of
living with fibromyalgia. No therapeutic relationships existed between
patients and researchers. SUBJECTS: Eighteen patients with fibromyalgia were
interviewed. Ten of the 18 taped interviews were transcribed and analysed.
MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Patients' narratives, described experiences of living
with fibromyalgia. RESULTS: The patients were intensively involved in
efforts to get their self-images as ill persons confirmed. Their experience
was that the disease started dramatically, with a variety of capriciously
appearing symptoms of unknown cause that gave rise to the suffering. The
fibromyalgia patients seemed to develop strategies to cope with a precarious
self-image and find ways to manage the thought of what the future would
bring. CONCLUSION: The meaning structures revealed in the patients' ways of
describing their experiences of living with fibromyalgia seemed to be
partially constituted by their efforts to stand forth as afflicted with a
disease, which could be a way to help them to manage the demands that they
placed upon themselves
(435) White KP,
Speechley M, Harth M, Ostbye T. The London Fibromyalgia Epidemiology Study:
direct health care costs of fibromyalgia syndrome in London, Canada. J
Rheumatol 1999; 26(4):885-889.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To estimate direct health care costs associated with
fibromyalgia (FM) within a representative community sample. METHODS: A
random sample of 3395 noninstitutionalized adults was screened for
widespread pain. Individuals screening positive were examined for FM. Direct
health care costs were compared among those with confirmed FM (FM cases,
FC), those with widespread pain not having FM (pain controls, PC), controls
without widespread pain (general controls, GC), and a random sample of age,
sex and geographically matched controls from the Ontario Health Insurance
Plan database (OHIP controls, OC). RESULTS: One hundred FC (86 women) were
compared to 76 PC subjects, 135 GC, and 380 OC. FC used more medications and
outpatient health services than PC subjects, and about twice the health
services at twice the cost compared to GC and OC. The mean difference in
direct costs for health services between FC and OC was $493 Cdn annually
(p<0.001). CONCLUSION: FM has a major effect on direct health care costs
(436) White KP,
Harth M, Speechley M, Ostbye T. Testing an instrument to screen for
fibromyalgia syndrome in general population studies: the London Fibromyalgia
Epidemiology Study Screening Questionnaire. J Rheumatol 1999; 26
(4):880-884.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To develop and test an instrument to screen for
fibromyalgia syndrome (FM) in general population surveys. METHODS: We
designed a questionnaire with 4 pain and 2 fatigue items. A positive screen
was defined 2 ways: (1) positive responses to all 4 items on pain, and (2)
positive responses to all pain and fatigue items. Sensitivity was tested in
the clinic on 31 outpatients with FM, specificity on 30 outpatients with
rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and 30 healthy controls. Test-retest reliability (TRR)
was estimated in a community survey of 672 noninstitutionalized adults.
Positive predictive value (PPV) was estimated as part of a community survey
of 3395 noninstitutionalized adults, in which 100 cases of FM were confirmed
by examination. RESULTS: For pain criteria alone sensitivity was 100% (95%
confidence intervals 90.3%, 100%); in patients with RA specificity was 53.3%
(35.4%, 71.2%). For the pain plus fatigue criteria, sensitivity was 93.5%
(83.8%, 100%), and specificity in patients with RA 80% (65.7%, 94.3%). In
nonpatient controls, specificity was 100% (89.3%, 100%) using either
definition of a positive screen. For those initially screening negative, TRR
was 100% (93.2%, 100%) using either definition. For positive screens, TRR
was 95.0% (88.8%, 100%) for the pain criteria alone, and 81.0% (69.1%,
92.8%) for the combined criteria. PPV was 56.8% (53.0%, 60.6%) using the
pain criteria alone, and 70.6% (CI 55.3%, 85.9%) using the combined
criteria. CONCLUSION: The instrument appears to be useful in screening for
FM in general population surveys of noninstitutionalized adults.
Confirmation of FM among those who screen positive requires a personal
interview to reestablish pain duration and distribution, and an examination
for tender points
(437) Bennett RM.
Emerging concepts in the neurobiology of chronic pain: evidence of abnormal
sensory processing in fibromyalgia. Mayo Clin Proc 1999; 74(4):385-398.
Abstract: Chronic pain often differs from acute pain. The correlation
between tissue pathology and the perceived severity of the chronic pain
experience is poor or even absent. Furthermore, the sharp spatial
localization of acute pain is not a feature of chronic pain; chronic pain is
more diffuse and often spreads to areas beyond the original site. Of
importance, chronic pain seldom responds to the therapeutic measures that
are successful in treating acute pain. Physicians who are unaware of these
differences may label the patient with chronic pain as being neurotic or
even a malingerer. During the past decade, an exponential growth has
occurred in the scientific underpinnings of chronic pain states. In
particular, the concept of nonnociceptive pain has been refined at a
physiologic, structural, and molecular level. This review focuses on this
new body of knowledge, with particular reference to the chronic pain state
termed "fibromyalgia."
(438) Goldenberg DL.
Fibromyalgia syndrome a decade later: what have we learned? Arch Intern Med
1999; 159(8):777-785.
Abstract: Despite substantial interest and investigation during the past 10
years, fibromyalgia continues to provoke many controversies. The major
issues discussed in this review include the diagnostic utility of
fibromyalgia, psychiatric and central nervous system factors, therapy and
outcome, and compensation and disability. It is important to recognize the
psychosocial factors that distinguish patients with fibromyalgia from
persons in the community who meet criteria for the syndrome but who do not
seek medical care. Such factors may be among the most important in long-term
treatment
(439) Rea T, Russo
J, Katon W, Ashley RL, Buchwald D. A prospective study of tender points and
fibromyalgia during and after an acute viral infection. Arch Intern Med
1999; 159(8 ):865-870.
Abstract: BACKGROUND: Tender points (TPs) and fibromyalgia (FM) may be
precipitated by infections, but the frequency, associated characteristics,
and predictors of these outcomes are unknown. OBJECTIVES: To determine if
acute infectious mononucleosis (AIM) is associated with the development of
TPs or FM acutely or during the subsequent 6 months; if demographic,
clinical, or psychosocial features predict TPs or FM; and if TPs or FM
correlate with nonrecovery. METHODS: A total of 150 subjects diagnosed as
having AIM were assessed with physical examinations (including palpation of
18 TPs), laboratory tests, and measures of psychosocial and somatic
functioning at enrollment and at 2 and 6 months. Subjects also completed a
structured psychiatric interview at the initial evaluation. RESULTS: At
presentation and at 2 and 6 months, the mean TP counts were 7.5, 4.6, and
3.0, respectively; at these time points, 19%, 3%, and 1% of subjects also
met modified criteria for FM. Tender points and degree of pain diminished
over time following AIM. Acutely, TPs were associated only with higher
temperature (P<.001). Baseline features that predicted more TPs at 2 and 6
months were female sex, older age, less family social support, and more TPs
at presentation. Neither initial laboratory tests nor psychiatric disease or
distress predicted TPs. Differences between those who had and had not
recovered at 6 months were found for the mean number of TPs (P<.008), the
proportion of subjects with 11 or more TPs (P<.002), and the degree of pain.
CONCLUSIONS: Tender points are a common, transient finding associated with
AIM, but FM is an unusual long-term outcome. Demographic, social, and
physical examination features predicted TPs
(440) Ferrari R,
Kwan O. Fibromyalgia and physical and emotional trauma: how are they
related? Comment on the article by Aaron et al. Arthritis Rheum 1999;
42(4):828-830.
(441) Proceedings of
the International Fibromyalgia Conference. Bad Nauheim, Germany, October
1997. Z Rheumatol 1998; 57 Suppl 2:V-108.
(442) Neeck G. From
the fibromyalgia challenge toward a new bio-psycho-social model of rheumatic
diseases. Z Rheumatol 1998; 57 Suppl 2:A13-A16.
(443) Quintner JL,
Cohen ML. Fibromyalgia falls foul of a fallacy. Lancet 1999;
353(9158):1092-1094.
(444) Ozgocmen S,
Ardicoglu O. Reduced chest expansion in primary fibromyalgia syndrome.
Yonsei Med J 1999; 40(1):90-91.
(445) Worz R.
[Fibromyalgia--a current challenge. Considerations for insurance and social
security dimensions]. Fortschr Med 1999; 117(5):37.
(446) Keitel W.
[Fibromyalgia syndrome--out of control?]. Fortschr Med 1999; 117(5):32-36.
Abstract: On account of the very rapid increase in the number of cases and
the resulting growing demands on medical resources, the fibromyalgia
syndrome now poses a serious challenge to the health service. The diagnostic
work-up of the clinical entity is fraught with problems and still leaves
open a wide range of differential diagnostic possibilities,. Despite a
wealth of pathological findings in the areas of pain physiology, the
neuroendocrine system and sleep behaviour, the pathogenesis remains
speculative. Accurate assessments of function in those affected are not
possible, and evaluations of impaired performance only to a limited degree.
The confusing multiplicity of therapeutic approaches, and the results of
long-term studies of the natural history of the condition reflect the very
limited efficacy of currently available treatment strategies
(447) Hantzschel H,
Boche K. [Fibromyalgia syndrome]. Fortschr Med 1999; 117(5):26-1.
(448) Mikkelsson M.
One year outcome of preadolescents with fibromyalgia. J Rheumatol 1999;
26(3):674-682.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: Twenty-two children with fibromyalgia (FM), found in a
population based study of 1756 Finnish preadolescents, were prospectively
and blindly followed for one year to investigate their physical and
psychological background factors and to determine the one year persistence
of FM. METHODS: The American College of Rheumatology 1990 criteria for FM
were used. Widespread pain was determined with a structured, pretested pain
questionnaire, including items on disability both at baseline and at
followup. At baseline, hypermobility was tested with Beighton's method and
aerobic capacity with a 20 m shuttle run test, and psychological data were
collected using the Children's Depression Inventory (CDI), a sleep
questionnaire, and the Child Behavior Checklist and Teacher's Report Form.
At followup, evaluations with the CDI and sleep questionnaire were repeated.
RESULTS: At baseline, the prevalence of FM was 1.3% (95% CI 0.8 to 1.9). At
followup, 16/22 (73%) children were available for evaluation; 4 (25%) had
persistent FM. Children with FM had low pain thresholds. Only one of 19
children had hypermobility. Those with persistent FM had persistent
subjective disability. Depressive symptoms diminished, but there was still
comorbidity of pain and depressive symptoms at followup. CONCLUSION: This
study supports a previous one, in which FM in children had a good outcome.
However, fluctuation of pain symptoms in children might partly explain the
outcome. Children with persistent FM showed persistent disability with a
number of distress symptoms
(449) Wigley R. Can
fibromyalgia be separated from regional pain syndrome affecting the arm? J
Rheumatol 1999; 26(3):515-516.
(450) ter Borg EJ,
Gerards-Rociu E, Haanen HC, Westers P. High frequency of hysterectomies and
appendectomies in fibromyalgia compared with rheumatoid arthritis: a pilot
study. Clin Rheumatol 1999; 18(1):1-3.
Abstract: We investigated, in retrospect, if there were differences in the
frequency and types of abdominal surgery between newly diagnosed female
fibromyalgia (n = 80) and rheumatoid arthritis (n = 47) patients performed
before the formal diagnosis. There was no difference in the total number of
abdominal operations between both groups. In the rheumatoid arthritis group
more cholecystectomies (p = 0.01) were performed, probably due to the older
age of these patients (58.5 vs 48.5 years). However, in the fibromyalgia
group there were more hysterectomies (p = 0.04) and appendectomies (p =
0.05) than in the rheumatoid arthritis group
(451) Grafe A,
Wollina U, Tebbe B, Sprott H, Uhlemann C, Hein G. Fibromyalgia in lupus
erythematosus. Acta Derm Venereol 1999; 79(1):62-64.
Abstract: Fibromyalgia has been reported to occur with high prevalence in
systemic lupus erythematosus. Data on fibromyalgia in other subsets of lupus
erythematosus are not available. Risk factors for fibromyalgia have not been
defined. We investigated 60 patients with different subsets of lupus
erythematosus for the presence of fibromyalgia, association with clinical
and laboratory parameters and disease activity. Our data were compared with
the multicentre lupus erythematosus registry at the Free University of
Berlin. Ten out of 60 patients with more than 11 tender points and
widespread pain for more than 3 months were classified as positive for
fibromyalgia. All of them were female. Fibromyalgia-positive patients
suffered significantly more often from headache, morning stiffness, diffuse
alopecia, muscle pain, arthralgia, renal involvement, and disclosed
peripheral blood cell cytopenia, rheumatoid factor, hypergammaglobulinaemia
and intake of corticosteroids and azathioprine. Fibromyalgia was more
frequent in systemic lupus than in other lupus subsets. Evaluation of
fibromyalgia symptoms and lupus disease activity was performed in 30
patients in a 1- year (range 9-13 months) follow-up. These 30 patients
consisted of 9 fibromyalgia-positive and 21 fibromyalgia-negative patients.
Both groups were characterized by stable clinical features such as number of
tender points and ECLAM index. Fibromyalgia did not show a correlation with
lupus activity. We suggest that fibromyalgia and lupus erythematosus are
distinct complaints. Patients with lupus are at risk of developing secondary
fibromyalgia. The clinical features of fibromyalgia-positive patients may
contribute to misinterpretation of lupus activity
(452) Berman BM,
Ezzo J, Hadhazy V, Swyers JP. Is acupuncture effective in the treatment of
fibromyalgia? J Fam Pract 1999; 48(3):213-218.
Abstract: BACKGROUND: We conducted this study to assess the effectiveness of
acupuncture in the treatment of fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS), report any
adverse effects, and generate hypotheses for future investigation. METHODS:
We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, Manual Therapy Information System, the Cochrane
registry, the University of Maryland Complementary and Alternative Medicine
in Pain, the Centralized Information Service for Complementary Medicine, and
the National Institutes of Health Office of Alternative Medicine databases
for the key words "acupuncture" and "fibromyalgia." Conference abstracts,
citation lists, and letters supplemented the search. We selected all
randomized or quasi-randomized controlled trials, or cohort studies of
patients with FMS who were treated with acupuncture. Methodologic quality,
sample characteristics, type of acupuncture treatment, and outcomes were
extracted. Statistical pooling was not performed because of the differences
in control groups. RESULTS: Seven studies (3 randomized controlled trials
and 4 cohort studies) were included; only one was of high methodologic
quality. The high-quality study suggests that real acupuncture is more
effective than sham acupuncture for relieving pain, increasing pain
thresholds, improving global ratings, and reducing morning stiffness of FMS,
but the duration of benefit following the acupuncture treatment series is
not known. Some patients report no benefit, and a few report an exacerbation
of FMS-related pain. Lower- quality studies were consistent with these
findings. Booster doses of acupuncture to maintain benefit once regular
treatments have stopped have been described anecdotally but not investigated
in controlled trials. CONCLUSIONS: The limited amount of high-quality
evidence suggests that real acupuncture is more effective than sham
acupuncture for improving symptoms of patients with FMS. However, because
this conclusion is based on a single high-quality study, further high-
quality randomized trials are needed to provide more robust data on
effectiveness
(453) Houvenagel E.
Mechanisms of pain in fibromyalgia. Rev Rhum Engl Ed 1999; 66(2):97-101.
(454) Winfield JB.
Pain in fibromyalgia. Rheum Dis Clin North Am 1999; 25(1):55-79.
Abstract: Just as our caveman forebears were frail in the face of predatory
animals, we are frail in today's society of childhood neglect or abuse,
bumper-to-bumper traffic, frustration at work, and multiple daily hassles.
The same neuroendocrine systems and pain regulatory mechanisms that
protected early man during acute stress are still encoded in our genome, but
may be maladaptive in psychologically and physiologically vulnerable people
faced with chronic stress. Many patients with fibromyalgia become vulnerable
because of the long-lasting psychological and neurophysiological effects of
negative experiences in childhood. Ill-equipped with positive cognitive,
emotional, and behavioral skills as adults, they display maladaptive coping
strategies, low self-efficacy, and negative mood when confronted with the
inevitable stressors of life. Psychological distress ensues, which reduces
thresholds for pain perception and tolerance (already relatively low in
women) even further. Converging lines of psychological and neurobiological
evidence strongly suggest that chronic stress-related blunting of the HPA,
sympathetic, and other axes of the stress response together with associated
alterations in pain regulatory mechanisms may finally explain the pain and
fatigue of fibromyalgia. Vulnerable people who can be classified by the ACR
criteria as having fibromyalgia do not have a discrete disease. They are
simply the most ill in a continuum of distress, chronic pain, and painful
tender points in the general population
(455) Csef H.
[Similarities of chronic fatigue syndrome, fibromyalgia and multiple
chemical sensitivity]. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 1999; 124(6):163-169.
(456) Chun A,
Desautels S, Slivka A, Mitrani C, Starz T, DiLorenzo C et al. Visceral
algesia in irritable bowel syndrome, fibromyalgia, and sphincter of oddi
dysfunction, type III. Dig Dis Sci 1999; 44(3):631-636.
Abstract: Visceral hyperalgesia has been demonstrated in patients with
irritable bowel syndrome who are seen in tertiary care centers. It has been
hypothesized that visceral hyperalgesia may be related to psychological
distress associated with health care seeking behavior in these patients.
Patients with fibromyalgia and sphincter of Oddi dysfunction, type III,
share many demographic and psychosocial characteristics with patients with
irritable bowel syndrome and provide an opportunity to test the hypothesis
that rectal hyperalgesia is unique to IBS. Fifteen patients with IBS, 10
patients with fibromyalgia, 10 with sphincter of Oddi dysfunction, type III,
and 12 controls underwent evaluation of rectal pain perception in response
to phasic distensions and psychological testing with a self-report
instrument. Patients with irritable bowel syndrome demonstrated
significantly lower rectal pain thresholds and increased levels of
psychologic distress compared to controls. Although sphincter of Oddi
dysfunction patients also exhibited increased psychologic distress, rectal
pain perception was similar to controls. Patients with fibromyalgia
exhibited rectal algesia that was not significantly different from either
controls or IBS. In conclusion, rectal hyperalgesia is not a function of
chronic functional pain, health care seeking behavior, or psychological
distress. However, it may not be specific for IBS
(457) Matsumoto Y.
[Fibromyalgia syndrome]. Nippon Rinsho 1999; 57(2):364-369.
Abstract: Fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS) is recognizable syndrome characterized
by chronic, diffuse pain, an absence of inflammatory or structural
muscloskeletal abnormalities, and a range of symptoms that include fatigue,
and sleep and mood disturbances. Physical examination and laboratory testing
are unrevealing, except for the presence of pain on palpation of
characteristic soft-tissue sites, the tender points. Despite the recognition
of FMS by the World Health Organization, it remains a controversial
condition and its existence as a distinct entity remains uncertain. However,
the concept of FMS is a useful one, allowing many investigations to be
avoided and appropriate advice on treatment to be given. FMS may overlap
with symptoms of, and the patient further impaired by, anxiety and
depression. The term FMS dose not imply causation and merely describes the
most common symptoms. Many patients with chronic fatigue syndrome(CFS)
fulfill the criteria of FMS and represent one end of a spectrum of
presentation. Evidence for triggering viral infection and the lower level of
serum acylcarnitine, observed in CFS patients, is lacking in the majority of
patients with FMS. These findings are suggestive to be distinctively another
disorders between FMS and CFS
(458) Rankin DB. The
fibromyalgia syndrome: a consensus report. N Z Med J 1999; 112(1080):18-19.
(459) Sandstrom MJ,
Keefe FJ. Self-management of fibromyalgia: the role of formal coping skills
training and physical exercise training programs. Arthritis Care Res 1998;
11(6):432-447.
Abstract: There has been growing interest in the use of formal
self-management training programs for people with fibromyalgia (FM). In
these programs, health care professionals serve as trainers and provide
education about FM and guided instruction in specific self-management
strategies. A review of the literature on formal self-management training
programs for FM suggests that they can be divided into groups: 1) those
emphasizing training in coping skills (e.g., relaxation, activity pacing,
and problem-solving techniques), and 2) those emphasizing training in
physical exercise (e.g., cardiovascular fitness, strength, and endurance
training). In this article, we review studies that have tested the efficacy
of both types of programs. In addition, we identify key individual and
contextual variables that are related to outcome and highlight future
directions in the research and development of self- management programs
(460) Chang L. The
association of functional gastrointestinal disorders and fibromyalgia. Eur J
Surg Suppl 1998;(583):32-36.
Abstract: Previous epidemiological studies have confirmed the clinical
impression that functional gastrointestinal disorders typically overlap with
fibromyalgia (FM) in the same patient, suggesting a common etiology. FM
syndrome occurs in up to 60% of patients with functional bowel disorders. Up
to 50% of patients with a diagnosis of FM syndrome complain of symptoms
characteristic of functional dyspepsia and 70% have symptoms of IBS. These
two conditions have common clinical characteristics: (1) the majority of
patients associate stressful life events with the initiation or exacerbation
of symptoms, (2) the majority of patients complain of disturbed sleep and
fatigue, (3) psychotherapy and behavioral therapies are efficacious in
treating symptoms, and (4) low-dose tricyclic antidepressant medication can
improve symptoms. Despite these similarities, their perceptual responses to
both somatic and visceral stimuli differ. While FM patients
characteristically exhibit somatic hyperalgesia, IBS patients without
coexistent FM have somatic hypoalgesia to mechanical stimuli. Visceral
distention studies have also demonstrated perceptual alterations in patients
with IBS and FM although these findings appear to differ in the two
conditions. Further studies will help explore the mechanisms which are
responsible for the similarities and differences in clinical symptoms and
physiologic parameters seen in IBS and FM
(461) Schwarz MJ,
Spath M, Muller-Bardorff H, Pongratz DE, Bondy B, Ackenheil M. Relationship
of substance P, 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid and tryptophan in serum of
fibromyalgia patients. Neurosci Lett 1999; 259(3):196-198.
Abstract: The serotonergic system has repeatedly been discussed to be
involved in the pathophysiology of fibromyalgia (FM), which is a syndrome of
widespread pain and sleep disturbance. Elevated levels of substance P (SP),
a mediator of nociception, have been described in FM. In this study the
possible relationship between SP and serotonin (5-HT) together with its
precursor tryptophan (TRP) and its metabolite 5- hydroxyindoleacetic acid
(5-HIAA) was evaluated in 51 serum samples of fibromyalgia patients. These
parameters were compared with clinical data such as pain intensity or sleep
quality. A strong negative correlation between SP and 5-HIAA (P = .000) as
well as between SP and TRP (P = .009) could be demonstrated. High serum
concentrations of 5- HIAA and TRP showed a significant relation to low pain
scores (5-HIAA: P = .030; TRP: P = .014). Moreover, 5-HIAA was strongly
related to good quality of sleep (P = .000), while SP was related to sleep
disturbance (P = .005). These data are valid to support the hypothesis of a
systemic involvement of 5-HT and SP in fibromyalgia
(462) Netter P,
Hennig J. The fibromyalgia syndrome as a manifestation of neuroticism? Z
Rheumatol 1998; 57 Suppl 2:105-108.
Abstract: After elucidating the components and theory of neuroticism (N) as
well as of psychosomatic complaints and their relationships to personality
dimensions and to psychosomatic diseases, comparisons are performed between
patients suffering from fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS) or related pain diseases
with healthy subjects scoring high on personality dimensions related to
neuroticism. FMS and pain patients score high on depression, anxiety, and
experience of stress although questionnaire scores on depression are higher
in subjects not exhibiting somatic features of the disease. High subjective
pain sensitivity and low thresholds for pain perception are also common
features in high N subjects and FMS patients. On the endocrinological level
cortisol responses to challenge tests with CRH as well as prolactin
responses to TRH are higher in FMS patients than in high N healthy subjects
indicating an endocrinological difference. A common feature, however, is the
lack of adaptability in the two groups, since neurotics are in particular
characterized by a low capacity to shift their behavior from one state to
the other (waking-sleeping, working-relaxing), to re-adapt to baseline
levels after endocrinological or physiological stress responses, or to
adjust to conditions of shift work. This is reflected by chronobiological
disturbances in FMS patients and could also explain their maintainance of
pain perception, because they are incapable of correcting conditioned
pain-producing muscle tension
(463) Walter B,
Vaitl D, Frank R. Affective distress in fibromyalgia syndrome is associated
with pain severity. Z Rheumatol 1998; 57 Suppl 2:101-104.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: Comparison of low back pain (LBP) patients with and
without fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS) with regard to affective distress.
METHODS: Patients with LBP who had been admitted to various clinics in
Germany were examined upon admission. Comparisons were done by dividing the
patients into groups with and without signs of FMS. Additionally, both
groups were compared after being matched according to sex, age, and pain
severity. RESULTS: 15 out of 135 LBP patients met the American College of
Rheumatology criteria for fibromyalgia. Patients with FMS showed remarkably
higher levels of pain severity and affective distress. After controlling for
different levels of pain severity, these pronounced differences disappeared.
CONCLUSION: Affective distress is not a unique feature of FMS, but seem to
be caused entirely by higher levels of pain severity
(464) Keel P.
Psychological and psychiatric aspects of fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS). Z
Rheumatol 1998; 57 Suppl 2:97-100.
Abstract: Fibromyalgia patients hardly suffer from major psychiatric
illnesses. Most often, persistent somatoform pain disorder (ICD-10) and
dysthymia are identified by psychiatric assessment. Features of "pain
proneness" can also be found regularly, which can explain the elevated
levels of stress observed in FMS. Repeated traumatic experiences during
childhood and as adults can be discovered in many cases, which helps to
understand some of the difficulties met in psychotherapy with FMS patients.
Modified psychotherapy techniques are recommended using pain- centered
behavioral methods initially, and progressing only later to an insight
orientated approach
(465) Offenbaecher
M, Glatzeder K, Ackenheil M. Self-reported depression, familial history of
depression and fibromyalgia (FM), and psychological distress in patients
with FM. Z Rheumatol 1998; 57 Suppl 2:94-96.
Abstract: The prevalence of FM in the general population is estimated at 2%.
FM is among the three most common diagnoses in ambulatory adult rheumatology
practice. To study the degree of depression, the familial history of
depression and FM, as well as the psychological distress in our FM
population, we mailed a standardized questionnaire to 304 FM patients. The
response rate was 33%. We found BDI scores higher than 21 in 27% of the
patients indicating clinical relevant depression. The patients had high
levels of global distress measured with the SCL-90-R as well as elevated
scores in the subscales. Twenty three percent had a familial history of
depression, 46% a familial history of FM, and 46% had been diagnosed with
depression in the past
(466) Meyer-Lindenberg
A, Gallhofer B. Somatized depression as a subgroup of fibromyalgia syndrome.
Z Rheumatol 1998; 57 Suppl 2:92-93.
Abstract: An increase of depressive symptoms in fibromyalgia patients has
been noted in a number of studies. The etiologic significance of this
finding remains, however, controversial. We suggest that a subgroup of
patients with this symptom combination may be pragmatically classified as
suffering from somatized depression. Clinical indicators such as a family
history of depressive disorders, circadian disturbances, pronounced loss of
appetite or libido, and chronic psychosocial stressors should be assessed
and, if present, prompt the initiation of psychiatric evaluation and
treatment including pharmaco- and psychotherapeutic modalities. Other
psychiatric diseases arising in the differential diagnosis of fibromyalgia
are discussed
(467) Wolfe F,
Hawley DJ. Psychosocial factors and the fibromyalgia syndrome. Z Rheumatol
1998; 57 Suppl 2:88-91.
Abstract: Psychosocial distress and psychological abnormality occurs
frequently in fibromyalgia patients. Patterns of decreased levels of
education, and increased rates of divorce, obesity, and smoking have been
noted in clinical and epidemiological studies. Links to physical and sexual
abuse have been noted as well. Major depression as well as increased rates
of depression, anxiety, and somatization are also commonly found in
fibromyalgia
(468) Riedel W,
Layka H, Neeck G. Secretory pattern of GH, TSH, thyroid hormones, ACTH,
cortisol, FSH, and LH in patients with fibromyalgia syndrome following
systemic injection of the relevant hypothalamic-releasing hormones. Z
Rheumatol 1998; 57 Suppl 2:81-87.
Abstract: To study the hormonal perturbations in FMS patients we injected
sixteen FMS patients and seventeen controls a cocktail of the hypothalamic
releasing hormones: Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), Thyrotropin-
releasing hormone (TRH), Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH), and
Luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) and observed the hormonal
secretion pattern of the pituitary together with the hormones of the
peripheral endocrine glands. We found in FMS patients elevated basal values
of ACTH and cortisol, lowered basal values of insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I)
and of triiodothyronine (T3), elevated basal values of follicle-stimulating
hormone (FSH) and lowered basal values of estrogen. Following injection of
the four releasing-hormones, we found in FMS patients an augmented response
of ACTH, a blunted response of TSH, while the prolactin response was
exaggerated. The effects of LHRH stimulation were investigated in six FMS
patients and six controls and disclosed a significantly blunted response of
LH in FMS. We explain the deviations of hormonal secretion in FMS patients
as being caused by chronic stress, which, after being perceived and
processed by the central nervous system (CNS), activates hypothalamic CRH
neurons. CRH, on the one hand, activates the pituitary-adrenal axis, but
also stimulates at the hypothalamic level somatostatin secretion which, in
turn, causes inhibition of GH and TSH at the pituitary level. The
suppression of gonadal function may also be attributed to elevated CRH by
its ability to inhibit hypothalamic LHRH release, although it could act also
directly on the ovary by inhibiting FSH-stimulated estrogen production. We
conclude that the observed pattern of hormonal deviations in FMS patients is
a CNS adjustment to chronic pain and stress, constitutes a specific entity
of FMS, and is primarily evoked by activated CRH neurons
(469) Anderberg UM,
Liu Z, Berglund L, Nyberg F. Plasma levels on nociceptin in female
fibromyalgia syndrome patients. Z Rheumatol 1998; 57 Suppl 2:77-80.
Abstract: Fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS) is a frequent pain disorder in women.
The pathophysiologic mechanism behind this disorder is still unexplained;
however, alterations in both monoamines, neuropeptides and in the stress
axis have been found. This study was designed to determine the levels of the
newly discovered neuropeptide nociceptin in hormonally different FMS
patients and corresponding controls. The results showed that the nociceptin
concentrations of the patients were lower than in controls. It also showed
decreased levels with significant differences between the cyclic patients in
the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle, compared to the corresponding
controls. Our results suggest that the perturbed nociceptin concentrations
of the FMS patients may be linked to both the sex hormones and to the stress
system and that these changes might be one of several possible
pathophysiologic mechanisms involved in the FMS
(470) Bennett RM.
Disordered growth hormone secretion in fibromyalgia: a review of recent
findings and a hypothesized etiology. Z Rheumatol 1998; 57 Suppl 2:72-76.
Abstract: Growth hormone (GH) deficiency occurs in about 30% of fibromyalgia
patients. Treatment of GH deficient fibromyalgia patients with recombinant
growth hormone improves several clinical features, including the tender
point count. Defective GH secretion in these patients appears to be due to
increased somatostatin tone in the hypothalamus. An hypothesis is presented
which relates dysfunctional GH secretion to the effects of intermittent
hypercortisolemia on upregulating the density of beta-adrenergic receptors
in the hypothalamus. The resulting augmentation of beta-adrenergic tone
stimulates the release of somatostatin, thus, impairing GH secretion
(471) Crofford LJ.
The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal stress axis in fibromyalgia and chronic
fatigue syndrome. Z Rheumatol 1998; 57 Suppl 2:67-71.
Abstract: HPA axis abnormalities in FM, CFS, and other stress-related
disorders must be placed in a broad clinical context. We know that
interventions providing symptomatic improvement in patients with FM and CFS
can directly or indirectly affect the HPA axis. These interventions include
exercise, tricyclic anti-depressants, and serotonin reuptake inhibitors.
There is little direct information as to how the specific HPA axis
perturbations seen in FM can be related to the major symptomatic
manifestations of pain, fatigue, sleep disturbance, and psychological
distress. Since many of these somatic and psychological symptoms are present
in other syndromes that exhibit HPA axis disturbances, it seems reasonable
to suggest that there may be some relationship between basal and dynamic
function of the HPA axis and clinical manifestations of FM and CFS
(472) Russell IJ.
Neurochemical pathogenesis of fibromyalgia. Z Rheumatol 1998; 57 Suppl
2:63-66.
Abstract: In contrast with the situation just a few years ago, the most
widely accepted model for the pathogenesis of FMS now invokes CNS mechanisms
like nociception and allodynia rather than pathologically painful muscles.
The levels of platelet serotonin and CSF substance P appear to be abnormal
in directions that could logically amplify pain perception. The extent to
which these mechanisms are unique to FMS will be critical in determining the
direction that future research should take. Certainly, a better
understanding of the cause of FMS could represent an important step toward
the development of more effective therapy
(473) Yunus MB.
Genetic factors in fibromyalgia syndrome. Z Rheumatol 1998; 57 Suppl
2:61-62.
Abstract: Although familial occurrence of fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS) has
been commonly observed, data on a genetic role in this condition are
limited. A few studies have reported familial aggregation and association
with HLA. We have studied genetic linkage of FMS with HLA in multicase
families, and found a rather weak linkage of FMS with HLA (P < 0.029)
(474) Menninger H.
Other pain syndromes to be differentiated from fibromyalgia. Z Rheumatol
1998; 57 Suppl 2:56-60.
Abstract: Several common chronic pain syndromes come to the attention of the
rheumatologist demanding for differentiation from fibromyalgia (FM),
although they are often associated with it. They may mimic FM by (1) the
occurrence of wide spread pain, (2) the chronicity of complaints, (3) the
preponderance of females in some of these, and (4) the lack of objective
data to be derived from imaging techniques and laboratory tests. Pain is
produced by the disturbance of normal function ("dysfunctional syndromes",
MASI, ref. 6). Recognition requires examination of the locomotor system
under biomechanical auspices both at rest and during movement in order to
diagnose hyper- and hypomobility syndromes; treatment of these conditions is
guided by principles to improve biomechanical function. In addition, the
skin needs to be examined to detect panniculosis (also called "cellulitis"),
which may be mixed up with FM due to its preferential occurrence in peri- or
postmenopausal women. It is concluded that the aforementioned differential
diagnosis needs to be considered appropriately in coinciding FM and all
studies dealing with FM
(475) Sprott H,
Muller A, Heine H. Collagen cross-links in fibromyalgia syndrome. Z
Rheumatol 1998; 57 Suppl 2:52-55.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: The acceptance of fibromyalgia as a disease entity and
its definitive diagnosis have been hampered by a dearth of knowledge
concerning the underlying pathophysiology of this disease and the lack of
specific biochemical markers applicable to its diagnosis. To determine
whether abnormal collagen metabolism is a characteristic of fibromyalgia, we
have analyzed collagen metabolites in the urine and serum of patients with
fibromyalgia. METHODS: The diagnosis of fibromyalgia was made according to
the American College of Rheumatology criteria. Urine and serum were
collected under standardized conditions from 39 patients and 55 age- and
sex-matched controls. Pyridinoline (Pyd) and deoxypyridinoline (Dpyd), which
represent products of lysyl oxidase-mediated cross-linking in collagen and
are indicators of connective tissue and bone degradation, respectively, were
analyzed by ion-paired and gradient HPLC method with fluorescence detection
(HPLC). Levels of hydroxypyroline (Hyp), a collagen turnover marker, were
also measured. The findings were related to creatinine levels and the Pyd/Dpyd
ratio determined. RESULTS: The Pyd/Dpyd ratios in the urine and serum and
the Hyp in the urine were significantly lower in patients with fibromyalgia
than in healthy controls. CONCLUSION: Decreased levels of collagen
cross-linking may contribute to remodeling of the extracellular matrix and
collagen deposition around the nerve fibers in fibromyalgia and contribute
to the lower pain threshold at the tender points. Analysis of altered
collagen metabolism either by histologic examination on biopsy or,
preferably, by HPLC analysis of collagen metabolites in urine or serum may
aid to understand more about the pathogenesis of fibromyalgia
(476) Pongratz DE,
Spath M. Morphologic aspects of fibromyalgia. Z Rheumatol 1998; 57 Suppl
2:47-51.
Abstract: The most common morphological finding in muscle biopsies in
longstanding fibromyalgia is type II fiber atrophy. This can be found in
many other conditions such as disuse atrophy, affections of the
corticospinal tracts, steroid atrophy, and other different neuromuscular
disorders. An increase in lipid droplets and a slight proliferation of
mitochondria in type I muscle fibers are correlated with the duration of
fibromyalgia. In some cases we could find some ragged red fibers (RRF) which
histochemically show a pronounced accumulation of lipids and mitochondria
and single fiber defects of cytochrome-c-oxidase. In some fibromyalgia
patients with RRF, we could find deletions of the mitochondrial genoma
(477) Jacobsen S.
Physical biodynamics and performance capacities of muscle in patients with
fibromyalgia syndrome. Z Rheumatol 1998; 57 Suppl 2:43-46.
Abstract: Patients with fibromyalgia complain of muscle pain, increased
fatiguability and low physical endurance. However, no signs of specific
muscle pathology have been determined in fibromyalgia. Alterations in muscle
function may reflect effects of deconditioning or inhibition of contraction
due to spinal or supraspinal mechanisms
(478) Muller W,
Kelemen J, Stratz T. Spinal factors in the generation of fibromyalgia
syndrome. Z Rheumatol 1998; 57 Suppl 2:36-42.
Abstract: In fibromyalgia as well as in low back pain we frequently find
disturbances of the posture of vertebral column clinically and
radiologically. Also, reduction in the mobility of whole spine and localized
movement impairments in both conditions was present. It is likely that the
disturbances are responsible for the first manifestations of fibromyalgia in
a single localization, especially in lumbar and cervical regions
(479) Masi AT.
Concepts of illness in populations as applied to fibromyalgia syndromes: a
biopsychosocial perspective. Z Rheumatol 1998; 57 Suppl 2:31-35.
Abstract: Chronic widespread musculoskeletal pains have been recorded since
antiquity. However, critical medical and experimental research on these
conditions have been performed mainly within the past one or two decades.
Controversy exists regarding many aspects of these common problems,
including: classification and nosology; causation mechanisms; course and
outcomes, as well as management strategies. Fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS) is
not a disease. Neither a defined pathology nor specific etiological
mechanisms have been documented. Instead, FMS may be considered a
dysfunctional disorder. Constellations of typical, although diverse,
manifestations have been identified as well as predisposing factors. Under
such circumstances, a new biopsychosocial paradigm of person-centered
dynamics, rather than an agent per se or the environment, is fundamental to
understanding the complex multifactorial interactions in FMS. Conceptual
models of etiology and research methodology to investigate such complex,
multifactorial mechanisms are not yet well-developed. More effective
research approaches and improved management of persons with FMS is expected
to result from such new conceptual constructs
(480) Burgunder JM.
Pathophysiology of akinetic movement disorders: a paradigm for studies in
fibromyalgia? Z Rheumatol 1998; 57 Suppl 2:27-30.
Abstract: Patients with fibromyalgia sometimes have sign of a movement
disorder in addition to sensory disturbances sometimes similar as those
found in akinetic syndromes. Akinesia is due to disturbances in the
functions of the cortico-thalamo-nigro-striatal system and associated areas.
The reason of this dysfunction in Parkinson's disease is a decreased nigral
dopaminergic efferent innervation due to a neuronal degeneration in the pars
compacta of the substantia nigra. Changes in other neurotransmitters, like
GABA or serotonin, and in receptors and second messengers also occur, with
additional modulation due to therapy. The aetiology of nigral malfunction is
in only rarely known. Drugs and mutations of some genes are examples which
give much insight in the pathogenesis of movement disorders in general. In
other akinetic disorders, like multisystem atrophy, corticobasal ganglionic
degeneration, and progressive supranuclear palsy, more complex patterns of
degeneration have been found. This pathological anatomical disturbances have
typical clinical effects which can be studied physiologically and with
imaging in vivo. Since basal ganglia play also a role in pain, a comparative
study of their involvement in movement disorders and nociception seems to be
fruitful, especially in devising new therapeutic strategies
(481) Mense S.
Descending antinociception and fibromyalgia. Z Rheumatol 1998; 57 Suppl
2:23-26.
Abstract: The hypothesis is discussed that a dysfunction of the descending
antinociceptive system may underly the pain of fibromyalgia. Data from
animal experimentation show that an interruption of the system by spinal
cord cooling leads to (1) increase in ongoing activity, (2) lowering in
stimulation threshold, and (3) increase in response magnitude in nociceptive
dorsal horn neurons. The influence of the descending system was stronger on
the responses to input from deep nociceptors than to input from cutaneous
nociceptors. If similar changes occur also in patients, an impairment of the
tonicly active descending system should be followed by (1) spontaneous pain
(ongoing activity), (2) tenderness (lowering in mechanical threshold), and
(3) hyperalgesia (increased responses to noxious stimuli). These changes
should affect mainly deep pain, because the antinociceptive system
influences predominantly input from deep nociceptors
(482) Lorenz J.
Hyperalgesia or hypervigilance? An evoked potential approach to the study of
fibromyalgia syndrome. Z Rheumatol 1998; 57 Suppl 2:19-22.
Abstract: Past research on the phenomenon of enhanced pain sensitivity in
fibromyalgia syndrome (FS) revealed evidence for both a higher pain
magnitude in response to nociceptive stimuli (hyperalgesia) and a general
perceptual amplification of sensations (hypervigilance). In order to
distinguish between these two aspects of disturbed sensory processing in FS,
cerebral evoked potentials after brief painful laser and auditory stimuli
were measured in 10 FS patients. Results were compared with those from
age-matched painfree controls. Amplitudes of middle-latency (N1) and
long-latency (P2) laser evoked potentials (LEPs) were significantly higher
in FS than in controls. Furthermore, laser intensity at pain but not at
sensation threshold was lower in FS than in controls. However, auditory
evoked potentials (AEPs) did not differ between groups. Enhanced N1 and P2
amplitudes of LEPs suggest stronger sensory and attentional processing of
nociceptive information in FS, respectively. The concept of hypervigilance
is challenged by the failure to find differences in auditory perception
among FS and control patients. Yet, the importance of unpleasant intensities
of auditory stimulation, not applied in this study, to reveal abnormal non-
nociceptive perceptual amplification in FS is discussed
(483) Ackenheil M.
Genetics and pathophysiology of affective disorders: relationship to
fibromyalgia. Z Rheumatol 1998; 57 Suppl 2:5-7.
Abstract: Depression and fibromyalgia (FM) share common symptoms, indicating
a close relationship between both disorders. FM patients frequently present
symptoms of major depression. Genetic epidemiological studies show that
genetic transmission is one important component. Molecular genetic studies
are on the way; the serotonin transporter promoter gene seems to be
associated with neurotic anxiety and FM. Biochemical studies related to the
serotonin and norepinephrine neurotransmission are disturbed in both
disorders. This view is supported by the response to treatment with
antidepressants
(484) Villanova M,
Selvi E, Malandrini A, Casali C, Santorelli FM, De Stefano R et al.
Mitochondrial myopathy mimicking fibromyalgia syndrome. Muscle Nerve 1999;
22(2):289-291.
(485) Epstein SA,
Kay G, Clauw D, Heaton R, Klein D, Krupp L et al. Psychiatric disorders in
patients with fibromyalgia. A multicenter investigation. Psychosomatics
1999; 40(1):57-63.
Abstract: The authors conducted an investigation in four tertiary-care
centers to determine if psychiatric comorbidity and psychological variables
were predictive of functional impairment in patients with fibromyalgia
syndrome (FMS). Seventy-three individuals were administered the Structured
Clinical Interview for DSM-III-R, the Rand 36-item Health Survey (SF-36),
and multiple self-report measures. The patients with FMS were found to have
a high lifetime and current prevalence of major depression and panic
disorder. The most common disorders were major depression (lifetime [L] =
68%, current [C] = 22%); dysthymia (10% [C only]); panic disorder (L = 16%,
C = 7%); and simple phobia (L = 16%, C = 12%). The self-report scales
revealed significant elevations in depression, anxiety, neuroticism, and
hypochondriasis. Functional impairment on all measures of the SF-36 was
severe (e.g., physical functioning = 45.5 and role limitations due to
physical problems = 20.0). Stepwise multiple-regression analysis revealed
that current anxiety was the only variable that predicted a significant
proportion of the variance (29%) in SF-36 physical functioning. Thus, in
this multicenter study, the persons with FMS exhibited marked functional
impairment, high levels of some lifetime and current psychiatric disorders,
and significant current psychological distress. Current anxiety level
appears to be an important correlate of functional impairment in individuals
with FMS
(486) Hannonen P,
Malminiemi K, Yli-Kerttula U, Isomeri R, Roponen P. A randomized,
double-blind, placebo-controlled study of moclobemide and amitriptyline in
the treatment of fibromyalgia in females without psychiatric disorder. Br J
Rheumatol 1998; 37(12):1279-1286.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To study the usefulness of moclobemide and
amitriptyline in the treatment of fibromyalgia (FM) in females without
psychiatric disorder. METHODS: In the present four centre, 12 week study,
130 female FM patients not suffering from psychiatric disorders were
randomized to receive amitriptyline (AMI; 25 37.5 mg), moclobemide (MOCLO;
450-600 mg) or identical placebo. RESULTS: Seventy-four, 54 and 49 per cent
of patients on AMI, MOCLO and placebo, respectively, were judged as
responders. The patients on AMI also managed best regarding the respective
improvements during the trial in general health, pain, sleep quality and
quantity, and fatigue on visual analogue scales (VAS), the areas of the
Nottingham Health Profile (NHP), as well as in the three Sheehan's
functional disability scales. In the within-group comparisons, MOCLO also
improved pain assessed both on VAS and on the NHP pain dimension, but the
improvement was invalidated by the poor success of the drug with regard to
sleep. The tolerabilities of all three drugs were comparable. CONCLUSION:
The study indicates that MOCLO may not be helpful in FM patients free from
clinically meaningful psychiatric problems
(487) Yunus MB, Khan
MA, Rawlings KK, Green JR, Olson JM, Shah S. Genetic linkage analysis of
multicase families with fibromyalgia syndrome. J Rheumatol 1999;
26(2):408-412.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: Based on the reports of familial aggregation of
fibromyalgia (FM) syndrome, we investigated its possible genetic linkage to
HLA by studying multicase families. METHODS: Forty Caucasian multicase
families with a diagnosis of FM (American College of Rheumatology criteria)
in 2 or more first degree relatives were investigated. Eighty- five affected
and 21 unaffected members of 41 sibships were studied. Depression
symptomology was assessed by Zung Self-rating Depression Scale (SDS). HLA
typing was performed for A, B, and DRB 1 alleles, and haplotypes were
determined with no knowledge of the subject's diagnosis. We investigated
genetic linkage to the HLA region by evaluating sibships in multicase
families. RESULTS: Sibship analysis showed significant genetic linkage of FM
to the HLA region (p = 0.028). Subgroup analysis was also performed for 17
families where the proband was also noted to have depression (with an SDS
index value > or =60). We found that the presence of depression did not
influence the observed results (p = 0.22). CONCLUSION:. Our study of 40
multicase families confirms existence of a possible gene for FM that is
linked with the HLA region. Our results should be regarded as preliminary
and their independent confirmation by other studies is warranted
(488) Wilson RB,
Gluck OS, Tesser JR, Rice JC, Meyer A, Bridges AJ. Antipolymer antibody
reactivity in a subset of patients with fibromyalgia correlates with
severity. J Rheumatol 1999; 26(2):402-407.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of antipolymer antibodies (APA)
in patients with fibromyalgia (FM) and autoimmune disease control groups and
to determine if the presence of these antibodies correlates with severity in
patients with FM. METHODS: Sera from patients with FM (n = 47),
osteoarthritis (OA) (n = 16), and rheumatoid arthritis (RA) (n = 13) were
analyzed. Patients with implants of any kind and patients with concurrent
autoimmune conditions were excluded from study. Banked sera from autoimmune
disease controls including poly/dermatomyosis (n = 15), RA (n = 30),
systemic lupus erythmatosus (SLE) (n = 30), and systemic sclerosis (SSc) (n
= 30) were also analyzed. To determine if seroreactivity correlates with
severity, banked sera from patients with FM assessed as severe (n = 28) or
mild (n = 37) and from controls (n = 21) were assayed. RESULTS: Following
analysis, the prevalence of seroreactivity was found to be higher in
patients with FM (22/47, 47%) compared to patients with OA (3/16, 19%;
p<0.1) or RA (1/13, 8%; p<0.05) and the autoimmune disease control sera from
poly/dermatomyosis (2/15, 13%; p<0.05), and patients with RA (3/30, 10%;
p<0.01), SLE (1/30, 3%; p<0.01), and SSc (1/30, 3%; p<0.01). The prevalence
of APA seroreactivity was also significantly higher in patients with severe
FM (17/28, 61%) compared to patients with mild FM (11/37, 30%; p<0.05) and
controls (4/21, 19%; p<0.01). In addition, both mean threshold and mean
tolerance dolorimetry scores were significantly lower in the seropositive
patients with mild FM (1.33+/-0.21, 1.95+/-0.25, respectively) compared to
the seronegative patients (1.83+/-0.08, 2.53+/-0.11; p<0.05 for both
comparisons, respectively). CONCLUSION: These results reveal that an
immunological response, production of anti- polymer antibodies, is
associated with a subset of patients with FM. The results also suggest that
the APA assay may be an objective marker in the diagnosis and assessment of
FM and may provide additional avenues of investigation into the
pathophysiological processes involved in FM
(489) Figuerola ML,
Loe W, Sormani M, Barontini M. Met-enkephalin increase in patients with
fibromyalgia under local treatment. Funct Neurol 1998; 13(4):291-295.
Abstract: Fibromyalgia is a chronic debilitating condition of unknown
etiology. The clinical picture suggests increased activity and/or
supersensitivity in nociceptive pathways or inadequate activity in
endogenous pain attenuation mechanisms. One therapeutic approach in the
treatment of this syndrome is the administration of serial local injections
of lidocaine hydrochloride in the painful points. To evaluate the effect of
this treatment on plasma met-enkephalin (ME) levels we studied 15 patients,
all women with fibromyalgia under local treatment in the tender points,
grouped as follows: 5 were treated with local injection of lidocaine
hydrochloride, 5 were treated with local injection of saline and 5 treated
with dry needling. Significant increases in plasma ME concentrations were
observed in all groups in the last sampling of each session studied. These
results show an increase in plasma ME levels 10 minutes after finishing each
session, which is independent of the maneuver employed
(490) Dao T,
Reynolds WJ, Tenenbaum HC. Comorbidity between myofascial pain of the
masticatory muscles and fibromyalgia. Alpha Omegan 1998; 91(2):29-37.
(491) Louis R,
Repellin F, Louis C. [Surgery for lumbago and fibromyalgia]. Acta Orthop
Belg 1998; 64 Suppl 2:53-56.
(492) Cathebras P,
Lauwers A, Rousset H. [Fibromyalgia. A critical review]. Ann Med Interne
(Paris) 1998; 149(7):406-414.
Abstract: Fibromyalgia is a chronic pain syndrome, more common in women. Its
prevalence is estimated around 2% in the general population, and up to 20%
among rheumatology outpatients. Besides musculoskeletal pain, symptoms as
fatigue and sleep disturbance are considered characteristic. Research
criteria have been set up, but their seemingly preciseness is unable to
distinguish clearly between fibromyalgia and other functional somatic
syndromes (chronic fatigue syndrome, irritable bowel syndrome) and
psychiatric disorders (depression, anxiety), with which a striking
comorbidity is documented. The diagnosis of fibromyalgia does not
theoretically require the exclusion of muscle, joint, or metabolic diseases,
but in clinical practice this problem proves to be of crucial importance.
There are numbers of pathophysiological hypothesis for fibromyalgia, but
none of them is fully satisfying: muscle is probably innocent; sleep
disturbance, although sometimes considered a landmark of the syndrome, is
unspecific; stress response studies show subtle anomaly; psychiatric
disorders may represent factors of vulnerability and perpetuation rather
than causes. We propose to include some of these etiological contributors in
vicious circles leading to a "final common pathway" characterized by
generalized hyperalgesia. Treatments of fibromyalgia, whether
pharmacological (antidepressants) or psychological (cognitive- behavioral
therapies) are of little efficacy, and the global prognosis of fibromyalgia
is poor. However, the outcome might prove better outside the specialized
clinics in which studies of chronic sufferers with severe abnormal illness
behaviors are done. The social consequences of the popularization of the
diagnosis of fibromyalgia should not be neglected
(493) White KP,
Speechley M, Harth M, Ostbye T. Comparing self-reported function and work
disability in 100 community cases of fibromyalgia syndrome versus controls
in London, Ontario: the London Fibromyalgia Epidemiology Study. Arthritis
Rheum 1999; 42(1):76-83.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To compare function and disability in fibromyalgia
syndrome (FMS) cases in the community versus controls, and to identify
variables predicting poor function and disability. METHODS: We identified
100 FMS cases, 76 pain controls, and 135 general controls in a random survey
of 3,395 noninstitutionalized adults. RESULTS: FMS cases reported worse
function (P < 0.00001), more days in bed (P < 0.001), and more healthy years
of life lost (P < 0.0001). More FMS cases were disabled (P < 0.00001) and
receiving pensions (P < 0.00001). Risk factors for disability included
middle age and previous heavy manual labor. Pain, fatigue, and weakness were
most often claimed to affect the ability to work Variables predicting work
disability were the Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire (FIQ) score, a prior
diagnosis of FMS, nonrestorative sleep, and past heavy physical labor.
Variables influencing the FIQ score were the number of major symptoms,
self-reported health satisfaction, tender point count, and education level.
CONCLUSION: FMS commonly results in loss of function and work disability
(494) Baraniuk JN,
Clauw D, Yuta A, Ali M, Gaumond E, Upadhyayula N et al. Nasal secretion
analysis in allergic rhinitis, cystic fibrosis, and nonallergic
fibromyalgia/chronic fatigue syndrome subjects. Am J Rhinol 1998;
12(6):435-440.
Abstract: Rhinitis symptoms are present in approximately 70% of subjects
with fibromyalgia and chronic fatigue syndrome (FM/CFS). Because only 35% to
50% have positive allergy skin tests, nonallergic mechanisms may also play a
role. To better understand the mechanisms of nonallergic rhinitis in FM/CFS,
nasal lavages were performed, and markers of vascular permeability,
glandular secretion, and neutrophil and eosinophil infiltration measured in
27 nonallergic FM/CFS, 7 allergic rhinitis, 7 cystic fibrosis, and 9 normal
subjects. Allergic rhinitis subjects had significantly increased vascular
permeability (IgG) and ECP levels. Cystic fibrosis subjects had
significantly higher elastase and total protein levels. There were no
significant differences between FM/CFS and normal lavage fluids. Analysis of
the constituents of nasal mucus provides information about ongoing secretory
processes in rhinitis. There were no differences in the basal secretion of
these markers of vascular permeability, submucosal gland serous cell
secretion, eosinophil and neutrophil degranulation in nonallergic FM/CFS
subjects. This suggests that constitutively active secretory processes that
regulate continuous production of nasal secretions are not altered in FM/CFS.
Future studies should examine alternative mechanisms such as inducible,
irritant-activated, or reflex-mediated effects
(495) Xie X, Ye C .
[Clinical analysis of 120 patients with fibromyalgia]. Hunan Yi Ke Da Xue
Xue Bao 1997; 22(2):167-170.
Abstract: The clinical characteristics of 120 patients with fibromyalgia is
reported. Most of the patients were 21-50 years old. More than 56% patients
had three chief symptoms: generalized myalgia, abnormal sensations and
easily fatigue. 49.2% of the patients complained multiple arthralgia; 29%
with sleep disorder and 23% with local myospasm of lower limbs. The trigger
point was regarded as an important physical sign. The etiology and
differential diagnosis for fibromyalgia were discussed
(496) Fishbain DA,
Rosomoff HL. Posttraumatic fibromyalgia at pain facilities versus
rheumatologists' offices: a commentary. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 1998;
77(6):562.
(497) Quimby LG,
Block SR, Gratwick GM. What use are fibromyalgia control points? J Rheumatol
1998; 25(12):2476.
(498) Evengard B,
Nilsson CG, Lindh G, Lindquist L, Eneroth P, Fredrikson S et al. Chronic
fatigue syndrome differs from fibromyalgia. No evidence for elevated
substance P levels in cerebrospinal fluid of patients with chronic fatigue
syndrome. Pain 1998; 78(2):153-155.
Abstract: Levels of substance P were determined in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
in 15 patients with chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS). All values were within
normal range. This is in contrast to fibromyalgia (FM). The majority of
patients with FM have increased substance P values in the CSF. The results
support the notion that FM and CFS are different disorders in spite of
overlapping symptomatology
(499) Ambrogio N,
Cuttiford J, Lineker S, Li L. A comparison of three types of neck support in
fibromyalgia patients. Arthritis Care Res 1998; 11(5):405-410.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To determine the effectiveness of 3 types of neck
support for patients with fibromyalgia (FMS) and their preference for the
type of support. METHODS: Thirty-five patients with FMS chose the order of
application and used each type of neck support for a 2-week period, followed
by a 2-week washout. The same schedule was repeated a second time. The neck
supports included a Shape of Sleep pillow, two neck ruffs with one standard
pillow, and a single standard pillow. All subjects received a physiotherapy
treatment and educational program in the home. Outcome measures included
visual analog scales (VAS) for neck pain and quality of sleep, the
Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire (FIQ), and a neck and shoulder pain
distribution diagram. RESULTS: Analysis using Friedman's 2-way analysis of
variance revealed no significant differences in any outcome measure,
although there was a trend towards improvement in the FIQ and VAS neck pain
and quality of sleep scores for some patients. Most participants (62.9%)
preferred the Shape of Sleep pillow, 20.0% preferred cervical ruffs with one
standard pillow, and 17.1% preferred a single standard pillow. CONCLUSIONS:
The results of this study are inconclusive due to the small sample size.
However, from a patient's perspective, neck support is an important part of
a comprehensive physiotherapy program. Most participants preferred the more
rigid support of a Shape of Sleep pillow. Further research into the efficacy
of the use of neck support in people with FMS is warranted
(500) Turk DC,
Okifuji A, Sinclair JD, Starz TW. Differential responses by psychosocial
subgroups of fibromyalgia syndrome patients to an interdisciplinary
treatment. Arthritis Care Res 1998; 11(5):397-404.
Abstract: OBJECTIVES: To evaluate differential treatment responses among 3
empirically derived, psychosocial subgroups of patients with fibromyalgia
syndrome to a standard interdisciplinary treatment program. METHOD: Patients
were classified into 1 of 3 psychosocial groups on the basis of their
responses to the Multidimensional Pain Inventory. Forty-eight patients
completed a 6 one-half-day outpatient treatment program consisting of
medical, physical, occupational, and psychological therapies spaced over a
period of 4 weeks (3 sessions the first week followed by 1 session per week
for the next 3 consecutive weeks). RESULTS: Statistically significant
reductions were observed in pain, affective distress, perceived disability,
and perceived inteference of pain in the patients characterized by poor
coping and high level of pain ("dysfunctional" group). In contrast,
individuals who were characterized by interpersonal difficulties
("interpersonally distressed" group) exhibited poor responses to the
treatment. "Adaptive copers," the third group, revealed significant
improvements in pain but due to low pretreatment levels of affective
distress and disability showed little improvement on these outcomes.
CONCLUSIONS: The results provided support for the hypothesis that
customizing treatment based on patients' psychosocial needs will lead to
enhanced treatment efficacy. They also emphasize the importance of using
appropriate outcome criteria, as low levels of problems at baseline are not
likely to show significant changes following any treatment
(501) Wikner J,
Hirsch U, Wetterberg L, Rojdmark S. Fibromyalgia--a syndrome associated with
decreased nocturnal melatonin secretion. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 1998;
49(2):179-183.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: Most patients with fibromyalgic syndrome (FMS) complain
of sleep disturbances, fatigue, and pain. These symptoms might be a
consequence of changed melatonin (MT) secretion, since MT is known to have
sleep promoting properties. Moreover, serum concentrations of two MT
precursors (tryptophan and serotonin)--affecting both sleep and pain
perception--appear to be low in patients with FMS. Therefore, the objective
of this investigation was to study whether serum MT (s-MT) level is also low
in these patients. DESIGN: Eight patients with FMS and 8 healthy sex-, BMI-,
and age-matched controls were included in the study. s-MT concentrations
were determined every second hour between 1800 and 0800 h. Urine was
collected between 2200 and 0700 h for determination of urinary MT excretion.
To evaluate total MT secretion between 1800 and 0800 h and MT secretion
during the hours of darkness (between 23 and 07 h) individual MT areas under
the curve (AUC) were calculated and expressed as group means. RESULTS: The
FMS patients had a 31% lower MT secretion than healthy subjects during the
hours of darkness (MT AUC 2300-0700 h (mean +/- SEM): 1.70 +/- 0.17 vs 2.48
+/- 0.38 nmol/l; P < 0.05). Also the s-MT peak value was significantly lower
in the patient group: 0.28 +/- 0.03 vs 0.44 +/- 0.06 nmol/l; P < 0.05).
CONCLUSION: Patients with fibromyalgic syndrome have a lower melatonin
secretion during the hours of darkness than healthy subjects. This may
contribute to impaired sleep at night, fatigue during the day, and changed
pain perception
(502) Webb SM.
Fibromyalgia and melatonin: are they related? Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 1998;
49(2):161-162.
(503) Maes M, Lin A,
Bonaccorso S, van Hunsel F, Van Gastel A, Delmeire L et al. Increased
24-hour urinary cortisol excretion in patients with post- traumatic stress
disorder and patients with major depression, but not in patients with
fibromyalgia. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1998; 98(4):328-335.
Abstract: There is now firm evidence that major depression is accompanied by
increased baseline activity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA)
axis, as assessed by means of 24-h urinary cortisol (UC) excretion.
Recently, there were some reports that fibromyalgia and post-traumatic
stress disorder (PTSD), two disorders which show a significant amplitude of
depressive symptoms, are associated with changes in the baseline activity of
the HPA axis, such as low 24-h UC excretion. The aim of the present study
was to examine 24-h UC excretion in fibromyalgia and PTSD patients compared
to normal controls and patients with major depression. In the three patient
groups, severity of depressive symptoms was measured by means of the
Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS) score. Severity of fibromyalgia was
measured using a dolorimetrically obtained myalgic score, and severity of
PTSD was assessed by means of factor analytical scores computed on the items
of the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI), PTSD Module.
Patients with PTSD and major depression had significantly higher 24-h UC
excretion than normal controls and fibromyalgia patients. At a threshold
value of > or = 240 micrograms/24 h, 80% of PTSD patients and 80% of
depressed patients had increased 24 h UC excretion with a specificity of
100%. There were no significant differences in 24-h UC excretion either
between fibromyalgia patients and normal controls, or between patients with
major depression and PTSD patients. In the three patient groups, no
significant correlations were found between 24-h UC excretion and the HDRS
score. In fibromyalgia, no significant correlations were found between 24-h
UC excretion and the myalgic score. In PTSD, no significant correlations
were found between 24-h UC excretion and severity of either
depression-avoidance or anxiety- arousal symptoms. In conclusion, this study
found increased 24-h UC excretion in patients with PTSD comparable to that
in patients with major depression, whereas in fibromyalgia no significant
changes in 24- h UC were found
(504) Reinhard P,
Schweinsberg F, Wernet D, Kotter I. Selenium status in fibromyalgia. Toxicol
Lett 1998; 96-97:177-180.
Abstract: Fibromyalgia (FM) is a chronic musculoskeletal pain syndrome of
unknown etiology. The serum concentration of selenium (Se) was measured in
68 consecutive patients (nine male, mean age: 47 years; 59 female, mean age
49 years) with FM. The age- and sex-matched control group included 97 female
healthy blood donors (mean age 46 years). The method is based on
high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) involving detection of the
fluorescent diaminonaphthalene (DAN) derivate of selenite. There was a
statistical significant difference (P < 0.05) in serum Se between control
(median 77 microg/l; range: 50-118 microg/l) and patients (median 71 microg/l;
range: 39-154 microg/l) groups in the region of Tubingen, Germany
(505) Yavuz S,
Fresko I, Hamuryudan V, Yurdakul S, Yazici H. Fibromyalgia in Behcet's
syndrome. J Rheumatol 1998; 25(11):2219-2220.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To ascertain the frequency of fibromyalgia (FM) in
Behcet's syndrome (BS) and to evaluate the relationship of FM to Behcet's
disease activity. METHOD: Self-questionnaires were completed by 108 patients
with BS. Each patient was evaluated by an observer blinded to diagnosis;
evaluation included assessment of tender points by palpation. Another
observer determined the disease activity of patients at that time. RESULTS:
Ten of 108 patients (9.2%) met the American College of Rheumatology criteria
for FM. Nine of the patients who met the criteria for FM were women. In
contrast to patients without FM, patients with FM had mild to moderate
disease activity in which musculoskeletal complaints were common.
CONCLUSION: There is a trend for an increased frequency of FM in female BS
patients
(506) Cardenal A,
Masuda I, Ono W, Haas AL, Ryan LM, Trotter D et al. Serum nucleotide
pyrophosphohydrolase activity; elevated levels in osteoarthritis, calcium
pyrophosphate crystal deposition disease, scleroderma, and fibromyalgia. J
Rheumatol 1998; 25(11):2175-2180.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: Quantification of serum nucleotide pyrophosphohydrolase
(NTPPHase) activity in healthy subjects and in patients with various
rheumatic diseases or with quad/hemiplegia, hemodialysis, or renal
transplant. METHODS: Colorimetric assay of enzyme activity in serum.
RESULTS: Serum NTPPHase activity in 85 healthy subjects was independent of
age or sex and was highly reproducible in each individual. The biologic and
methodologic coefficients of variation were nearly identical. Elevated
enzyme levels were found in sera from patients with osteoarthritis/spondylosis,
calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate (CPPD) crystal deposition, scleroderma,
fibromyalgia, or hemodialysis. Renal transplant patients receiving
cyclosporine had the highest enzyme activity of any group, whereas
transplant patients not taking this drug had normal levels. Histograms of
values in all groups showed a normal distribution. CONCLUSION: Serum
NTPPHase activity levels were significantly elevated in patients with
degenerative arthritis whether or not CPPD crystals were present, in
patients with either scleroderma or fibromyalgia, and in patients receiving
hemodialysis therapy or taking cyclosporine
(507) Martinez-Lavin
M, Hermosillo AG, Rosas M, Soto ME. Circadian studies of autonomic nervous
balance in patients with fibromyalgia: a heart rate variability analysis.
Arthritis Rheum 1998; 41(11):1966-1971.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To determine the accumulated 24-hour cardiovascular
autonomic modulation and its circadian variations in patients with
fibromyalgia, by means of heart rate variability analysis. METHODS: Thirty
patients with fibromyalgia and 30 age- and sex-matched controls were studied
prospectively. Assessments included a 24-hour ambulatory recording of heart
rate variability, time-domain analysis of the accumulated 24-hour R-R
interval variations, and power spectral analysis to determine the sympatho/
vagal balance at different hours (calculated as the power spectral density
of the low-frequency [0.04- 0.15-Hz] sympathetic band divided by the power
of the high-frequency [0.15-0.50-Hz] parasympathetic band). RESULTS:
Fibromyalgia patients had diminished accumulated 24-hour heart rate
variability, manifested by a decreased standard deviation of all R-R
intervals (mean +/- SD 126 +/- 35 ms, versus 150 +/- 33 ms in controls; P =
0.008) and a decreased ratio of pairs of adjacent R-R intervals differing by
>50 ms (mean +/- SD 12.0 +/- 9.0% versus 20.1 +/- 18.0%; P = 0.031).
Patients lost the circadian variations of sympatho/vagal balance, with
nocturnal values significantly higher than those of controls at time 0 (mean
+/- SD 3.5 +/- 3.2 versus 1.2 +/- 1.0; P = 0.027) and at 3 hours (3.3 +/-
3.0 versus 1.6 +/- 1.4; P = 0.01). CONCLUSION: Individuals with fibromyalgia
have diminished 24-hour heart rate variability due to an increased nocturnal
predominance of the low-frequency band oscillations consistent with an
exaggerated sympathetic modulation of the sinus node. This abnormal
chronobiology could explain the sleep disturbances and fatigue that occur in
this syndrome. Spectral analysis of heart rate variability may be a useful
test to identify fibromyalgia patients who have dysautonomia
(508) Gotze FR, Thid
S, Kyllerman M. Fibromyalgia in hyperkalemic periodic paralysis. Scand J
Rheumatol 1998; 27(5):383-384.
Abstract: A 43-year-old woman presented at the age of 38 with joint pains
and muscle stiffness. Tender points were found fulfilling ACR criteria (1)
for fibromyalgia. She had well developed muscles and decreasing muscle power
since the age of 35. Muscle pains increased after exercise. Her 10-year-old
son had similar symptoms and one paralytic attack. Muscle pain and fatigue
increasing with age were found by history in three close relatives. Forearm
cold water test produced myotonia in both mother and son. Electromyography
was normal and muscle biopsy showed minor unspecific changes. Biochemical
investigation of muscle mitochondrial function was normal. Peroral potassium
load test produced complete muscle paralysis at a potassium serum level of
5.0 mmol/l. Autosomal dominant hyperkalemic periodic paralysis was
diagnosed. Frequent carbohydrate enriched meals, peroral bendroflumethiazide
and restriction to submaximal exercise improved muscle and joint pain.
Salbutamol peroral spray relieved the periodic weakness
(509) Natvig B,
Bruusgaard D, Eriksen W. Physical leisure activity level and physical
fitness among women with fibromyalgia. Scand J Rheumatol 1998;
27(5):337-341.
Abstract: To determine selfreported physical leisure activity level and
physical fitness in women with fibromyalgia we sent questionnaires to the
female members of a local fibromyalgia association and the same
questionnaire to the women in a population based cohort study. The
fibromyalgia patients had higher physical leisure activity level, but lower
physical fitness than the women in the population survey. The difference in
physical leisure activity persisted even after controlling for a series of
possible confounders, including employment status and work load in a
logistic regression analysis
(510) Schepelmann K,
Dannhausen M, Kotter I, Schabet M, Dichgans J. Exteroceptive suppression of
temporalis muscle activity in patients with fibromyalgia, tension-type
headache, and normal controls. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1998;
107(3):196-199.
Abstract: Changes of the second suppressive period (ES2) of the
exteroceptive suppression of the temporalis muscle activity are found in
patients with chronic tension-type headache (TTH) and are suggested to
reflect an abnormal endogenous pain control system. We investigated whether
similar changes are found in patients with the fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS)
that is also believed to result from disturbed central pain processing. The
ES2 values of 27 patients with FMS were compared with those of 18 patients
with TTH and 40 healthy volunteers. The duration of ES2 (+/-SD) in FMS
patients was 30.6+/-7.5 ms and was not significantly different from the
control group (33.1+/-7.8 ms), whereas it was significantly shortened in TTH
patients (22.9+/-11.5 ms). Our results indicate that, despite similar
concepts on the pathophysiology of the two chronic pain disorders, there are
no comparable changes of this brain stem reflex activity in FMS
(511) Pasero CL.
Understanding fibromyalgia syndrome. Am J Nurs 1998; 98(10):17-18.
(512) Juhl JH.
Fibromyalgia and the serotonin pathway. Altern Med Rev 1998; 3(5):367-375.
Abstract: Fibromyalgia syndrome is a musculoskeletal pain and fatigue
disorder manifested by diffuse myalgia, localized areas of tenderness,
fatigue, lowered pain thresholds, and nonrestorative sleep. Evidence from
multiple sources support the concept of decreased flux through the serotonin
pathway in fibromyalgia patients. Serotonin substrate supplementation, via
L-tryptophan or 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP), has been shown to improve
symptoms of depression, anxiety, insomnia and somatic pains in a variety of
patient cohorts. Identification of low serum tryptophan and serotonin levels
may be a simple way to identify persons who will respond well to this
approach
(513) Hallberg LR,
Carlsson SG. Psychosocial vulnerability and maintaining forces related to
fibromyalgia. In-depth interviews with twenty-two female patients. Scand J
Caring Sci 1998; 12(2):95-103.
Abstract: The aim of this qualitative study was to describe, from the
perspective of 22 women (aged 22-60 years) with fibromyalgia, their
experiences and beliefs of the pain and its origin and how the pain affects
family and social life. Open-ended interviews were analysed via a method
influenced by grounded theory. Seven descriptive categories were grounded in
the data, forming two higher-order concepts: psychosocial vulnerability and
maintaining forces. The first of these core concepts, psychosocial
vulnerability, comprises the categories: traumatic life history,
over-compensatory perseverance, pessimistic life view, and unsatisfying work
situation. In the interviews, there are abundant examples of early loss,
high degree of responsibility early in life, and social problems with
feelings of helplessness and hoplessness later in life. The second core
concept, maintaining forces, consists of the categories professional care,
pain benefits and family support, which seem to contribute to the
persistence of pain. Our results indicate intrapsychic and psychosocial
dimensions, which support the hypothesis that individuals with insecure
attachment styles are overrepresented among patients with chronic pain
(514) Handa R,
Aggarwal P, Wali JP, Wig N, Dwivedi SN. Fibromyalgia in Indian patients with
SLE. Lupus 1998; 7(7):475-478.
Abstract: One hundred and fifty-eight patients with SLE were prospectively
studied at a tertiary referral centre in India to ascertain the prevalence
and clinical profile of fibromyalgia (FM) in Indian patients with lupus. An
attempt was made to determine whether socio-demographic factors or disease
characteristics differ in SLE patients with and without FM. Only 13 patients
(8.2%) in our cohort were found to have fibromyalgia. Their clinical
profiles were similar to that reported in other series. Corticosteroid
withdrawal or dose reduction was the probable precipitating factor in nearly
one-third of our patients. Age, sex, marital status, educational level,
disease duration, disease activity and the organ involvement in patients
with SLE and FM were comparable to those in patients not having FM.
Fibromyalgia appears to be distinctly uncommon in Indian patients with
lupus. A strong family support system, the virtual lack of disability
benefits and/or racial variations in pain threshold could be the likely
factors responsible for the low prevalence of the disease observed in Indian
patients with SLE
(515) Bell IR,
Baldwin CM, Schwartz GE. Illness from low levels of environmental chemicals:
relevance to chronic fatigue syndrome and fibromyalgia. Am J Med 1998;
105(3A):74S-82S.
Abstract: This article summarizes (1) epidemiologic and clinical data on the
symptoms of maladies in association with low-level chemicals in the
environment, i.e., environmental chemical intolerance (CI), as it may relate
to chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) and fibromyalgia; and (2) the
olfactory-limbic neural sensitization model for CI, a neurobehavioral
synthesis of basic and clinical research. Severe CI is a characteristic of
20-47% of individuals with apparent CFS and/or fibromyalgia, all patients
with multiple chemical sensitivity (MCS), and approximately 4- 6% of the
general population. In the general population, 15-30% report at least minor
problems with CI. The levels of chemicals reported to trigger CI would
normally be considered nontoxic or subtoxic. However, host factors--e.g.,
individual differences in susceptibility to neurohormonal sensitization
(amplification) of endogenous responses-- may contribute to generating a
disabling intensity to the resultant multisystem dysfunctions in CI. One
site for this amplification may be the limbic system of the brain, which
receives input from the olfactory pathways and sends efferents to the
hypothalamus and the mesolimbic dopaminergic [reward] pathway. Chemical,
biologic, and psychological stimuli can initiate and elicit sensitization.
In turn, subsequent activation of the sensitized limbic and mesolimbic
pathways can then facilitate dysregulation of behavioral, autonomic,
endocrine, and immune system functions. Research to date has demonstrated
the initiation of neurobehavioral sensitization by volatile organic
compounds and pesticides in animals, as well as sensitizability of
cardiovascular parameters, beta-endorphin levels, resting EEG alpha- wave
activity, and divided-attention task performance in persons with CI. The
ability of multiple types of widely divergent stimuli to initiate and elicit
sensitization offers a new perspective on the search for mechanisms of
illness in CFS and fibromyalgia with CI
(516) Gordon S,
Morrison C. Fibromyalgia and its primary care implications. Medsurg Nurs
1998; 7(4):207-13, 216.
Abstract: Fibromyalgia is a complex condition affecting up to six million
patients. In this literature review, the prevalence, proposed etiology,
differential diagnosis, and signs and symptoms of the disorder are
presented. Diagnostic criteria, treatment options, and the importance of
patient education are explored
(517) McIntosh MJ,
Hewett JE, Buckelew SP, Conway RR, Rossy LA. Protocol for verifying
expertise in locating fibromyalgia tender points. Arthritis Care Res 1998;
11(3):210-216.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To develop a protocol for determining when an
individual is adequately trained to locate the tender points relative to
fibromyalgia in an exam. METHODS: The error distance for each tender point
was established by polling individuals with experience in conducting tender
point exams. Bayesian statistical methods were employed to form a protocol
for determining an individual's proficiency in locating the tender points. A
predictive distribution was utilized to find the probability of remaining
trained at locating tender points. Also, the probability of classifying at
least 11 tender points as tender (mild) under different "locating" criteria
and different number of points that are truly tender was computed. RESULTS:
Critical values indicating the number of tender points needed in the
qualification process for various standards of reliability--80%, 85%, and
90%--are presented. To be certified after 3 subjects have been examined in
the 80%, 85%, and 90% criteria, one has to correctly identify 48, 50, and
52, respectively, out of the 54 possible tender points. CONCLUSION: We
believe that at least 3 subjects should be examined before certification is
granted using any of the 3 criteria--80%, 85%, and 90%. In our example, when
using the 85% criterion, the qualification process required 7 subjects to
certify an individual
(518) Buckelew SP,
Conway R, Parker J, Deuser WE, Read J, Witty TE et al.
Biofeedback/relaxation training and exercise interventions for fibromyalgia:
a prospective trial. Arthritis Care Res 1998; 11(3):196-209.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To compare the effectiveness of biofeedback/relaxation,
exercise, and a combined program for the treatment of fibromyalgia. METHODS:
Subjects (n = 119) were randomly assigned to one of 4 groups: 1)
biofeedback/relaxation training, 2) exercise training, 3) a combination
treatment, or 4) an educational/attention control program. RESULTS: All 3
treatment groups produced improvements in self-efficacy for function
relative to the control condition. In addition, all treatment groups were
significantly different from the control group on tender point index scores,
reflecting a modest deterioration by the attention control group rather than
improvements by the treatment groups. The exercise and combination groups
also resulted in modest improvements on a physical activity measure. The
combination group best maintained benefits across the 2-year period.
CONCLUSION: This study demonstrates that these 3 treatment interventions
result in improved self-efficacy for physical function which was best
maintained by the combination group
(519) Turk DC,
Okifuji A, Sinclair JD, Starz TW. Interdisciplinary treatment for
fibromyalgia syndrome: clinical and statistical significance. Arthritis Care
Res 1998; 11(3):186-195.
Abstract: OBJECTIVES: The primary purposes of the study were to: evaluate
the treatment efficacy of an outpatient, interdisciplinary treatment program
for fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS); examine whether treatment gains would be
sustained for 6 months following the treatment; assess whether improvements
were clinically significant; and delineate the factors associated with
clinically significant improvement in pain severity. METHODS: Sixty-seven
FMS patients completed a 4-week outpatient program consisting of medical,
physical, psychologic, and occupational therapies. Six-month followup data
were available for 66% of treated patients. RESULTS: Comparisons between
pretreatment and posttreatment measures revealed significant improvements in
pain severity, life interference, sense of control, affective distress,
depression, perceived physical impairment, fatigue, and anxiety; however,
there was no improvement in interpersonal relationships or general
activities. Clinically significant improvement in pain severity, using the
Reliable Change Index, was obtained by 42% of the sample and was predicted
by the pretreatment levels of depression, activity, perceived disability,
solicitous responses of significant others, and idiopathic onset.
Pretreatment level of pain severity was not a significant predictor of the
degree of pain improvement. Comparisons among pretreatment, posttreatment,
and 6-month followup data revealed that the patients maintained treatment
gains in pain, life interference, sense of control, affective distress, and
depression. However, the quadratic polynomial analysis revealed that relapse
occurred in the subjective rating of fatigue. CONCLUSIONS: The results
suggest that, overall, an outpatient interdisciplinary treatment program was
effective in reducing many FMS symptoms. Treatment gains tended to be
maintained for at least 6 months. However, there were large individual
differences in response to treatment. These results suggest that
identification of subgroups of FMS patients and their specific clinical
characteristics may be useful for maximizing treatment efficacy
(520) Scharf MB,
Hauck M, Stover R, McDannold M, Berkowitz D. Effect of gamma-hydroxybutyrate
on pain, fatigue, and the alpha sleep anomaly in patients with fibromyalgia.
Preliminary report. J Rheumatol 1998; 25(10):1986-1990.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effects of using a gamma-hydroxybutyrate
(GHB) administered in divided doses at night in 11 patients previously
diagnosed with fibromyalgia (FM). METHODS: Subjects completed daily diaries
assessing their pain and fatigue levels and slept in the sleep laboratory
before and one month after initiating GHB treatment. Polysomnographic
recordings were evaluated for sleep stages, sleep efficiency and the
presence of the alpha anomaly in non-REM sleep. RESULTS: There was a
significant improvement in both fatigue and pain, with an increase in slow
wave sleep and a decrease in the severity of the alpha anomaly. CONCLUSION:
Further controlled studies are needed to characterize the clinical
improvement and the polysomnographic changes we observed
(521) Clark P,
Burgos-Vargas R, Medina-Palma C, Lavielle P, Marina FF. Prevalence of
fibromyalgia in children: a clinical study of Mexican children. J Rheumatol
1998; 25(10):2009-2014.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of fibromyalgia (FM) in
schoolchildren according to the 2 stage classification process proposed by
the 1990 American College of Rheumatology (ACR) Multicenter Criteria
Committee on Fibromyalgia. METHODS: Stage 1: we administered a pain
questionnaire to a sample of 548 schoolchildren (264 boys, 284 girls; mean
age 11.9 yrs, range 9-15). Stage 2: two rheumatologists examined all
children with diffuse pain. Using thumb palpation, they examined 18
fibromyalgia tender points and 3 pairs of controls points followed by
dolorimetry. Additionally, a random sample of 79 children with no pain were
selected as controls, following the same procedures (thumb palpation and
dolorimetry). The Wilcoxon test was used to compare the distribution of
tenderness thresholds between FM and non-FM groups. Kappa statistics for
multiple raters was used to assess interobserver agreement. RESULTS: Seven
children, all girls, fulfilled the ACR diagnostic criteria for FM. Thus, the
prevalence of FM in this group of schoolchildren reached only 1.2%. The
girls with FM had a mean of 14 tender points, whereas controls (n = 79) had
2.4. Pain thresholds were 3.4 kg in children with FM and 5.1 kg in controls
(p = 0.004). CONCLUSION: The prevalence of FM in our study was 5-fold lower
than a previous report. This variance may be due to (1) racial and
sociocultural differences between populations; and (2) differences in
methodological approach. The difficulties of making accurate estimates of FM
across different studies are highlighted
(522) Sprott H,
Muller A. Collagen crosslinks as markers of a therapy effect in
fibromyalgia. Clin Exp Rheumatol 1998; 16(5):626-627.
(523) Demitrack MA.
Chronic fatigue syndrome and fibromyalgia. Dilemmas in diagnosis and
clinical management. Psychiatr Clin North Am 1998; 21(3):671-92, viii.
Abstract: There has been a resurgence of interest in recent years in both
chronic fatigue syndrome and fibromyalgia. These perplexing and common
clinical conditions are a source of significant patient morbidity and frame
one of the more enduring dilemmas of contemporary Western medical thought,
namely the ambiguous interface between mind and body. In this article, the
current definitions are reviewed, and a framework for an emerging
psychobiological model of these syndromes is presented. These issues are
synthesized into a pragmatic approach to clinical management
(524) Zborovskii AB,
Babaeva AR. [Diagnosis of primary fibromyalgia: clinical criteria]. Klin Med
(Mosk) 1998; 76(8):18-21.
(525) Smith WA.
Fibromyalgia syndrome. Nurs Clin North Am 1998; 33(4):653-669.
Abstract: Fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS) is a more common a condition than
previously estimated. The most recent estimates are that 3 to 6 million
patients have been diagnosed with FMS. The ACR criteria, established in
1990, provide the primary care provider with definitive subjective and
objective findings that have shown to be 88% accurate in their ability to
diagnose patients with the syndrome. There is no cure for FMS. It is a
chronic condition, but patients quality of life can be improved when fatigue
and pain are reduced. The institution of a plan that is developed
collaboratively by the patient and the provider is the essence of successful
symptom management. The hallmarks of the management plan include: improving
the quality of sleep through the judicious use of medications that boost the
body's level of serotonin (therefore reducing fatigue), and reducing pain
through complimentary modalities such as exercise, physical therapy,
relaxation techniques, massage, and biofeedback
(526) Hellstrom O,
Bullington J, Karlsson G, Lindqvist P, Mattsson B. Doctors' attitudes to
fibromyalgia: a phenomenological study. Scand J Soc Med 1998; 26(3):232-237.
Abstract: Besides specific technical skills, successful encounters with
patients require an understanding of the many ways in which patients may
express themselves. This qualitative study reports on the clinical
experiences of doctors when meeting patients with fibromyalgia (FM). Ten
strategically chosen rheumatologists and 10 GPs in central Sweden were
interviewed. The interviews were taped, transcribed and analysed in
accordance with the empirical, phenomenological, psychological method. The
analyses indicate that doctors try to comply with the wishes and demands of
patients, and at the same time avoid perceptions of personal frustration.
They are inclined to be objective and to act instrumentally, apparently in
order to keep in touch with what gave biomedical meaning to an otherwise
incomprehensible phenomenon. The meaning structures revealed by doctors'
descriptions of FM and of relating to FM patients were characterized mainly
by the way in which the doctors were (i) managing their clinical
uncertainty, (ii) adhering to the biomedical paradigm, (iii) prioritizing
diagnostics, (iv) establishing an instrumental relationship, and (v)
avoiding recognizing FM as a possible biomedical anomaly
(527) Keel PJ,
Bodoky C, Gerhard U, Muller W. Comparison of integrated group therapy and
group relaxation training for fibromyalgia. Clin J Pain 1998; 14(3):232-238.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: The efficacy of an integrated, psychological treatment
program was tested in a controlled study involving 27 patients with chronic
musculoskeletal pain (fibromyalgia). DESIGN: The experimental treatment
program consisted of instruction in various self-help techniques (e.g.,
cognitive behavioral strategies, relaxation, physical exercises) as well as
information on chronic pain. Control groups were instructed only in
autogenic training. Measures of pain, daily activities, general symptoms,
and psychological functioning were assessed before and after treatment, as
well as at 4 months after termination of therapy (follow-up). RESULTS: At
the end of treatment, 7 patients from the experimental group and 2 from the
control group showed significant clinical improvement in 3 of 6 parameters
(NS). At follow-up, the improvement was still present in 5 experimental
cases but in none of the controls (p = 0.024). Successful patients had been
sick for a shorter period of time and were less impaired by their condition.
CONCLUSIONS: Psychological interventions in combination with physiotherapy
can be effective in treating fibromyalgia patients, especially if applied
early
(528) Chambliss ML.
Are serotonin uptake inhibitors useful in chronic pain syndromes such as
fibromyalgia or diabetic neuropathy? Arch Fam Med 1998; 7(5):470-471.
(529) Laser T.
[Comment on W. Hausotter: Fibromyalgia--a dispensable disease concept?].
Versicherungsmedizin 1998; 50(4):154-156.
(530) Safran S. Lack
of control group deemed problematic in fibromyalgia pilot study. Altern
Ther Health Med 1998; 4(5):114, 116.
(531) Harper A, Liu
D. The effectiveness of chiropractic management of fibromyalgia patients: a
pilot study. J Manipulative Physiol Ther 1998; 21(6):429.
(532) Maes M,
Libbrecht I, van Hunsel F, Lin AH, Bonaccorso S, Goossens F et al. Lower
serum activity of prolyl endopeptidase in fibromyalgia is related to
severity of depressive symptoms and pressure hyperalgesia. Psychol Med 1998;
28(4):957-965.
Abstract: BACKGROUND: The aims of the present study were to examine serum
activities of peptidases, i.e. prolyl endopeptidase (PEP) and dipeptidyl
peptidase IV (DPP IV), in patients with fibromyalgia and to examine the
effects of subchronic treatment with sertraline on these variables. METHOD:
Serum PEP and DPP IV activity were measured in 28 normal volunteers and 21
fibromyalgia patients, classified according to the American College of
Rheumatology criteria. Tenderness at tender points was evaluated by means of
dolorimetry. Fibromyalgia patients had repeated measurements of serum PEP
and DPP IV both before and after repeated administration of sertraline or
placebo for 12 weeks. RESULTS: Patients with fibromyalgia had significantly
lower serum PEP activity than normal volunteers. There were significantly
negative correlations between serum PEP activity and severity of pressure
hyperalgesia and the non-somatic, cognitive symptoms of the Hamilton
Depression Rating Scale. Fibromyalgia patients with severe pressure
hyperalgesia had significantly lower PEP activity than normal controls and
fibromyalgia patients with less severe hyperalgesia. Fibromyalgia patients
with severe non-somatic depressive symptoms had significantly lower serum
PEP activity than normal volunteers. There were no significant changes in
serum DPP IV activity in fibromyalgia. There were no significant effects of
repeated administration of sertraline on serum PEP and DPP IV activity in
patients with fibromyalgia. CONCLUSIONS: The results show that fibromyalgia,
and aberrant pain perception and depressive symptoms in fibromyalgia are
related to lower serum PEP activity. It is hypothesized that lower serum PEP
activity may play a role in the biophysiology of fibromyalgia through
diminished inactivation of algesic and depression-related peptides
(533) Morris V,
Cruwys S, Kidd B. Increased capsaicin-induced secondary hyperalgesia as a
marker of abnormal sensory activity in patients with fibromyalgia. Neurosci
Lett 1998; 250(3):205-207.
Abstract: In this study, capsaicin-induced secondary hyperalgesia was
assessed as a marker of abnormal nociceptive processing in patients with
fibromyalgia (FM). The area of mechanical secondary hyperalgesia induced by
a standard solution of capsaicin placed on the volar forearm was measured in
ten patients with FM and the results compared to those obtained in ten
patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and ten normal subjects. The area of
secondary hyperalgesia was found to be substantially increased in both the
FM and RA groups compared with controls. In the FM group the area of
hyperalgesia correlated with the overall pain score and with the joint
tenderness score. The results suggest that in FM there is enhanced
sensitivity of nociceptive neurones at a spinal level, thereby supporting
the concept of a generalised disturbance of pain modulation in this disorder
(534)
Thorsteinsdottir B, Rafnsdottir S, Geirsson AJ, Sigurjonsson SV, Kjeld M. No
difference in ubiquinone concentration of muscles and blood in fibromyalgia
patients and healthy controls. Clin Exp Rheumatol 1998; 16(4):513-514.
(535) Singh BB,
Berman BM, Hadhazy VA, Creamer P. A pilot study of cognitive behavioral
therapy in fibromyalgia . Altern Ther Health Med 1998; 4(2):67-70.
Abstract: BACKGROUND: Fibromyalgia is a syndrome characterized by widespread
musculoskeletal pain and multiple tender points as well as high levels of
self-reported disability and poor quality of life. OBJECTIVES: In this pilot
study, a mind-body approach (cognitive-behavioral therapy) was tested that
has been successful in treating chronic back pain patients to determine
whether it would improve function, decrease perceived pain, and improve mood
state for fibromyalgia patients. PARTICIPANTS: 28 patients recruited from
the greater Baltimore area. INTERVENTION: Eight weekly sessions, 2 1/2 hours
each, with three components: an educational component focusing on the
mind-body connection, a portion focusing on relaxation response mechanisms
(primarily mindfulness meditation techniques), and a qigong movement therapy
session. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Data collection instruments were the
Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire, the Health Assessment Questionnaire, the
Beck Depression Inventory, the Coping Strategies Questionnaire, the
helplessness subscale of the Arthritis Attitudes Index, the Medical Outcomes
Study Short Form General Health Survey, and a double-anchored 100-mm visual
analog scale to assess sleep. RESULTS: Twenty patients completed the study.
Standard outcome measures showed significant reduction in pain, fatigue, and
sleeplessness; and improved function, mood state, and general health
following an 8-week intervention. CONCLUSION: A mind-body intervention
including patient education, meditation techniques, and movement therapy
appears to be an effective adjunctive therapy for patients with fibromyalgia
(536) Griep EN,
Boersma JW, Lentjes EG, Prins AP, van der Korst JK, de Kloet ER. Function of
the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in patients with fibromyalgia and
low back pain. J Rheumatol 1998; 25(7):1374-1381.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: We suggested fibromyalgia (FM) is a disorder associated
with an altered functioning of the stress-response system. This was
concluded from hyperreactive pituitary adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
release in response to corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) and to insulin
induced hypoglycemia in patients with FM. In this study, we tested the
validity and specificity of this observation compared to another painful
condition, low back pain. METHODS: We recruited 40 patients with primary FM
(F:M 36:4), 28 patients (25:3) with chronic noninflammatory low back pain (LBP),
and 14 (12:2) healthy, sedentary controls. A standard 100 microg CRH
challenge test was performed with measurement of ACTH and cortisol levels at
9 time points. They were also subjected to an overnight dexamethasone
suppression test, followed by injection of synthetic ACTH1-24. At 9 AM, the
patients divided in 2 groups, received either 0.025 or 0.100 microg ACTH/kg
body weight to test for adrenocortical sensitivity. Basal adrenocortical
function was assessed mainly by measurement of 24 h urinary excretion of
free cortisol. RESULTS: Compared to the controls, the patients with FM
displayed a hyperreactive ACTH release in response to CRH challenge (ANOVA
interaction effect p = 0.001). The mean ACTH response of the patients with
low back pain appeared enhanced also, but to a significantly lesser extent
(p = 0.02 at maximum level) than observed in the patients with FM. The
cortisol response was the same in the 3 groups. Following dexamethasone
intake there were 2 and 4 nonsuppressors in the FM and LBP groups,
respectively. The very low and low dose of exogenous ACTH1-24 evoked a dose
and time dependent cortisol response, which, however, was not significantly
different between the 3 groups. The 24 h urinary free cortisol levels were
significantly lower (p = 0.02) than controls in both patient groups;
patients with FM also displayed significantly lower (p < 0.05) basal total
plasma cortisol than controls. CONCLUSION: The present data validate and
substantiate our preliminary evidence for a dysregulation of the HPA axis in
patients with FM, marked by mild hypocortisolemia, hyperreactivity of
pituitary ACTH release to CRH, and glucocorticoid feedback resistance.
Patients with LBP also display hypocortisolemia, but only a tendency toward
the disrupted HPA features observed in the patients with FM. We propose that
a reduced containment of the stress- response system by corticosteroid
hormones is associated with the symptoms of FM
(537) Neumann L,
Buskila D. Ethnocultural and educational differences in Israeli women
correlate with pain perception in fibromyalgia. J Rheumatol 1998;
25(7):1369-1373.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To compare the clinical features of patients with
fibromyalgia (FM) in 2 ethnic groups in Israel. METHODS: One hundred women
with FM participated in the study; 70 were of Sephardic (Mediterranean)
origin and 30 of Ashkenazic (European-American) origin. Assessment of FM
related symptoms, tenderness, quality of life, and physical functioning was
conducted in all subjects. Analysis of covariance and multivariate
regression were performed to study the association between these measures
and ethnicity, controlling for age and education. RESULTS: Sephardic
patients with FM reported more frequent and more severe symptoms than
Ashkenazic patients. They had higher point counts and decreased quality of
life. When the patients were divided into 2 age groups (age 45 being the
cutoff point), the differences were observed only among the older subjects,
most of whom were immigrants. Sephardic older patients had significantly
higher point counts than Ashkenazic patients, and lower tenderness
thresholds. They reported significantly higher levels of pain, fatigue, and
stiffness, and were less satisfied with their life. However, these
differences observed between the 2 ethnic groups in the univariate data
analysis disappeared when age and education were jointly controlled in
multivariate regression analysis. Age had significantly contributed to the
variation in the point count, the reported pain, and physical functioning.
Education made a significant contribution in explaining the point count,
quality of life, pain, and fatigue. CONCLUSION: Education, rather than
ethnic identity, has been found to be an important factor in clinical
features of FM. Future studies should include ethnocultural and educational
assessment, especially in countries with high immigration rates and diverse
ethnic groups, such as the USA and Canada
(538) Norregaard J.
Muscle function, psychometric scoring and prognosis in patients with
widespread pain and tenderness (fibromyalgia). Dan Med Bull 1998;
45(3):256-267.
(539) Sprott H,
Franke S, Kluge H, Hein G. Pain treatment of fibromyalgia by acupuncture.
Rheumatol Int 1998; 18(1):35-36.
Abstract: The lack of objective parameters makes the measurement of pain and
the efficacy of pain treatment in patients with chronic pain very difficult.
We performed acupuncture therapy in fibromyalgia patients and established a
combination of methods to objectify pain measurement before and after
therapy. The parameters corresponded to patients' self- report. Twenty-nine
fibromyalgia patients as defined by ACR-criteria (25 women, 4 men) with a
mean age of 48.2 +/- 2.0 years and a mean disease duration of 6.1 +/- 1.0
years participated in the study. Pain levels and positive tender points were
assessed using the visual analogue scale (VAS, i.e., range 0-100 mm) and
dolorimetry. Serotonin and substance P levels in serum and the serotonin
concentration in platelets were measured concomitantly. During acupuncture
therapy no analgesic medication was allowed. The VAS scores decreased from
64.0 +/- 3.4 mm before therapy to 34.5 +/- 4.3 mm after therapy (P < 0.001).
Dolorimetry revealed a decreased number of tender points after therapy from
16.0 +/- 0.6 to 11.8 +/- 1.0, P < 0.01. Serotonin levels decreased from
715.8 +/- 225.8 micrograms/10(12) platelets to 352.4 +/- 47.9
micrograms/10(12) platelets (P < 0.01), whereas the serum concentration
increased from 134.0 +/- 14.3 ng/ml to 171.2 +/- 14.6 ng/ml (P < 0.01).
Substance P levels in serum increased from 43.4 +/- 3.5 pg/ml to 66.9 +/-
8.8 pg/ml (P < 0.01). Acupuncture treatment of patients with fibromyalgia
was associated with decreased pain levels and fewer positive tender points
as measured by VAS and dolorimetry. This was accompanied by decreased
serotonin concentration in platelets and an increase of serotonin and
substance P levels in serum. These results suggest that acupuncture therapy
is associated with changes in the concentrations of pain-modulating
substances in serum. The preliminary results are objective parameters for
acupuncture efficacy in patients with fibromyalgia
(540) Finckh A,
Morabia A, Deluze C, Vischer T. Validation of questionnaire-based response
criteria of treatment efficacy in the fibromyalgia syndrome. Arthritis Care
Res 1998; 11(2):116-123.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To compare the validity of self-reported questionnaires
as response criteria of treatment efficacy in patients with fibromyalgia
syndrome. METHOD: At the beginning of the treatment period, 70 fibromyalgia
patients, randomly allocated to electro-acupuncture or placebo, underwent a
clinical evaluation by rheumatologists and answered 1) a generic quality of
life questionnaire--the Psychological General Well-Being Index (PGWB), 2) a
specific function and symptom questionnaire, and 3) a pain
questionnaire--the Regional Pain Score (RPS). The same evaluation was
repeated at the end of the treatment period. Severity of the condition was
assessed by a composite outcome score, a combination of different clinical
outcome measures forming a clinical severity index. The variations between
these questionnaire scores before and after treatment and the variations
between the clinical severity indices estimated by clinicians were used as
measures of the treatment impact. The first rationale for the validation was
a positive correlation between clinical and questionnaire score changes.
Another rationale for validation of the new instruments was the ability to
identify the different treatment interventions. RESULTS: The correlation
between the clinical severity index and the RPS was good (r = 0.62).
Moreover, the RPS demonstrated a good discriminant power in detecting
patients with effective treatment: it showed a specificity of 74% and a
sensitivity of 75%. The PGWB correlated less well with the clinical score
and was less discriminant. The specific function and symptom questionnaire
showed little additional validity. CONCLUSIONS: Outcomes of syndrome
severity such as pain and subjective well-being, as measured by
self-reported questionnaires, can be valid instruments to evaluate treatment
efficacy in short-term clinical trials. In the current study, the RPS proved
to be particularly useful to assess the widespread tenderness of
fibromyalgia and demonstrated high discriminative power
(541) Alexander RW,
Bradley LA, Alarcon GS, Triana-Alexander M, Aaron LA, Alberts KR et al.
Sexual and physical abuse in women with fibromyalgia: association with
outpatient health care utilization and pain medication usage. Arthritis Care
Res 1998; 11(2):102-115.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the relationship between sexual and/or
physical abuse and health care usage in patients with fibromyalgia (FM) and
identify variables that may influence this relationship. METHODS: We
assessed history of sexual/physical abuse, health care utilization, and
medication usage, as well as related variables in 75 women with FM using
standardized questionnaires, structured interviews, and laboratory pain
perception tasks. RESULTS: Fifty-seven percent of FM patients reported a
history of sexual/physical abuse. Compared to non- abused patients, abused
patients reported significantly greater utilization of outpatient health
care services for problems other than FM and greater use of medications for
pain (P < or = 0.025). Consistent with our expectations, abused patients
also were characterized by significantly greater pain, fatigue, functional
disability, and stress, as well as by a tendency to label dolorimeter
stimuli as painful regardless of their intensities (P < or = 0.05).
Additional analyses suggested that the high frequency of sexual/physical
abuse in our patients was associated primarily with seeking health care for
chronic pain rather than the FM syndrome itself or genetic factors.
CONCLUSION: There is an association in FM patients between sexual/physical
abuse and increased use of outpatient health care services and medications
for pain. This association may be influenced by clinical symptoms,
functional disability, psychiatric disorders, stress, and abnormal pain
perception. The relationships among these variables should be further tested
in prospective, population-based studies
(542) Weber U.
[Fibromyalgia (generalized tendomyopathy) expert assessment practice]. Schweiz
Rundsch Med Prax 1998; 87(24):856.
(543) Cimino R,
Michelotti A, Stradi R, Farinaro C. Comparison of clinical and psychologic
features of fibromyalgia and masticatory myofascial pain. J Orofac Pain
1998; 12(1):35-41.
Abstract: The aim of this study was to investigate common symptoms and
divergent features in fibromyalgia (FS) and masticatory myofascial pain (MFP)
in patients affected by craniomandibular disorders. Twenty-three women with
MFP and 23 women with FS were studied. All patients were examined by a
dentist and by a rheumatologist. Craniomandibular disorders were assessed
with a subjective symptoms questionnaire, detailed history interview, joint
function examination, and manual palpation of masticatory and cervical
muscles. The Middlesex Hospital Questionnaire was used to obtain personality
profiles of the patients. The craniomandibular disorders questionnaire
revealed various similarities in the two groups, the most striking of which
were pain during mandibular function, articular noises, and headache. Both
groups had muscle pain upon palpation; the mean scores (on a 0 to 4 scale)
did not differ significantly between the two groups and ranged between 1.39
(SD 1.2) and 2.86 (SD 0.75). The mean value of active mouth opening was 40.9
mm (SD 9.1) in MFP patients and 44.6 mm (SD 7.2) in FS patients, while the
mean value of passive opening was 49.6 mm (SD 6.0) in MFP patients and 49.8
mm (SD 3.5) in FS patients. These values did not differ significantly
between the two groups, but did differ from the normal population, similar
to the trend of the psychologic profile. The authors conclude that the
physician should be alert to the need to conduct interdisciplinary
evaluations in the diagnosis and management of FS and of MFP
(544) Maier T.
[Fibromyalgia (generalized tendomyopathy) in expert assessment]. Schweiz
Rundsch Med Prax 1998; 87(22):788-789.
(545) Schanberg LE,
Keefe FJ, Lefebvre JC, Kredich DW , Gil KM. Social context of pain in
children with Juvenile Primary Fibromyalgia Syndrome: parental pain history
and family environment. Clin J Pain 1998; 14(2):107-115.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to describe parental pain
history and the family environment as it relates to the functional status of
children with Juvenile Primary Fibromyalgia Syndrome (JPFS). DESIGN AND
OUTCOME MEASURES: Twenty-nine parents of children with JPFS completed a pain
history questionnaire, Von Korff Chronic Pain Grading system, and the Family
Environment Scale (FES). Twenty-one adolescents with JPFS completed the FES,
the Visual Analogue Scale for Pain, the modified Fibromyalgia Impact
Questionnaire for Children, the Arthritis Impact Measurement Scales, and the
Symptom Checklist-90-Revised. Correlational analyses were performed.
RESULTS: Parents of children with JPFS reported multiple chronic pain
conditions, including but not limited to fibromyalgia. Parental pain history
and the family environment correlated with the health status of adolescents
with JPFS. Children with JPFS perceived the family environment as
significantly more cohesive than did their parents. Greater incongruence
between parent and child responses on the FES positively correlated with
greater impairment. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that family
environment and parental pain history ay be related to how children cope
with JPFS. Behavioral interventions targeting the family may improve the
long-term functional status of children with JPFS
(546) Olin R, Klein
R, Berg PA. A randomised double-blind 16-week study of ritanserin in
fibromyalgia syndrome: clinical outcome and analysis of autoantibodies to
serotonin, gangliosides and phospholipids. Clin Rheumatol 1998; 17(2):89-94.
Abstract: The aim of the study was to evaluate in a double-blind manner the
effect of the long-acting 5-hydroxytryptamine 2 (5-HT2)-receptor blocker
Ritanserin on clinical symptoms in patients with fibromyalgia syndrome (FM)
and on production of antibodies to serotonin, gangliosides and
phospholipids, recently shown to have a high incidence in this disease.
Fifty-one female patients with typical FM were included in the 16-week
study: 24 received Ritanserin and 27 received a placebo. Antibodies to 5-HT,
gangliosides (Gm1) and phospholipids (thromboplastin) were determined by
enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay at day 0 and at the end of week 16. The
psychological and physical status, including tender points, of the patients
was evaluated at day 0 and at the end of weeks 4 and 16. At the end of the
study, there was an improvement (p < 0.05) in feeling refreshed in the
morning in the Ritanserin-treated group and headache was also significantly
improved compared with the placebo group. There was no difference in pain,
fatigue, sleep, morning stiffness, anxiety and tender point counts in the
Ritanserin and placebo groups. Fifty-one per cent of the 51 patients had at
least one of the three antibodies to 5-HT, Gm1 and phospholipids. The
incidence and activity of these antibodies were not influenced by Ritanserin
or placebo. The observation that Ritanserin has only a small effect on
clinical symptoms indicates that disturbances in serotonin metabolism or
uptake may be only one factor in the pathogenesis of the disease. The high
incidence of a defined autoantibody pattern in FM could again be confirmed
in this study. However, it remains speculative whether immunological
reactions are, indeed, involved
(547) Kjaergaard J.
[Fibromyalgia]. Ugeskr Laeger 1998; 160(25):3751.
(548) Weigent DA,
Bradley LA, Blalock JE, Alarcon GS. Current concepts in the pathophysiology
of abnormal pain perception in fibromyalgia. Am J Med Sci 1998;
315(6):405-412.
Abstract: Fibromyalgia is a noninflammatory rheumatic disorder characterized
by chronic widespread musculoskeletal pain. Although many studies have
described the pain and other clinical symptoms associated with this
disorder, the primary mechanisms underlying the etiology of fibromyalgia
remain elusive. This article reviews recent data supporting the links among
each of three systems--the musculoskeletal system, the neuroendocrine
system, and the central nervous system (CNS), all of which appear to play
major roles in fibromyalgia pathophysiology--and pain in fibromyalgia, and
concludes by presenting a model of the pathophysiology of abnormal pain
perception in fibromyalgia which integrates the research findings described
(549) Alarcon GS,
Bradley LA. Advances in the treatment of fibromyalgia: current status and
future directions. Am J Med Sci 1998; 315(6):397-404.
Abstract: Despite significant efforts devoted to understanding the
etiopathogenesis of fibromyalgia, its treatment still presents a challenge
to practicing clinicians, who must recognize the disorder and quantify the
different symptoms in order to treat it. This article discusses recent
research to identify sensitive and reliable measures for determining
response to treatment among patients with FM, and the elements of
therapeutic programs (pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic) for patients with
FM along with the empirical or theoretical basis for their use. Future
directions, including the need for systematic, controlled outcome studies of
therapies and evaluation of variables which may mediate the effects of
treatment, as well as demonstration that the effects produced in outcome
studies generalize to settings beyond those in which the studies are
initially conducted, are also discussed
(550) Mountz JM,
Bradley LA, Alarcon GS. Abnormal functional activity of the central nervous
system in fibromyalgia syndrome. Am J Med Sci 1998; 315(6):385-396.
Abstract: The evaluation of pain is one of the major problems facing general
practitioners and specialists in medicine. Although the source of pain can
be usually be traced to specific abnormalities in a given organ system, some
patients present with generalized pain syndromes, such as fibromyalgia, for
which no specific source can be found. Some researchers have begun to
consider that although there may be a somatic source of such pain at its
initiation, over time the pain may be maintained or exacerbated by
functional alterations in critical regions of the brain and spinal cord that
are involved in pain processing or pain inhibition. This article describes
the techniques currently used to measure regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF)
in the brain by single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) imaging,
and reviews the SPECT and positron emission tomography literature concerning
alterations in functional brain activity associated with pain in healthy
individuals and in patients with chronic pain, including those with
fibromyalgia. The article concludes by describing the implications of
current knowledge about pain and abnormal functional brain activity in the
understanding of the pathophysiology of fibromyalgia and in the development
of therapeutic strategies to manage patients with this disorder
(551) Russell IJ.
Advances in fibromyalgia: possible role for central neurochemicals. Am J
Med Sci 1998; 315(6):377-384.
Abstract: The neurophysiologic term allodynia has been applied to
fibromyalgia because people with that disorder experience pain from pressure
stimuli which are not normally painful. The nociceptive neurotransmitters of
animal studies are now relevant to this human model of chronic, widespread
pain. Evidence is presented to implicate several chemical pain mediators
(including serotonin, substance P, nerve growth factor, and dynorphin A) in
the pathogenesis of fibromyalgia. This perception is hopeful because it
offers many new options for the development of innovative therapy
(552) Harding SM.
Sleep in fibromyalgia patients: subjective and objective findings. Am J Med
Sci 1998; 315(6):367-376.
Abstract: Fibromyalgia (FM) patients report early morning awakenings,
awakening feeling tired or unrefreshed, insomnia, as well as mood and
cognitive disturbances; they may also experience primary sleep disorders
including sleep apnea. Longitudinal studies have demonstrated the chronic
nature of these disturbances in patients with FM. A distinct relationship
exists between poor sleep quality and pain intensity. Polysomnographic
findings during sleep in these patients include an alpha frequency rhythm,
termed alpha-delta sleep anomaly, which is also seen in normal controls
during stage 4 sleep deprivation; deep pain induced during sleep in normal
controls also causes this anomaly. Sleep architecture is altered in FM
patients showing an increase in stage 1, a reduction in delta sleep, and an
increased number of arousals. Before prescribing pharmacologic compounds
aimed at modifying sleep, adequate pain control and sleep habits should be
achieved; tricyclic antidepressants, trazadone, zopiclone, and selective
serotonin reuptake inhibitors, however, may be required. More research is
needed to elucidate the cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in the
sleep disturbances occurring in patients with FM
(553) Crofford LJ.
Neuroendocrine abnormalities in fibromyalgia and related disorders. Am J Med
Sci 1998; 315(6):359-366.
Abstract: Fibromyalgia (FM) and related syndromes are poorly understood
disorders that share symptoms such as pain, fatigue, sleep disturbances, and
psychological distress. These syndromes are more common in women, and they
are associated with psychological or physical stressors. The neuroendocrine
axes are essential physiologic systems that allow for communication between
the brain and the body. Interconnections among the neuroendocrine axes lead
to coordinate regulation of these systems in both a positive and negative
fashion. Several neuroendocrine axes have been shown to be dysfunctional in
patients with FM. Although we do not yet understand the relationship between
the reported disturbances of neuroendocrine function and the development or
maintenance of FM and related syndromes, the authors have proposed that
these abnormalities are important in symptomatic manifestations. This
article reviews data showing disturbances of the neuroendocrine axes in FM
and proposes a hypothesis of the development and maintenance of FM related
to neuroendocrine disturbances
(554) Olsen NJ, Park
JH. Skeletal muscle abnormalities in patients with fibromyalgia. Am J Med
Sci 1998; 315(6):351-358.
Abstract: Widespread muscle pain and tender points are the most common
complaints of fibromyalgia patients, and the underlying mechanisms
responsible for these symptoms have been studied intensively during the past
decade. It has been suggested that fatigue and pain may lead to decreased
levels of physical activity in many patients. The resulting deconditioned
state may itself contribute to muscle abnormalities. Associated symptoms
such as disturbed sleep, anxiety, depression, or irritable bowel also may
have a negative impact on muscle function and level of daily activities. The
important interactions between the central nervous and musculoskeletal
systems may involve another element, the neuroendocrine stress-response
system. This review will consider both the current state of knowledge and
also future studies which might be designed to answer more effectively the
outstanding questions regarding the underlying pathogenesis of fibromyalgia
(555) Simms RW.
Fibromyalgia is not a muscle disorder. Am J Med Sci 1998; 315(6):346-350.
Abstract: Originally described as "fibrositis," fibromyalgia has long been
considered a muscle disorder, and many studies have investigated the
possible pathologic basis of the disorder by examining muscle tissue, using
various methodologic approaches. Although initial studies suggested a
possible pathologic basis in muscle, most had serious methodologic
limitations. More recent studies, however, have avoided methodologic
pitfalls and indicate that the muscles of patients with fibromyalgia are
normal. When data from studies of tenderness are also taken into account,
the weight of evidence suggests that fibromyalgia is a chronic pain syndrome
which has a central rather than peripheral or muscular basis
(556) Older SA,
Battafarano DF, Danning CL, Ward JA, Grady EP, Derman S et al. The effects
of delta wave sleep interruption on pain thresholds and fibromyalgia-like
symptoms in healthy subjects; correlations with insulin-like growth factor
I. J Rheumatol 1998; 25(6):1180-1186.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To assess the effects of delta wave sleep interruption
(DWSI) on pain thresholds and fibromyalgia-like symptoms. To examine the
potential correlations between DWSI and serum insulin-like growth factor 1
(IGF-1). METHODS: Thirteen healthy volunteers were subjected to 3
consecutive nights of DWSI (Group 1). Pain thresholds were measured by
dolorimetry and symptoms by visual analog scale. Six subjects not undergoing
DWSI served as dolorimetry and symptom controls (Group 2). Serum IGF-1 was
measured by competitive binding radioimmunoassay before and after DWSI.
RESULTS: No significant differences in pain thresholds as a function of
condition (baseline, DWSI, recovery) or overnight change were detected
between or within groups (p>0.05). Morning mean dolorimeter scores were
lower than evening scores in both groups during all 3 conditions, and were
lower in Group 1 than in Group 2 during DWSI. Group 1 subjects had higher
composite symptom scores during DWSI (p< or =0.005), attributed largely to
increases in fatigue. Serum levels of IGF-1 from Group 1 subjects showed no
significant change after DWSI (p>0.05). CONCLUSION: In our study subjects, 3
nights of DWSI caused no significant lowering of pain thresholds compared
with a control group. Subjects appeared to have lower pain thresholds in the
mornings, and DWSI appeared to augment this effect. Symptoms were more
apparent during DWSI, but were primarily related to fatigue. IGF-1 was not
altered by 3 nights of DWSI. The low levels of IGF-1 seen in patients with
fibromyalgia syndrome may result from chronic rather than acute DWSI, or may
be dependent on factors other than disturbances of delta wave sleep
(557) Demitrack MA,
Crofford LJ. Evidence for and pathophysiologic implications of hypothalamic-
pituitary-adrenal axis dysregulation in fibromyalgia and chronic fatigue
syndrome. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1998; 840:684-697.
Abstract: Chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) is characterized by profound
fatigue and an array of diffuse somatic symptoms. Our group has established
that impaired activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis is
an essential neuroendocrine feature of this condition. The relevance of this
finding to the pathophysiology of CFS is supported by the observation that
the onset and course of this illness is excerbated by physical and emotional
stressors. It is also notable that this HPA dysregulation differs from that
seen in melancholic depression, but shares features with other clinical
syndromes (e.g., fibromyalgia). How the HPA axis dysfunction develops is
unclear, though recent work suggests disturbances in serotonergic
neurotransmission and alterations in the activity of AVP, an important co-secretagogue
that, along with CRH, influences HPA axis function. In order to provide a
more refined view of the nature of the HPA dusturbance in patients with CFS,
we have studied the detailed, pulsatile characteristics of the HPA axis in a
group of patients meeting the 1994 CDC case criteria for CFS. Results of
that work are consistent with the view that patients with CFS have a
reduction of HPA axis activity due, in part, to impaired central nervous
system drive. These observations provide an important clue to the
development of more effective treatment to this disabling condition
(558) Eisinger J.
Alcohol, thiamin and fibromyalgia. J Am Coll Nutr 1998; 17(3):300-302.
(559) Monroe BA.
Fibromyalgia--a hidden link? J Am Coll Nutr 1998; 17(3):300.
(560) Strobel ES,
Wild J, Muller W. [Interdisciplinary group therapy for fibromyalgia]. Z
Rheumatol 1998; 57(2):89-94.
Abstract: Fibromyalgia is present in 2% of the general population and leads
to impairment by chronic pain and fatigue. It does not improve without
therapy directed at the symptoms of fibromyalgia. We describe our
interdisciplinary group treatment for patients with fibromyalgia. They
received a physical examination, ergometry and psychometric tests both at
admission and before discharge, and they were questioned to the degree and
localization of their pain, to fatigue, sleeping disorders and functional
symptoms. Therapy included information about fibromyalgia, learning of
coping strategies, relaxation and endurance training. Our results show that
our interdisciplinary group treatment is effective for fibromyalgia and
improves anxiety, depression and well being after a period of 5 weeks of
in-patient rehabilitation
(561) Gelfand SG.
Fibromyalgia: more questions and implications. Arthritis Rheum 1998;
41(6):1138-1139.
(562) Kenner C.
Fibromyalgia and chronic fatigue: the holistic perspective. Holist Nurs
Pract 1998; 12(3):55-63.
Abstract: Fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS) and chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) are
not new conditions, but they are receiving more attention as more research
is conducted. These two conditions are primarily women's health problems. In
some instances, there may be a genetic predisposition for these conditions.
The impact of FMS and CFS can be devastating both physically and
emotionally. The treatment plan must be interdisciplinary and holistic and
include alternative therapies if the client and family are to be truly
supported and helped in coping with these chronic conditions
(563) Kurtze N,
Gundersen KT, Svebak S. The role of anxiety and depression in fatigue and
patterns of pain among subgroups of fibromyalgia patients. Br J Med Psychol
1998; 71 ( Pt 2):185-194.
Abstract: This study explored the relationship of anxiety and depression
with two major symptoms of fibromyalgia, pain and fatigue, among
fibromyalgia patients (N = 322). Due to collinearity between anxiety and
depression scores, extreme groups were defined according to high versus low
anxiety and depression scores. Two-thirds of the initial sample were
excluded by this approach, which permitted a two by two factorial split-
plot ANOVA for the assessment of main effects and the interaction of anxiety
and depression upon pain and fatigue. Results stated independent, additive,
effects of anxiety and depression upon levels of pain and fatigue, whereas
interaction between anxiety and depression failed to significantly explain
symptom differences among the participants. Correlational analyses indicated
widespread pain among the low anxiety subgroups. In contrast, widespread
pain was not indicated among anxious patients with low scores on depression.
The findings support the hypothesis that (1) anxiety and depression are
independently associated with severity of pain symptoms in fibromyalgia, and
that (2) patients with high anxiety and low depression may communicate to
the medical doctor in ways that involve a risk of diagnosing fibromyalgia
when the criterion of widespread pain is not supported. These conclusions
were confirmed by results from ANCOVAs that permitted more extensive control
of collinearity among variables
(564) Ernberg M,
Hedenberg-Magnusson B, Alstergren P, Kopp S. Short-term effect of
glucocorticoid injection into the superficial masseter muscle of patients
with chronic myalgia: a comparison between fibromyalgia and localized
myalgia. J Orofac Pain 1997; 11(3):249-257.
Abstract: The aim of this study was to investigate whether the treatment
effect of intramuscular glucocorticoid injection differs between patients
with fibromyalgia and those with localized myalgia of the masseter muscle
concerning pain, tenderness to digital palpation, pressure pain threshold,
pressure pain tolerance level, maximum voluntary occlusal force, or
intramuscular temperature. Twenty-five patients with fibromyalgia and 25
patients with localized myalgia of the masseter muscle were first asked to
assess their pain on a visual analogue scale; afterward, a routine clinical
examination, including tenderness to digital palpation, was performed. For
each patient, the pressure pain threshold, pressure pain tolerance level,
and maximum voluntary occlusal force, as well as the intramuscular
temperature, were recorded. Finally each patient received an injection of
glucocorticoid. The examination and glucocorticoid treatment were repeated
after approximately 2 weeks, and a follow-up was performed after another 5
weeks. In the fibromyalgia group, there was a reduced tenderness to digital
palpation in response to the treatment. The localized myalgia group
responded with a general improvement of symptoms as well as a significant
reduction of pain intensity and tenderness to digital palpation. The results
of this study indicate that patients with fibromyalgia and localized myalgia
in many respects show a similar response to local glucocorticoid treatment
(565) Dao TT,
Reynolds WJ, Tenenbaum HC. Comorbidity between myofascial pain of the
masticatory muscles and fibromyalgia. J Orofac Pain 1997; 11(3):232-241.
Abstract: This study compared myofascial pain of the masticatory muscles to
fibromyalgia. Study data show that, in both myofascial pain and fibromyalgia
patients, facial pain intensity and its daily pattern and effect on quality
of life are very similar. This indicates that fibromyalgia should be
included in the differential diagnosis for myofascial pain of the
masticatory muscles. However, with the higher prevalence of neurologic and
gastrointestinal symptoms, and the stronger words used to describe the
affective dimension of pain, it is apparent that fibromyalgia may be a more
debilitating condition than myofascial pain of the masticatory muscles.
Since the intensity of facial pain was strongly and significantly correlated
to the body-pain index in fibromyalgia but not in myofascial pain patients,
it can be concluded that facial pain may be part of the clinical
manifestations of fibromyalgia, but it is unlikely to be related to body
pain in myofascial pain patients. On the other hand, while body pain is
episodic in most myofascial pain patients, it is constant and more severe in
the majority of fibromyalgia patients. This difference in the pain patterns
suggests that body pain in fibromyalgia and myofascial pain could have
different etiologies. The lack of correlation between the intensity of pain
and the length of time since onset also supports the concept that myofascial
pain of the masticatory muscles and fibromyalgia are unlikely to be
progressive disorders
(566) Schneider M.
The effectiveness of chiropractic management of fibromyalgia patients. J
Manipulative Physiol Ther 1998; 21(4):307.
(567) Kelemen J,
Muller W. [Secondary fibromyalgia. Differentiation of primary and secondary
fibromyalgia is necessary for successful therapy]. Fortschr Med 1998;
116(10 ):44-46.
(568) Tabeeva GR,
Levin I, Korotkova SB, Khanunov IG. [Treatment of fibromyalgia]. Zh Nevrol
Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova 1998; 98(4):40-43.
Abstract: The paper reports the results of therapy of 23 patients with
fibromyalgia (FM). Tetracyclic antidepressant lerivon, was administered to
group 1, nonsteroid antiinflammatory (NSAI) preparation nurofen to group 2
and phototherapy (exposure to bright white light) was used in group 3.
Clinical effect in the form of a decrease of both the intensivity of algesic
syndrome and autonomic manifestations as well as improvement of night sleep
were clearly seen in group 1. Manifestations of both anxious and depressive
disorders were less pronounced. Treatment by Nurofen resulted in slight
decrease of intensivity of pains but didn't lead to pronounced alterations
of emotional sphere. Administration of either Lerivon or Nurofen promoted
the increase of pain thresholds (according to the data of nociceptive
flexory reflex). The data obtained testified the necessity of complex
therapy of FM patients including administration of antidepressants and
analgetic drugs of NSAI group. Dynamic polysomnographic examination of
patients from group 3 revealed the increase of total sleep duration,
decrease of the time of falling asleep, the latent period of the phase of
the fast sleep, activated movement index, intensivity of movements and the
time of being awake in the sleep. The conclusion was made that it was worth
while to use phototherapy as alternative, nonmedicine method of
phothotherapy
(569) Biasi G, Manca
S, Manganelli S, Marcolongo R. Tramadol in the fibromyalgia syndrome: a
controlled clinical trial versus placebo. Int J Clin Pharmacol Res 1998;
18(1):13-19.
Abstract: This study assessed the analgesic action of tramadol compared
with placebo in patients suffering from fibromyalgia syndrome. Twelve
patients (11 females, one male) were treated according to a double- blind
crossover experimental design. Each patient, after signing informed consent,
was randomly allocated to either tramadol (100 mg ampul in 100 ml given
intravenously in 15 min doses) or placebo for a single dose treatment. At
the second visit, patients crossed over to the other drug for a further
single dose treatment. There was a wash- out period of 1 week. Nine patients
completed the study, while in three cases (two tramadol, one placebo) the
study was discontinued due to the onset of side effects. The assessment of
efficacy, carried out at the baseline and 15 min and 2 hours after
administration of each dose, involved the use of a visual analog scale (VAS
100 mm) for spontaneous pain and pressure dolorimetry (kg/cm2) at 12
"symptomatic" tender points and nine "control" tender points for
fibromyalgic pain. During the first treatment cycle effective control of
spontaneous pain was achieved with tramadol, which determined a reduction of
20.6% while with the placebo spontaneous pain increased by 19.8%. With
pressure dolorimetry there were no clinically important differences observed
after either active treatment or placebo. The contrasting results found in
the present study could be a stimulus for the organization of new projects,
which may lead to the identification of an optimal therapeutic approach for
fibromyalgic patients, also using tramadol for long periods
(570) Robb-Nicholson
C. I read in your June 1997 publication that one of the risk factors for hip
fracture is current use of long-acting benzodiazepines. Could you list
exactly which medications these are? I take Xanax and doxepin for
fibromyalgia. My pharmacist could find no evidence that either of these
drugs depletes bone calcium. How do they place me at increased risk for
osteoporosis? Harv Womens Health Watch 1998; 5(5):8.
(571) Kissel W,
Mahnig P. [Fibromyalgia (generalized tendomyopathy) in expert assessment.
Analysis of 158 cases]. Schweiz Rundsch Med Prax 1998; 87(16):538-545.
Abstract: MEDAS-agencies are medical institutions within the Swiss
Disability Insurance, which specialize in assessing the working capacity of
candidates who apply for a disability pension. Degenerative and other
chronic pain disorders of the musculoskeletal system form the majority of
cases that we investigate. Fibromyalgia is one of our most frequent
diagnoses (8.6%). We become involved in cases on average 8.5 years after the
first onset of painful symptoms and on average 2.5 years after the patients
have ceased to work. Our experience, tells us that fibromyalgia is usually
associated with psychological disturbances; thus our psychiatrists have
found important psychological problems in 86.7% of applicants. They found
mainly neurotic and depressive syndromes. Our investigations have shown that
psychological disturbances precede the onset of musculoskeletal pain in
about 70% of patients. Therefore, we don't consider fibromyalgia syndrome as
an entity of its own, but regard it as a pain syndrome in which there are
underlying psychological problems in most cases
(572) Hamilton SF.
The fibromyalgia problem. J Rheumatol 1998; 25(5):1027-1028.
(573) Smith MD. The
fibromyalgia problem. J Rheumatol 1998; 25(5):1027-1030.
(574) Romano TJ. The
fibromyalgia problem. J Rheumatol 1998; 25(5):1026-1027.
(575) Hudson AJ. The
fibromyalgia problem. J Rheumatol 1998; 25(5):1025-1026.
(576) Handler RP.
The fibromyalgia problem. J Rheumatol 1998; 25(5):1025-1030.
(577) Peloso PM. The
fibromyalgia problem. J Rheumatol 1998; 25(5):1024-1025.
(578) Hunt S,
Starkebaum G, Thompson CE. The fibromyalgia problem. J Rheumatol 1998;
25(5):1023-1024.
(579) Thorson K. The
fibromyalgia problem. J Rheumatol 1998; 25(5):1023-1030.
(580) White KP,
Harth M. The fibromyalgia problem. J Rheumatol 1998; 25(5):1022-1023.
(581) Cohen ML,
Quintner JL. Fibromyalgia syndrome and disability: a failed construct fails
those in pain. Med J Aust 1998; 168(8):402-404.
(582) Littlejohn GO.
Fibromyalgia syndrome and disability: the neurogenic model. Med J Aust 1998;
168(8):398-401.
(583) Dykman KD,
Tone C, Ford C, Dykman RA. The effects of nutritional supplements on the
symptoms of fibromyalgia and chronic fatigue syndrome. Integr Physiol Behav
Sci 1998; 33(1):61-71.
Abstract: This article reports the results of a within-subject design. Fifty
subjects with a physician diagnosis of fibromyalgia (FM) and/or chronic
fatigue syndrome (CFS) were interviewed using a structured interview from.
Each subject was interviewed initially, and again nine months later
(follow-up). Subjects had, on their own, consumed nutritional supplements
including freeze-dried aloe vera gel extract; a combination of freeze-dried
aloe vera gel extract and additional plant-derived saccharides; freeze-dried
fruits and vegetables in combination with the saccharides; and a formulation
of dioscorea complex containing the saccharides and a vitamin/mineral
complex. With medical treatments, approximately 25 percent of FM patients
improve, but the beneficial effects of medical treatment rarely persist more
than a few months. All subjects in this study had received some form of
medical treatment prior to taking the nutritional supplements, but none with
enduring success. Nutritional supplements resulted in a remarkable reduction
in initial symptom severity, with continued improvement in the period
between initial assessment and the follow-up. Further research is needed to
verify these results, specifically crossover designs in well- defined
populations
(584) Mason LW,
Goolkasian P, McCain GA. Evaluation of multimodal treatment program for
fibromyalgia. J Behav Med 1998; 21(2):163-178.
Abstract: A quasi-experimental design was used to assess a multimodal pain
treatment program for female patients with fibromyalgia to ascertain
immediate and long-term effects. Laboratory and self-report pain measures
together with psychological measures were obtained from patients who were
tested up to 6 months after treatment. Comparison data were also obtained
from fibromyalgia patients who failed to qualify for the treatment program
because of insurance coverage. Immediate and long-term treatment effects
were evident with the psychological measures and the subjective pain
measures but not with the laboratory pain measures. Participants who
attended the month-long multimodal program achieved significant and positive
changes on most of the outcome measures. However, relapse prevention must be
addressed
(585) Malleson P.
Collagen crosslinks in fibromyalgia: comment on the article by Sprott et al.
Arthritis Rheum 1998; 41(5):948-949.
(586) Miller VJ,
Zeltser R, Yoeli Z, Bodner L. Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, fibromyalgia and
temporomandibular disorder: report of an unusual combination. Cranio 1997;
15(3):267-269.
Abstract: An unusual case of temporomandibular disorder in the presence of
both fibromyalgia and Ehlers-Danlos syndrome is presented. Some of the
problems in treating these patients are discussed. It is suggested that
early conservative treatment of the temporomandibular disorder with a
stabilization splint and physical therapy is effective, and this approach
should be attempted before any surgical intervention is chosen
(587) Brown CR.
Fibromyalgia. Pract Periodontics Aesthet Dent 1997; 9(8):878, 883.
(588) Bessette L,
Carette S, Fossel AH, Lew RA. A placebo controlled crossover trial of
subcutaneous salmon calcitonin in the treatment of patients with
fibromyalgia. Scand J Rheumatol 1998; 27(2):112-116.
Abstract: The objective of this study was to evaluate the relative efficacy
and tolerability of subcutaneously (s.c.) administered salmon calcitonin (sCT)
in the treatment of patients with fibromyalgia. Eleven patients who
fulfilled the American College of Rheumatology classification criteria for
fibromyalgia were studied in a double-blind, crossover trial in which they
alternatively received salmon calcitonin (100 IU s.c.) and isotonic saline
(1 cc s.c.) for four weeks, with a four weeks wash-out period between the
treatments. None of the 11 outcomes measures (seven analog scales,
dolorimetry score, and three SIP scores) showed a significant improvement
with sCT. The principal side effect observed with sCT was nausea in ten
patients and erythema in four patients. These data suggest that sCT given at
a dose of 100 IU daily for one month is not effective in the treatment of
fibromyalgia
(589) Bennett R.
Fibromyalgia, chronic fatigue syndrome, and myofascial pain. Curr Opin
Rheumatol 1998; 10(2):95-103.
Abstract: Epidemiologic studies continue to provide evidence that
fibromyalgia is part of a spectrum of chronic widespread pain. The
prevalence of chronic widespread pain is several times higher than
fibromyalgia as defined by the 1990 American College of Rheumatology
guidelines. There is now compelling evidence of a familial clustering of
fibromyalgia cases in female sufferers; whether this clustering results from
nature or nature remains to be elucidated. A wide spectrum of fibromyalgia-
associated symptomatology and syndromes continues to be described. During
the past year the association with interstitial cystitis has been explored,
and neurally mediated hypotension has been documented in both fibromyalgia
and chronic fatigue syndrome. Abnormalities of the growth
hormone-insulin-like growth factor-1 axis have been also documented in both
fibromyalgia and chronic fatigue syndrome. The commonly reported but
anecdotal association of fibromyalgia with whiplash-type neck trauma was
validated in a report from Israel. However, unlike North America, 100% of
Israeli patients with posttraumatic fibromyalgia returned to work. Basic
research in fibromyalgia continues to pinpoint abnormal sensory processing
as being integral to understanding fibromyalgia pain. Drugs such as
ketamine, which block N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (which are often
upregulated in central pain states) were shown to benefit fibromyalgia pain
in an experimental setting. The combination of fluoxetine and amitriptyline
was reported to be more beneficial than either drug alone in patients with
fibromyalgia. A high prevalence of autoantibodies to cytoskeletal and
nuclear envelope proteins was found in chronic fatigue syndrome, and an
increased prevalence of antipolymer antibodies was found in symptomatic
silicone breast implant recipients who often have fibromyalgia
(590) Kelemen J,
Lang E, Balint G, Trocsanyi M, Muller W. Orthostatic sympathetic derangement
of baroreflex in patients with fibromyalgia. J Rheumatol 1998;
25(4):823-825.
(591) Bennett RM,
Clark SC, Walczyk J. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of
growth hormone in the treatment of fibromyalgia. Am J Med 1998;
104(3):227-231.
Abstract: PURPOSE: The cause of fibromyalgia (FM) is not known. Low levels
of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), a surrogate marker for low growth
hormone (GH) secretion, occur in about one third of patients who have many
clinical features of growth hormone deficiency, such as diminished energy,
dysphoria, impaired cognition, poor general health, reduced exercise
capacity, muscle weakness, and cold intolerance. To determine whether
suboptimal growth hormone production could be relevant to the symptomatology
of fibromyalgia, we assessed the clinical effects of treatment with growth
hormone. METHODS: Fifty women with fibromyalgia and low IGF-1 levels were
enrolled in a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind study of 9
months' duration. They gave themselves daily subcutaneous injections of
growth hormone or placebo. Two outcome measures--the Fibromyalgia Impact
Questionnaire and the number of fibromyalgia tender points-were evaluated at
3-monthly intervals by a blinded investigator. An unblinded investigator
reviewed the IGF-1 results monthly and adjusted the growth hormone dose to
achieve an IGF- 1 level of about 250 ng/mL. RESULTS: Daily growth hormone
injections resulted in a prompt and sustained increase in IGF-1 levels. The
treatment (n=22) group showed a significant improvement over the placebo
group (n=23) at 9 months in both the Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire score
(P <0.04) and the tender point score (P <0.03). Fifteen subjects in the
growth hormone group and 6 subjects in the control group experienced a
global improvement (P <0.02). There was a delayed response to therapy, with
most patients experiencing improvement at the 6-month mark. After
discontinuing growth hormone, patients experienced a worsening of symptoms.
Carpal tunnel symptoms were more prevalent in the growth hormone group (7
versus 1); no other adverse events were more common in this group.
CONCLUSIONS: Women with fibromyalgia and low IGF-1 levels experienced an
improvement in their overall symptomatology and number of tender points
after 9 months of daily growth hormone therapy. This suggests that a
secondary growth hormone deficiency may be responsible for some of the
symptoms of fibromyalgia
(592) Bazelmans E,
Vercoulen JH, Galama JM, van Weel C, van der Meer JW, Bleijenberg G.
[Prevalence of chronic fatigue syndrome and primary fibromyalgia syndrome in
The Netherlands]. Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd 1997; 141(31):1520-1523.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of chronic fatigue syndrome
(CFS) and of primary fibromyalgia syndrome (PFS) in the Netherlands. DESIGN:
Questionnaire. SETTING: Department of Medical Psychology, University
Hospital Nijmegen, the Netherlands. METHOD: A questionnaire was mailed to
all the 6657 general practitioners in the Netherlands in order to inform
them of the existence of CFS and to ask them if they had any CFS or PFS
patients in their practices. RESULTS: Sixty percent (n = 4027) of the
general practitioners returned the questionnaire. Of all the general
practitioners, 27% said they had no CFS patients, 23% said they had 1 CFS
patient, while 21% had 2 CFS patients, and 29% said they had 3 or more CFS
patients in their practice. Concerning PFS the results were 17% (no PFS
patients), 18%, 18% and 47%, respectively. With a mean practice of 2486
patients per general practice, the estimated prevalence of CFS was 112 per
100,000 and that of PFS 157 per 100,000 persons. Of the CFS patients 81%
were women and 55% were 25-44 years old; for PFS these figures were 87% and
48% respectively. CONCLUSION: Extrapolation of the study results indicates
that there are at least 17,000 CFS patients and 24,000 PFS patients in the
Netherlands. The found prevalence is probably an under-estimation
(593) Tavoni A,
Jeracitano G, Cirigliano G. Evaluation of S-adenosylmethionine in secondary
fibromyalgia: a double- blind study. Clin Exp Rheumatol 1998; 16(
1):106-107.
(594) Dwight MM,
Arnold LM, O'Brien H, Metzger R, Morris-Park E, Keck PE, Jr. An open
clinical trial of venlafaxine treatment of fibromyalgia. Psychosomatics
1998; 39(1):14-17.
Abstract: Of 15 patients with fibromyalgia who were first evaluated for the
presence of Axis I psychiatric diagnoses by use of the Structured Clinical
Interview for DSM-IV, 11 completed an open 8-week trial with the novel
antidepressant venlafaxine. Six (55%) of 11 completers experienced a > or =
50% reduction of fibromyalgia symptoms. The presence of lifetime psychiatric
disorders, particularly depressive and anxiety disorders, predicted a
positive response to venlafaxine. These findings suggest that it is
important to assess for comorbid psychiatric disorders in patients with
fibromyalgia and that venlafaxine may be helpful to some of these patients
(595) Aronoff GM.
Myofascial pain syndrome and fibromyalgia: a critical assessment and
alternate view. Clin J Pain 1998; 14(1):74-85.
(596) Wigley RD. Can
accident or occupation cause fibromyalgia. N Z Med J 1998; 111(1060):60.
(597) Acasuso-Diaz
M, Collantes-Estevez E. Joint hypermobility in patients with fibromyalgia
syndrome. Arthritis Care Res 1998; 11(1):39-42.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To test the hypothesis that joint hyperlaxity can play
some role in the pathogenesis of pain in primary fibromyalgia. METHODS: A
total of 66 women with fibromyalgia (according to the 1990 American College
of Rheumatology criteria) and 70 women with other rheumatic diseases were
examined for joint laxity based on 5 criteria (The Non- Dominant Spanish
modification). Individuals meeting 4 or 5 criteria were considered to be
hyperlax. RESULTS: Joint hyperlaxity was detected in 18 (27.3%) of the
patients with fibromyalgia and 8 (11.4%) of those with another rheumatic
disorder. The statistical analysis revealed significant differences (P <
0.05) between both groups. CONCLUSION: The results of this study suggest
that joint hypermobility and fibromyalgia are associated. Joint hyperlaxity
may play a prominent role in the pathogenesis of pain in fibromyalgia
(598) Nicolodi M,
Volpe AR, Sicuteri F. Fibromyalgia and headache. Failure of serotonergic
analgesia and N- methyl-D-aspartate-mediated neuronal plasticity: their
common clues. Cephalalgia 1998; 18 Suppl 21:41-44.
Abstract: A defect in serotonergic analgesia and a hyperalgesic state are
proposed as features common to headache and fibromyalgia. The benefit to
both migraine and fibromyalgia from inhibiting ionotropic N-methyl-D-
aspartate receptor activity implies that redundant hyperalgesia-related
neuroplastic changes are crucial for severe or chronic migraine and primary
fibromyalgia. The fact that migraine and primary fibromyalgia share some
pivotal set-up of serotonergic and excitatory amino acid systems led us to
analyse epidemiological data supporting the hypothesis that analgesic
disruption and a consequent hyperalgesic state are mechanisms of both
migraine and fibromyalgia. Beyond demonstrating the comorbidity between
migraine and primary fibromyalgia, the data suggest that migraine may
represent a risk factor for fibromyalgia
(599) Hausotter W.
[Fibromyalgia--a dispensable disease term?]. Versicherungsmedizin 1998;
50(1):13-17.
Abstract: The term of "fibromyalgia" has been used increasingly in the last
years for chronic widespread pain in particular concerning soft tissues,
muscular and extra-articular system including pain in 11 of 18 tender point
sites on digital palpation. Scientific proof of an organic disorder could
not be established to this day. Psychological causes are more and more
considered to be responsible for this problems. Nowadays a psychosomatic
disorder is assumed although as well a depression with somatization or a
neurosis are discussed. Therapeutical problems and pain coping strategies
are described just as the medico-legal assessment for pension scheme.
Because the term "fibromyalgia" suggests an organic disorder which does not
exist, it seems instead useful to prefer the terms "somatization disorder"
or "pain disorder" to make easier the approach to early psychotherapy and to
prevent a further chronification
(600) Fibromyalgia
syndrome--An Interdisciplinary Challenge of Basic and Clinical Science.
International conference. Bad Nauheim, Germany, October 23-25, 1997.
Abstracts. Z Rheumatol 1997; 56(6):351-379.
(601) Press J,
Phillip M, Neumann L, Barak R, Segev Y, Abu-Shakra M et al. Normal melatonin
levels in patients with fibromyalgia syndrome. J Rheumatol 1998;
25(3):551-555.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To assess urine levels of melatonin measured by 6-
sulphatoxymelatonin (aMT6s) in patients with fibromyalgia (FM). METHODS:
Nocturnal aMT6s urine levels were measured by ELISA, in a sample of urine
collected from 10 PM to 7 AM from 39 female patients with FM and 39 age
matched healthy female controls. All subjects were interviewed and assessed
for nonarticular tenderness, FM symptoms, quality of life, and physical
functioning. RESULTS: Nocturnal aMT6s levels of patients with FM were not
statistically different from those of controls: 16.7+/-9.2 vs 16.0+/-11.3
microg, respectively. No association was observed between aMT6s levels of
patients with FM and disease duration, reproductive status, sleep and mood
disturbances. CONCLUSION: Nocturnal urine aMT6s levels were similar in
patients with FM and controls. Studies are needed to elucidate the possible
role of melatonin in FM and should include larger samples of newly diagnosed
untreated patients with FM
(602) Wolfe F. What
use are fibromyalgia control points? J Rheumatol 1998; 25(3):546-550.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To investigate the relationship between control points
and symptom and distress severity in fibromyalgia (FM). METHODS: Eighty-
four new patients with FM seen at an outpatient rheumatology center from
December 1994 through August 1996 underwent tender point and dolorimetry
examinations at 18 active and 4 control sites. All completed the assessment
scales for fatigue, sleep disturbance, anxiety, depression, global severity,
pain, and functional disability, and a composite measure of distress
constructed from scores of sleep disturbance, fatigue, anxiety, depression,
and global severity -- the Rheumatology Distress Index (RDI). RESULTS:
Control point positivity was common in FM (63.1%) and was associated with
somewhat more severe FM symptoms and general distress, yielding an increase
in the RDI of 9.2 units or 0.55 standard deviation units. There was no
evidence of particularly worse disease in patients with high counts of
control tender points, and increasing numbers of tender points beyond the
first positive control point were generally not associated with, or were
only weakly associated with, increasing symptom severity. Many patients with
positive control points had only mild levels of symptom severity. Finally,
we found no clusters of patients with very severe symptoms associated with
control points, or with dolorimetry scores, or with ratios of dolorimetry
scores from different body regions of varying pain thresholds. CONCLUSION:
Positive control points are a common feature (63%) in FM, and appear to be a
marker for a generally low pain threshold rather than a disproportionate
increase in severe symptoms or distress. Control point positivity should not
be used to disqualify a diagnosis of FM. Control point measurements do not
add much to FM diagnosis or assessment and, perhaps, should be abandoned. At
the least, they should be designated "high threshold" points rather than
control points. Dolorimetry is considerably less useful in FM assessment
than the manual tender point examination
(603) Park JH,
Phothimat P, Oates CT, Hernanz-Schulman M, Olsen NJ. Use of P-31 magnetic
resonance spectroscopy to detect metabolic abnormalities in muscles of
patients with fibromyalgia. Arthritis Rheum 1998; 41(3):406-413.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To investigate the metabolic and functional status of
muscles of fibromyalgia (FM) patients, using P-31 magnetic resonance
spectroscopy (MRS). METHODS: Twelve patients with FM and 11 healthy subjects
were studied. Clinical status was assessed by questionnaire. Biochemical
status of muscle was evaluated with P-31 MRS by determining concentrations
of inorganic phosphate (Pi), phosphocreatine (PCr), ATP, and phosphodiesters
during rest and exercise. Functional status was evaluated from the PCr/Pi
ratio, phosphorylation potential (PP), and total oxidative capacity (Vmax).
RESULTS: Patients with FM reported greater difficulty in performing
activities of daily living as well as increased pain, fatigue, and weakness
compared with controls. MRS measurements showed that patients had
significantly lower than normal PCr and ATP levels (P < 0.004) and PCr/Pi
ratios (P < 0.04) in the quadriceps muscles during rest. Values for PP and
Vmax also were significantly reduced during rest and exercise. CONCLUSION:
P-31 MRS provides objective evidence for metabolic abnormalities consistent
with weakness and fatigue in patients with FM. Noninvasive P-31 MRS may be
useful in assessing clinical status and evaluating the effectiveness of
treatment regimens in FM
(604) Siegel DM,
Janeway D, Baum J. Fibromyalgia syndrome in children and adolescents:
clinical features at presentation and status at follow-up. Pediatrics 1998;
101(3 Pt 1):377-382.
Abstract: OBJECTIVES: To 1) describe the characteristic features of
fibromyalgia syndrome (FS) in a pediatric population, 2) note similarities
and differences with FS in adults, and 3) determine outcome after treatment.
SETTING AND DESIGN: The Pediatric Rheumatology Clinic at the University of
Rochester Medical Center is staffed by two pediatric rheumatologists and
serves as a regional subspecialty referral service with approximately 450
annual patient visits, of which approximately 120 are initial evaluations. A
retrospective medical record review from 1989 to 1995 was used to identify
and describe the study population, and a structured telephone interview
served to determine current status and response to treatment. RESULTS: A
total of 45 subjects were identified (41 female; 42 white; mean age, 13.3
years), of whom 33 were available for telephone interview at a mean of 2.6
years from initial diagnosis (0.1 to 7.6 years). Of a possible 15 symptoms
associated with FS, subjects reported a mean of 8, with >90% experiencing
diffuse pain and sleep disturbance. Less frequent were headaches (71%),
general fatigue (62%), and morning stiffness (53%). The mean cumulative
number of tender points summed over all visits was 9.7 (of 18). Telephone
interviews showed improvement in most patients, with a mean positive change
of 4.8 on a self-rating scale of 1 to 10 comparing current status to
worst-ever condition. CONCLUSIONS: FS in patients referred to a pediatric
rheumatology clinic is characterized by diffuse pain and sleep disturbance,
the latter being more common than that in adults. The mean number of tender
points summed over all visits is fewer than the criterion of 11 established
for adults at a single visit. The majority of patients improved over 2 to 3
years of follow-up
(605) Marlowe SM.
Calming the fire of fibromyalgia. Adv Nurse Pract 1998; 6(1):51-3, 56.
(606) Bonaccorso S,
Lin AH, Verkerk R, van Hunsel F, Libbrecht I, Scharpe S et al. Immune
markers in fibromyalgia: comparison with major depressed patients and normal
volunteers. J Affect Disord 1998; 48(1):75-82.
Abstract: BACKGROUND: There is a high degree of comorbidity between
fibromyalgia and major depression. The latter is characterized by signs of
immune activation, whereas the immune status in fibromyalgia is not yet
elucidated. The aims of the present study were to examine (i) neopterin and
biopterin excretion in 24-h urine of patients with fibromyalgia compared
with normal volunteers and patients with major depression; and (ii) the
effects of subchronic treatment with sertraline (11 weeks) on the urinary
excretion of neopterin and biopterin. METHODS: Measurements of neopterin,
biopterin, pseudouridine, creatinine and uric acid in 24- h urine were
performed by means of HPLC in 14 fibromyalgia and ten major depressed
patients and 17 normal volunteers. RESULTS: There were no significant
differences in urine excretion of the above five analytes between patients
with fibromyalgia and normal volunteers. Patients with major depression
showed significantly higher urinary neopterin excretion than normal
volunteers and fibromyalgia patients. Patients with fibromyalgia and major
depression had a significantly increased neopterin/creatinine ratio.
Fibromyalgia patients had significantly lower urinary excretion of
creatinine than patients with major depression. In fibromyalgia patients,
there were no significant effects of sertraline treatment on any of the
urine analytes. CONCLUSIONS: The findings suggest that fibromyalgia, in
contrast to major depression, may not be accompanied by activation of
cell-mediated immunity. LIMITATION: Other immune markers should be measured
in fibromyalgia before drawing definite conclusions. CLINICAL RELEVANCE:
Increased urinary excretion of neopterin can be used as a marker for major
depression, but not fibromyalgia
(607) Dohrenbusch R,
Sodhi H, Lamprecht J, Genth E. Fibromyalgia as a disorder of perceptual
organization? An analysis of acoustic stimulus processing in patients with
widespread pain. Z Rheumatol 1997; 56(6):334-341.
Abstract: We examined to what extent patients with fibromyalgia differ from
painfree control subjects in the perception and processing not only of
somatosensory but also of external stimuli. For this purpose the acoustic
perception of 30 patients with fibromyalgia was compared with that of 36
generally pain-free age and gender matched subjects. The groups were also
controlled for organic disease of pathological dysfunction of the ear and
auditory nerves. Thresholds of unpleasantness and hearing thresholds were
determined autiometrically for various frequencies. In addition the
participants rated their experience of daily noise, vulnerability to
acoustic stress, and functional and affective complaints associated with
fibromyalgia. As expected the results show reduced unpleasantness thresholds
for all frequencies and a nonsymptomatic hearing loss for higher
frequencies. The elevated hearing threshold correlated significantly with
experience of noise at the place of work, which was also elevated in the
fibromyalgia group. Generalized pain had a high impact on the interaction
between threshold of unpleasantness and daily noise experience. We interpret
the differences in thresholds of hearing and of unpleasantness in patients
with fibromyalgia as a form of either preconscious or conscious acts to
protect against disturbing stimulation. Our results support the notion of a
generalized disturbancy of perceptual thresholds in patients with
fibromyalgia not restricted to the perception of pain
(608) Kroner-Herwig
B. [Fibromyalgia and the portals of perception]. Z Rheumatol 1997;
56(6):319-321.
(609) Perez-Ruiz F,
Calabozo M, Alonso-Ruiz A, Ruiz-Lucea E. Fibromyalgia and carpal tunnel
syndrome. Ann Rheum Dis 1997; 56(7):438-439.
(610) Smith MD.
Relationship of fibromyalgia to site and type of trauma: comment on the
articles by Buskila et al and Aaron et al. Arthritis Rheum 1998;
41(2):378-379.
(611) Lentjes EG,
Griep EN, Boersma JW, Romijn FP, de Kloet ER. Glucocorticoid receptors,
fibromyalgia and low back pain. Psychoneuroendocrinology 1997;
22(8):603-614.
Abstract: Recently, fibromyalgia (FMS) was shown to be a disorder associated
with an altered functioning of the stress response system. FMS patients
display a hyperreactive pituitary adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) release
in response to corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) and to insulin-induced
hypoglycemia. We suggested that negative feedback of cortisol could be
deranged. Therefore we investigated the properties and function of the
glucocorticoid receptors (GR) in FMS patients and compared the results with
those of healthy persons and patients with chronic low back pain (LBP a
localized pain condition). Forty primary FMS patients (F:M = 36:4), 28 LBP
patients (25:3) and 14 (12:2) healthy, sedentary control persons were
recruited for the study. Urinary free cortisol excretion in FMS and LBP
patients was lower compared to controls. Only FMS patients displayed lower
CBG and basal serum cortisol concentrations when compared to controls.
However, plasma free cortisol concentrations were similar in the three
groups. There was no difference in the number of GR per cell among the three
groups (FMS: 6498 +/- 252, LBP: 6625 +/- 284, controls: 6576 +/- 304), but
the dissociation constant (Kd) of the FMS (14.5 +/- 0.9 nmol/l) and LBP
(14.7 +/- 1.3 nmol/l) subjects was significantly higher than that of the
controls (10.9 +/- 0.8 nmol/l) (p < .05). The maximal stimulation of the
lymphocytes, as measured by the maximal thymidine incorporation (in the
absence of cortisol) in the FMS group was approximately 1.5 times higher (p
< .05) than in the control or LBP group. The ED50 (the cortisol
concentration giving 50% inhibition of the thymidine incorporation),
however, was identical in all three groups. We conclude that FMS patients
have a mild hypocortisolemia, increased cortisol feedback resistance in
combination probably with a reduced CRH synthesis or release in the
hypothalamus. The role of the GR and mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) in the
CRH regulation in the FMS patients remains to be solved
(612) Hedenberg-Magnusson
B, Ernberg M, Kopp S. Symptoms and signs of temporomandibular disorders in
patients with fibromyalgia and local myalgia of the temporomandibular
system. A comparative study. Acta Odontol Scand 1997; 55(6):344-349.
Abstract: Symptoms and signs of temporomandibular disorders (TMD) in 46
patients were investigated and compared with those in 20 healthy
individuals. Twenty-three patients had fibromyalgia (FM) and 23 had local
myalgia (LM). Facial pain was assessed with a visual analogue scale, and a
clinical examination was performed, including maximum voluntary mouth
opening, temporomandibular joint sounds, tenderness to digital palpation in
the masticatory muscles, pressure pain threshold and tolerance level of the
superficial masseter muscle, intramuscular temperature, and maximum
voluntary bite force. There was a difference in the number of tender muscles
between the groups. Pressure pain threshold and tolerance levels were lower
in the FM than in the LM group, whereas both showed lower values than a
control group (C). The intramuscular temperature and maximum voluntary mouth
opening were lower in the patient groups than in the C group. TMJ sounds
showed a difference between all three groups. In conclusion, this study
shows that FM patients frequently have TMD and indicates several differences
between patients with FM and LM with regard to clinical variables
(613) Sigal LH,
Chang DJ, Sloan V. 18 tender points and the "18-wheeler" sign: clues to the
diagnosis of fibromyalgia. JAMA 1998; 279(6):434.
(614) Affleck G,
Tennen H, Urrows S, Higgins P, Abeles M, Hall C et al. Fibromyalgia and
women's pursuit of personal goals: a daily process analysis. Health Psychol
1998; 17(1):40-47.
Abstract: For 30 days, 50 women with primary fibromyalgia syndrome reported
daily progress and effort toward a health-fitness and a social-interpersonal
goal and the extent to which their pain and fatigue hindered their
accomplishment. They also carried palmtop computers to assess their sleep
and their pain, fatigue, and positive and negative mood throughout the day.
Analyses of the person-day data set showed that on days during which pain or
fatigue increased from morning to evening, participants perceived their goal
progress to be more attenuated by pain and fatigue. Unrestorative sleep the
night before predicted the following day's effort and progress toward
accomplishing health-fitness goals, but not social-interpersonal goals.
Finally, participants who reported more progress toward social-interpersonal
goals on a given day were more likely to evidence improvements in positive
mood across the day, regardless of any changes in pain or fatigue that day
(615)
Reinhold-Keller E. [Diagnosis of fibromyalgia syndrome]. Internist (Berl)
1997; 38(10):993-994.
(616) Sorensen J,
Graven-Nielsen T, Henriksson KG, Bengtsson M, Arendt-Nielsen L.
Hyperexcitability in fibromyalgia. J Rheumatol 1998; 25(1):152-155.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: Spontaneous chronic widespread pain in combination with
hyperalgesia to pressure stimuli is the hallmark of fibromyalgia (FM). We
tested whether muscular hyperalgesia can exist in a muscle without
spontaneous pain, which could indicate a generalized hyperexcitability of
the nociceptive system in patients with FM. METHODS: Twelve women with FM
and 12 age matched female controls participated in this blind study.
Patients had no spontaneous pain in the anterior tibial (AT) muscle. The
pressure pain threshold was tested on the AT muscle. The pain threshold to
electrical single and repeated stimulations of the skin and of the right AT
muscle was assessed. Pain was evoked in the left AT muscle by infusion of
sterile hypertonic saline (5.7%, 2.8 ml over 480 s). The saline induced
muscle pain intensity and duration were assessed by continuous recordings on
an electronic visual analog scale (VAS), and the distribution of pain was
assessed on drawings. The sequence of electrical sensibility tests and the
infusion of hypertonic saline was randomized. RESULTS: Pressure pain
thresholds were lower (p < 0.02) in patients with FM compared to controls.
Thresholds for pain evoked by electrical stimulation at the skin were not
significantly different in the 2 groups. The pain threshold to repeated
intramuscular stimulation was significantly (p = 0.02) lower for the
patients with FM compared to the control group, indicating that the temporal
nociceptive summation was more pronounced in patients with FM. This is an
indication of central sensitization (hyperexcitability). Infusion of
hypertonic saline evoked muscle pain with a longer duration (p = 0.01) in
patients with FM, and referred pain that spread to a larger area (p = 0.002)
than in controls. This is an indication of central hyperexcitability.
CONCLUSION: There is a state of central hyperexcitability in the nociceptive
system in FM. This hyperexcitability can be revealed by excitation of
intramuscular nociceptors in a muscle with no spontaneous pain
(617) Bagge E,
Bengtsson BA, Carlsson L, Carlsson J. Low growth hormone secretion in
patients with fibromyalgia--a preliminary report on 10 patients and 10
controls. J Rheumatol 1998; 25(1):145-148.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the secretion of growth hormone in patients
with fibromyalgia (FM). METHODS: Serum concentrations of growth hormone (24
h profiles), insulin-like growth factor I (IGF), and IGF binding protein-3
were determined in 10 women with FM and in 10 healthy controls. Quality of
sleep was assessed by means of a visual analog scale. RESULTS: Sleep was
significantly more disturbed in the patients than in controls. A
significantly lower secretion of growth hormone was found in the patients in
comparison with healthy controls. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that
growth hormone secretion is decreased in patients with FM. Substitution
therapy with low doses of growth hormone may be worth evaluating in the
treatment of FM
(618) Mengshoel AM.
[Physical therapy and fibromyalgia]. Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen 1997;
117(30):4484-4485.
(619) Sieb JP,
Dorfler P, Tolksdorf K, Jakschik J. Endplate ultrastructure in a case of
primary fibromyalgia. Clin Rheumatol 1997; 16(6):637-638.
(620) Johnson M,
Paananen ML, Rahinantti P, Hannonen P. Depressed fibromyalgia patients are
equipped with an emphatic competence dependent self-esteem. Clin Rheumatol
1997; 16(6):578-584.
Abstract: Employing a recently developed questionnaire we studied the
self-esteem structure of 61 female fibromyalgia (FM) patients by comparing
them with i) 40 healthy psychology students and ii) 37 patients suffering
from rheumatoid arthritis. Depressed FM patients (n=36) had a high need to
gain self-esteem through competence and others' approval combined with a low
basic sense of self-esteem. In this regard they differed significantly from
the healthy controls who had a more equal amount of the two types of
self-esteem. These patients had also a more demanding and "hard-driving"
self-esteem structure than either control group and exhibited a lower
self-assertiveness and less emotional candour than the healthy controls. The
non-depressed FM patients did not display this self-esteem pattern. In
conclusion, FM patients are probably not a homogeneous group. Furthermore,
we suggest that an emphatic competence- dependent self-esteem is one
vulnerability factor which, in proper genetic and environmental conditions,
increases susceptibility to fibromyalgia and depression
(621) Yaron I,
Buskila D, Shirazi I, Neumann L, Elkayam O, Paran D et al. Elevated levels
of hyaluronic acid in the sera of women with fibromyalgia. J Rheumatol 1997;
24(11):2221-2224.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To evaluate serum levels of hyaluronic acid (HA) in
patients with fibromyalgia (FM). METHODS: HA serum levels were evaluated by
a radiometric assay in 42 women with FM (ACR criteria), 27 female patients
with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and 36 healthy female controls matched for
age. RESULTS: HA serum levels (mean microg/l +/- SEM) were 41 +/- 8.7 in
healthy controls; 113 +/- 15.9 in RA: and 420 +/- 26 in FM. CONCLUSION: HA
serum levels in women with FM were significantly elevated compared to
healthy controls and patients with RA. This observation suggests that FM is
associated with a biochemical abnormality and that serum HA could be a
laboratory marker for its diagnosis
(622) Gladman DD,
Urowitz MB, Gough J, MacKinnon A. Fibromyalgia is a major contributor to
quality of life in lupus. J Rheumatol 1997; 24(11):2145-2148.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE; To determine whether individual variables of the
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Disease Activity Index (SLEDAI) and Systemic
Lupus International Coordinating Committee/American College of Rheumatology
(SLICC/ACR) Damage Index were associated with any of the domains of the
Short Form 36 (SF-36) quality of life measure, and to assess the
contribution of fibromyalgia (FM) to the quality of life measure. METHODS:
Patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) seen between December 1994
and May 1995 completed SF-36 questionnaires at the time of their clinical
evaluations at the Lupus Clinic. Disease activity was measured by SLEDAI,
damage was assessed by the SLICC/ACR Damage Index, and FM was diagnosed in
the presence of widespread pain and > or = 11 of 18 FM tender points. The
components of SLEDAI and the Damage Index were compared to the domains of
the SF-36 using Pearson correlation coefficients. A t test was used to
compare the variables in patients with and without FM. RESULTS: One hundred
nineteen patients with SLE participated in the study. Presence of FM, which
occurred in 21% of the patients, was not related to either the overall
scores or any of the components of SLEDAI or Damage Index, but was highly
correlated with all 8 domains of the SF-36. The correlations ranged from
-0.26 to - 0.43, with associated p values of 0.007 to 0.0001. CONCLUSION: In
a cross sectional study of patients with SLE at one point in time the SF- 36
reflected the presence of FM rather than disease activity or damage
(623) Forseth KO,
Gran JT, Husby G. A population study of the incidence of fibromyalgia among
women aged 26- 55 yr. Br J Rheumatol 1997; 36(12):1318-1323.
Abstract: In a population survey, we assessed the incidence of fibromyalgia
(FM) among females. A screening questionnaire about pain was distributed
twice (in 1990 and 1995) to 2498 females aged 20-49 yr, living in South
Norway. A positive answer classified the responder as positive, merely
negative answers as negative. One hundred females converting from negative
to positive responders and 100 females remaining negative responders
(controls) underwent a structural interview and examination for tender
points (TP). Of the 870 negative responders in 1990, 717 answered the
questionnaire in 1995. Of these, 523 were still negative responders, while
194 were positive converters. Twelve of the converters developed FM and none
of the controls. The calculated annual incidence of FM in females was
583/100,000. This rather high incidence is most likely explained by the
design of the study, also detecting cases usually not seen in hospital
settings
(624) Klein R, Berg
PA. High incidence of antibodies to 5-hydroxytryptamine, gangliosides and
phospholipids in patients with chronic fatigue and fibromyalgia syndrome and
their relatives: evidence for a clinical entity of both disorders. Eur J Med
Res 1995; 1(1):21-26.
Abstract: The fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS) is one of the most frequent
rheumatic disorders showing a wide spectrum of different symptoms. An
association with the chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) has been discussed.
Recently, a defined autoantibody pattern consisting of antibodies to
serotonin (5- hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT), gangliosides and phospholipids was
found in about 70% of the patients with FMS. We were therefore interested in
seeing whether patients with CFS express similar humoral immunoreactivity.
Sera from 42 CFS patients were analysed by ELISA for these antibodies, and
the results were compared with those previously observed in 100 FMS
patients. 73% of the FMS and 62% of the CFS patients had antibodies to
serotonin, and 71% or 43% to gangliosides, respectively. Antibodies to
phospholipids could be detected in 54% of the FMS and 38% of the CFS
patients. 49% of FMS and 17% of the CFS patients had all three antibodies in
parallel, 70% and 55%, respectively had at least two of these antibody
types. 21% of FMS and 29% of CFS patients were completely negative for these
antibodies. Antibodies to 5-HT were closely related with FMS/CFS while
antibodies to gangliosides and phospholipids could also be detected in other
disorders. The observation that family members of CFS and FMS patients also
had these antibodies represents an argument in favour of a genetic
predisposition. These data support the concept that FMS and CFS may belong
to the same clinical entity and may manifest themselves as 'psycho-neuro-endocrinological
autoimmune diseases'
(625) Weiss DJ,
Kreck T, Albert RK. Dyspnea resulting from fibromyalgia. Chest 1998;
113(1):246-249.
Abstract: Two patients with chronic, severe, episodic dyspnea underwent
prolonged, extensive, and invasive evaluations without a diagnosis being
made. Both were subsequently diagnosed with fibromyalgia, and therapy
directed at this condition resulted in resolution of their symptoms.
Fibromyalgia is rarely included in the differential diagnosis of dyspnea,
and timely diagnosis and treatment may be delayed. However, this condition
must be considered because it can only be established by seeking the
appropriate history and physical findings
(626) Maurizio SJ,
Rogers JL. Recognizing and treating fibromyalgia. Nurse Pract 1997;
22(12):18-26, 28, 31.
Abstract: Fibromyalgia is a chronic medical condition characterized by
widespread body pain and uncontrollable fatigue. It is often accompanied by
many other problems such as irritable bowel, headaches, sleep disorder, and
poor circulation. Diagnostic criteria including tender point locations and
various other symptoms are provided to aid in recognizing fibromyalgia.
Treatment options including the latest drug therapies and self-help
therapies should assist the health care provider in treating the
fibromyalgia patient. The clinician and the patient must work closely
together to identify the combination of treatment options and medications
that are most beneficial to each patient. Patient education is crucial since
patients who understand their medical condition will be better able to
manage their symptoms. Through further research and education, an improved
quality of life for patients with fibromyalgia and their families can be
attained
(627) Cohen ML,
Quintner JL. Altered nociception, but not fibromyalgia, after cervical spine
injury: comment on the article by Buskila et al. Arthritis Rheum 1998;
41(1):183-184.
(628) Bradley LA,
Alarcon GS, Aaron LA, Martin MY, Alberts KR, Sotolongo A. Abnormal pain
perception in patients with fibromyalgia: comment on the article by Bendtsen
et al. Arthritis Rheum 1997; 40(12):2275-2277.
(629) Walker EA,
Keegan D, Gardner G, Sullivan M, Bernstein D, Katon WJ. Psychosocial factors
in fibromyalgia compared with rheumatoid arthritis: II. Sexual, physical,
and emotional abuse and neglect. Psychosom Med 1997; 59(6):572-577.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: Two recent reports have found associations between
fibromyalgia and sexual victimization, but had methodologic characteristics
that limited their interpretation. METHOD: We compared 36 patients with
fibromyalgia and 33 patients with rheumatoid arthritis by using structured
interviews for sexual, physical, and emotional victimization histories, as
well as dimensional self-report measures of victimization severity. RESULTS:
Compared with the patients with rheumatoid arthritis, those with
fibromyalgia had significantly higher lifetime prevalence rates of all forms
of victimization, both adult and childhood, as well as combinations of adult
and childhood trauma. Although childhood maltreatment was found to be a
general risk factor for fibromyalgia, particular forms of maltreatment (eg,
sexual abuse per se) did not have specific effects. Experiences of physical
assault in adulthood, however, showed a strong and specific relationship
with unexplained pain. Trauma severity was correlated significantly with
measures of physical disability, psychiatric distress, illness adjustment,
personality, and quality of sleep in patients with fibromyalgia but not in
those with rheumatoid arthritis. CONCLUSIONS: Fibromyalgia seems to be
associated with increased risk of victimization, particularly adult physical
abuse. Sexual, physical, and emotional trauma may be important factors in
the development and maintenance of this disorder and its associated
disability in many patients
(630) Walker EA,
Keegan D, Gardner G, Sullivan M, Katon WJ, Bernstein D. Psychosocial factors
in fibromyalgia compared with rheumatoid arthritis: I. Psychiatric diagnoses
and functional disability. Psychosom Med 1997; 59(6):565-571.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: Recent studies of the relationship between fibromyalgia
and psychiatric disorders have yielded conflicting findings, and many of
these inconsistencies seem to result from methodological differences.
METHOD: We compared 36 patients with fibromyalgia and 33 patients with
rheumatoid arthritis from a tertiary care clinic using physician-
administered, structured psychiatric interviews and self-reported measures
of illness appraisal, coping, and functional disability. RESULTS: Patients
with fibromyalgia had significantly higher lifetime prevalence rates of mood
and anxiety disorders, as well as higher mean numbers of medically
unexplained physical symptoms across several organ systems. Ninety percent
of the patients with fibromyalgia had a prior psychiatric diagnosis compared
with less than half of the patients with rheumatoid arthritis. CONCLUSIONS:
Despite the absence of organic pathology, the patients with fibromyalgia had
equal or greater functional disability and were less well adapted to their
illness. Although the pathophysiology of fibromyalgia remains unclear,
co-morbid psychiatric disorders and functional disability remain an
important focus of treatment in this population
(631) Wagener P,
Hein R, Felstehausen KH. [Gynecologic operations in fibromyalgia syndrome. A
retrospective analysis of 890 patients of a rheumatologic and general
practice]. Fortschr Med 1997; 115(24):39-40.
(632) Slotkoff AT,
Radulovic DA, Clauw DJ. The relationship between fibromyalgia and the
multiple chemical sensitivity syndrome. Scand J Rheumatol 1997;
26(5):364-367.
Abstract: Fibromyalgia (FM) patients often report a high frequency of non-
musculoskeletal symptoms, including those suggestive of multiple chemical
sensitivity (MCS) syndrome. The objective of this pilot study was to
determine the prevalence of MCS in FM patients from a university- based
rheumatology practice. Self-report questionnaires were administered to
determine the presence of MCS, utilizing the criteria from a recent study of
the immunologic profile of patients with this disorder. Patients also
responded "yes" or "no" to the presence of 48 FM-related symptoms.
Thirty-three of 60 patients with FM met the criteria for MCS. Eleven of
these patients also fulfilled more restrictive criteria, requiring a "higher
degree" of chemical sensitivity. The symptoms and substances most frequently
cited were similar to those reported in other studies of MCS. FM patients
with and without MCS did not differ in other symptomatology. MCS may
represent an additional symptom complex within the spectrum of FM
(633) Ostensen M,
Rugelsjoen A, Wigers SH. The effect of reproductive events and alterations
of sex hormone levels on the symptoms of fibromyalgia. Scand J Rheumatol
1997; 26(5):355-360.
Abstract: The fibromyalgia syndrome (FS) is a chronic pain disorder
frequently affecting women of fertile age. However, the relationship of FS
and pregnancy has been given little attention. In the present retrospective
analysis, based on personal interviews, the influence on FS symptomatology
by pregnancy, abortion, menstruation, use of oral contraceptives, and breast
feeding was investigated. Twenty-six women with an established diagnosis of
FS and a total of 40 pregnancies during disease were included in the study.
With the exception of one patient, all women described worsening
fibromyalgia symptoms during pregnancy with the last trimester experienced
as the worst period. A new change of fibromyalgia symptoms within 6 months
after delivery was reported for 37 of the 40 pregnancies, to the better in
four and to the worse in 33 cases, resulting in a prolonged sick leave for
14 patients. An increase in depression and anxiety was a prominent problem
in the post partum period. FS had no adverse effect on the outcome of
pregnancy or the health of the neonate. In the majority of patients with FS,
hormonal changes connected with abortion, use of hormonal contraceptives,
and breast feeding did not modulate symptom severity. A pre-menstrual
worsening of symptoms was recorded by 72% of the patients. Comparing the 26
patients who had borne children during disease with 18 patients who had all
their children before the onset of FS revealed a negative effect of
pregnancy and the post partum period of FS and increased functional
impairment and disability in the 26 patients
(634) Buskila D,
Shnaider A, Neumann L, Zilberman D, Hilzenrat N, Sikuler E. Fibromyalgia in
hepatitis C virus infection. Another infectious disease relationship. Arch
Intern Med 1997; 157(21):2497-2500.
Abstract: BACKGROUND: Fibromyalgia syndrome (FS) is a common disorder of
diffuse pain in the muscles or joints accompanied by tenderness at specific
tender points and a constellation of related symptoms. The potential role of
infections in the pathogenesis of FS has only recently been investigated.
OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the prevalence of FS and to assess tenderness
thresholds in patients infected with hepatitis C virus (HCV). METHODS: The
study included 90 patients with HCV, 128 healthy, anti-HCV-negative
controls, and 32 patients with non-HCV- related cirrhosis. Tenderness was
measured by manual palpation (18 tender points) and with a dolorimeter.
Fibromyalgia syndrome was diagnosed according to the 1990 American College
of Rheumatology criteria. RESULTS: The diagnosis of FS was established in 14
patients (16%) with HCV, in 1 patient (3%) with non-HCV-related cirrhosis,
and in none of the healthy controls (P < .001). Thirteen of the HCV-
positive patients with FS were women. The patients with HCV had
significantly (P < .01) more tender points (mean [+/- SD] 3.6 +/- 5.3) than
the healthy controls (0.1 +/- 0.5) and the patients with non-HCV- related
cirrhosis (1.2 +/- 2.7). Specifically, the patients with cirrhosis were most
tender on both tenderness measures owing to the high proportion of women in
this group. Patients with FS were significantly more tender than those
without FS: their dolorimetry thresholds were 2.9 kg vs 6.0 kg (P < .001).
CONCLUSIONS: A high prevalence of FS was observed in patients infected with
HCV, especially women. Recognizing FS in patients with HCV will prevent
misinterpretation of FS symptoms as part of the liver disease and will
enable the physician to reassure the patient about these symptoms and to
alleviate them
(635) Machtey I.
Chlamydia pneumoniae antibodies in myalgia of unknown cause (including
fibromyalgia). Br J Rheumatol 1997; 36(10):1134.
(636) Sabal N.
Fireworks over fibromyalgia, CFS, and IBS. Postgrad Med 1997; 102(6):44.
(637) Vree R.
Fireworks over fibromyalgia, CFS, and IBS. Postgrad Med 1997; 102(6):44.
(638) Pocinki AG.
Fireworks over fibromyalgia, CFS, and IBS. Postgrad Med 1997; 102(6):43 .
(639) Chambers CR.
Fireworks over fibromyalgia, CFS, and IBS. Postgrad Med 1997; 102(6):43.
(640) Soderberg S,
Lundman B, Norberg A. Living with fibromyalgia: sense of coherence,
perception of well-being, and stress in daily life. Res Nurs Health 1997;
20(6):495-503.
Abstract: Fibromyalgia (FM) is a chronic pain syndrome that has a
considerable impact on the ill person's daily life. The purpose of this
study was to describe levels of sense of coherence (SOC), perceptions of
well-being, and stress in daily life in women with FM in comparison with
healthy women, and to determine whether SOC is related to perceived levels
of stress and well-being. Thirty women with FM were compared with 30 healthy
women matched for Type A behavior. The results revealed a complex picture of
the women with FM. On the one hand, they reported many symptoms but, on the
other, they rated themselves as feeling quite well and experiencing an SOC
in life, despite severe problems. The FM women with a stronger SOC perceived
greater well-being than those with a weaker SOC. They felt more hopeful,
more free, more valuable, and more like others. Results suggest that women
with a weaker SOC may need extra support. More research is needed to
investigate the experience of living with FM in order to discover what it is
that makes life worthwhile despite high symptom levels
(641) Slavkin HC.
Chronic disabling diseases and disorders: the challenges of fibromyalgia. J
Am Dent Assoc 1997; 128(11):1583-1589.
(642) Pillemer SR,
Bradley LA, Crofford LJ, Moldofsky H, Chrousos GP. The neuroscience and
endocrinology of fibromyalgia. Arthritis Rheum 1997; 40(11):1928-1939.
(643) Rivera J, de
Diego A, Trinchet M, Garcia MA. Fibromyalgia-associated hepatitis C virus
infection. Br J Rheumatol 1997; 36(9):981-985.
Abstract: The objective was to determine whether there might be an
association between hepatitis C virus (HCV) chronic infection and
fibromyalgia (FM). We determined the prevalence of HCV infection in 112 FM
patients, in comparison with matched rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients from
the out-patient clinic of a teaching tertiary care general hospital.
Furthermore, we looked for evidence of FM in 58 patients diagnosed with
chronic hepatitis due to HCV, compared with matched surgery clinic patients,
HCV antibodies were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)
and recombinant immunoblot assay (RIBA). Serum RNA of HCV (HCV-RNA) was
determined by polymerase chain reaction. In the group of FM patients, HCV
antibodies were found by ELISA in 17 (15.2%) patients and in six (5.3%) of
the RA controls (P < 0.05). RIBA was positive in 16 and indeterminate in one
of the FM patients. Serum HCV-RNA was found in 13 of these FM patients. In
eight (47%) FM patients, alanine aminotransferase (ALT) was normal, although
HCV-RNA was detected in four (50%) of them. In the group of patients with
chronic hepatitis due to HCV, all patients had HCV antibodies and the
presence of HCV-RNA in serum. Within these patients, 31 (53%) had diffuse
musculoskeletal pain, while six (10%) fulfilled FM diagnostic criteria. In
the control group, 13/58 (22%) had diffuse musculoskeletal pain (P < 0.001),
whereas only one female patient (1.7%) fulfilled FM criteria (P < 0.05).
Serum ALT was 51.7 +/- 38.4 in FM patients, whereas it was 122 +/- 76.3 in
patients with HCV chronic hepatitis but without FM (P < 0.001). There were
no statistical differences in autoimmune markers between patients with and
without FM. These data suggest that there exists an association between FM
and active HCV infection in some of our patients. FM is not associated with
liver damage or autoimmune markers in these patients. HCV infection should
be considered in FM patients even though ALT elevations were absent
(644) Forseth KO.
[The Norwegian fibromyalgia epidemics' growth--and possible decline].
Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen 1997; 117(20):2999-3000.
(645) Wolfe F,
Anderson J, Harkness D, Bennett RM, Caro XJ, Goldenberg DL et al. Health
status and disease severity in fibromyalgia: results of a six- center
longitudinal study. Arthritis Rheum 1997; 40(9):1571-1579.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To determine the intermediate and long-term outcomes of
fibromyalgia in patients seen in rheumatology centers in which there is
special interest in the syndrome. METHODS: We conducted a longitudinal
outcome study by mailed comprehensive Health Assessment Questionnaire
administered every 6 months to 538 patients, from 6 rheumatology centers,
whose median duration of disease at first assessment was 7.8 years. The
final assessment took place after 7 years. In addition, there was study
followup on 85 patients who had attended the Wichita center for > 10 years.
RESULTS: Although functional disability worsened slightly and health
satisfaction improved slightly, measures of pain, global severity, fatigue,
sleep disturbance, anxiety, depression, and health status were markedly
abnormal at study initiation and were essentially unchanged over the study
period. Correlations between first and last assessment values were as high
as r = 0.82. For some variables, abnormalities were 3 times greater at one
center compared with another. CONCLUSION: Patients with established
fibromyalgia, seen in rheumatology centers in which there a special interest
in the disease and followed up for as long as 7 years, have markedly
abnormal scores for pain, functional disability, fatigue, sleep disturbance,
and psychological status, and these values do not change substantially over
time. Half the patients are dissatisfied with their health, and 59% rate
their health as fair or poor. There are marked differences in disease
severity among the various centers, but < 14% of the variance in outcomes
can be explained by demographic or center factors. Values at the first
assessment are predictive of final values
(646) Wolfe F,
Anderson J, Harkness D, Bennett RM, Caro XJ, Goldenberg DL et al. A
prospective, longitudinal, multicenter study of service utilization and
costs in fibromyalgia. Arthritis Rheum 1997; 40(9):1560-1570.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To study, for the first time, service utilization and
costs in fibromyalgia, a prevalent syndrome associated with high levels of
pain, functional disability, and emotional distress. METHODS: Five hundred
thirty-eight fibromyalgia patients from 6 rheumatology centers were enrolled
in a 7-year prospective study of fibromyalgia outcome. Patients were
assessed every 6 months with validated, mailed questionnaires which included
questions regarding fibromyalgia symptoms and severity, utilization of
services, and work disability. RESULTS: Fibromyalgia patients averaged
almost 10 outpatient medical visits per year, and when nontraditional
treatments were considered, this number increased to approximately 1 visit
per month. Patients were hospitalized at a rate of 1 hospitalization every 3
years. In each 6- month study period, patients used a mean of 2.7
fibromyalgia-related drugs. Costs increased over the course of the study.
The mean yearly per-patient cost in 1996 dollars was $2,274. However,
results were skewed by high utilizers, and many patients used few services
and had limited costs. Total costs and utilization were independently
associated with the number of self-reported comorbid or associated
conditions, functional disability, and global disease severity. Compared
with patients with other rheumatic disorders, those with fibromyalgia were
more likely to have lifetime surgical interventions, including back or neck
surgery, appendectomy, carpal tunnel surgery, gynecologic surgery, abdominal
surgery, and tonsillectomy, and were more likely than other rheumatic
disease patients to report comorbid or associated conditions. Almost 50% of
hospitalizations occurring during the study were related to
fibromyalgia-associated symptoms. CONCLUSION: The average yearly cost for
service utilization among fibromyalgia patients is $2,274. Fibromyalgia
patients have high lifetime and current rates of utilization of all types of
medical services. They report more symptoms and comorbid or associated
conditions than patients with other rheumatic conditions, and symptom
reporting is linked to service utilization and, to a lesser extent,
functional disability and global disease severity
(647) Solomon DH,
Liang MH. Fibromyalgia: scourge of humankind or bane of a rheumatologist's
existence? Arthritis Rheum 1997; 40(9):1553-1555.
(648) Janzen VD,
Scudds R. Sphenopalatine blocks in the treatment of pain in fibromyalgia and
myofascial pain syndrome. Laryngoscope 1997; 107(10):1420-1422.
Abstract: Sphenopalatine blocks have been used to treat pain for more than
80 years. Anecdotal support for sphenopalatine ganglion blocks has been very
strong in those who believe in the technique, but the research results have
been inconclusive. Therefore, a double blind, placebo- controlled study was
performed on 61 patients, 42 with fibromyalgia and 19 with myofascial pain
syndrome. Pain was measured using visual analogue scales prior to treatment,
during treatment, and 28 days after the treatment. Headaches were evaluated
in frequency and location prior to and after treatment. Sphenopalatine
ganglion blocks were performed under direct vision using 4% lidocaine and
sterile water as a placebo. Analysis of the results showed no statistical
differences between the lidocaine and the placebo groups
(649) ote KA,
Moldofsky H. Sleep, daytime symptoms, and cognitive performance in patients
with fibromyalgia. J Rheumatol 1997; 24(10):2014-2023.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To assess sleep, daytime symptoms, and cognitive
performance in patients with fibromyalgia (FM). METHODS: Ten female patients
with FM (mean age 32 yrs) and a matched, noncomplaintive comparison group (n
= 9; mean age 30 yrs) spent 2 nights in the sleep laboratory. After the 2nd
night, subjects completed a computerized 20 min battery of self- assessment
and performance tests at hourly intervals from 07:00 to 20:00 h. RESULTS:
Patients with FM spent more time in stage 1 sleep; however, there were no
group differences on any other sleep measures. They reported greater
sleepiness, more fatigue, more pain, more negative mood, and lower accuracy
on performance tasks across a 14 h day. The FM group was slower in speed,
but not impaired in accuracy, on performance of complex tasks, i.e.,
grammatical reasoning, serial addition/subtraction, and a simulated
multi-task office procedure. CONCLUSION: Patients with FM have diurnal
impairment in speed of performance on complex cognitive tasks, which
accompany light stage 1 electroencephalographic (EEG) sleep and their
experience of diffuse pain and nonrestorative sleep symptoms of sleepiness,
fatigue, and negative mood
(650) Nicassio PM,
Schuman C, Kim J, Cordova A, Weisman MH. Psychosocial factors associated
with complementary treatment use in fibromyalgia. J Rheumatol 1997;
24(10):2008-2013.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To examine the frequency and predictors of reported
complementary treatment use in a sample of 111 subjects with fibromyalgia
(FM). The perspective was adopted that complementary treatment use
represents a form of medical help-seeking that may be subject to a variety
of biological, social, and psychological influences. METHODS: Patients with
FM were recruited from community and university based clinics and support
groups throughout the greater San Diego, California, area. Patients
participated in a comprehensive evaluation of their pain, psychological
functioning, and disability prior to their potential involvement in a
clinical trial designed to help them copy with their condition. They were
also administered a rheumatological evaluation to verify their FM and a 20
item questionnaire to assess their use of complementary treatment strategies
specifically for coping with FM. RESULTS: Ninety-eight percent of the sample
reported the use of at least one strategy over the preceding 6 months.
Exercise, bed rest, vitamins, heat treatment, and spirituality/praying were
the most frequently used strategies by subjects on a daily basis. Multiple
regression analysis revealed that lower age, higher pain, and higher
disability were uniquely associated with higher complementary treatment use.
The Pain Rating Index, a measure of the subjective severity of pain from the
McGill Pain Questionnaire, proved highly significant in explaining the
relationship between pain and questionnaire scores. Pain coping strategies
and quality of social support did not predict complementary treatment use.
CONCLUSION: The findings suggest that poor clinical status is a major
predictor of complementary treatment use in FM. However, longitudinal
research is recommended to clarify the relationship between clinical status
and help-seeking patterns in patients with FM over time
(651) Nicassio PM,
Radojevic V, Weisman MH, Schuman C , Kim J, Schoenfeld-Smith K et al. A
comparison of behavioral and educational interventions for fibromyalgia. J
Rheumatol 1997; 24 (10):2000-2007.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To compare a comprehensive behavioral intervention with
an education/control condition in the treatment of patients with
fibromyalgia (FM), and to explore the role of mediators of clinical
improvement in both groups. METHODS: The effects of the behavioral and
education/control interventions were evaluated across a 10 week treatment
period and at 6 month followup on measures of pain, depression, disability,
pain behaviors, and intervening variables. The behavioral intervention
focused on the development of diverse pain coping skills, while the
education/control condition presented information on a range of health
related topic without emphasizing skill acquisition. RESULTS: Although
improvement across time was found in depression, self-reported pain
behaviors, observed pain behaviors, and myalgia scores, no differences in
these criteria were found between the behavioral and education/control
conditions. Multiple regression analyses revealed that changes in
helplessness and passive coping were associated with improvement in a number
of clinical outcomes. CONCLUSION: The findings illustrate the value of
psychoeducational interventions in decreasing the psychological and
behavioral effect of FM, and the value of reducing dysfunctional coping and
helplessness in future intervention research
(652) Enestrom S,
Bengtsson A, Frodin T. Dermal IgG deposits and increase of mast cells in
patients with fibromyalgia--relevant findings or epiphenomena? Scand J
Rheumatol 1997; 26(4):308-313.
Abstract: Skin biopsies from 25 patients with fibromyalgia, 5 healthy
controls, 8 patients with rheumatoid arthritis, and 9 patients with local
chronic pain after whiplash injury, were examined for the occurrence of IgG
deposits and collagen types, using direct and indirect immunofluorescence,
and for dermal connective tissue mast cells, using semithin Epon sections.
Fibromyalgia skin biopsies had significantly higher values of IgG deposits
in the dermis and vessel walls and showed a higher reactivity for collagen
III. They also had a higher mean number of mast cells. There was a
correlation between the percentage of damaged/degranulated mast cells and
the individual IgG immunofluorescence scores. These findings support the
hypothesis of neurogenic inflammation involvement in fibromyalgia
(653) Regland B,
Andersson M, Abrahamsson L, Bagby J, Dyrehag LE, Gottfries CG. Increased
concentrations of homocysteine in the cerebrospinal fluid in patients with
fibromyalgia and chronic fatigue syndrome. Scand J Rheumatol 1997;
26(4):301-307.
Abstract: Twelve outpatients, all women, who fulfilled the criteria for both
fibromyalgia and chronic fatigue syndrome were rated on 15 items of the
Comprehensive Psychopathological Rating Scale (CPRS-15). These items were
chosen to constitute a proper neurasthenic subscale. Blood laboratory levels
were generally normal. The most obvious finding was that, in all the
patients, the homocysteine (HCY) levels were increased in the cerebrospinal
fluid (CSF). There was a significant positive correlation between CSF-HCY
levels and fatiguability, and the levels of CSF-B12 correlated significantly
with the item of fatiguability and with CPRS-15. The correlations between
vitamin B12 and clinical variables of the CPRS-scale in this study indicate
that low CSF-B12 values are of clinical importance. Vitamin B12 deficiency
causes a deficient remethylation of HCY and is therefore probably
contributing to the increased homocysteine levels found in our patient
group. We conclude that increased homocysteine levels in the central nervous
system characterize patients fulfilling the criteria for both fibromyalgia
and chronic fatigue syndrome
(654) Schaefer KM.
Health patterns of women with fibromyalgia. J Adv Nurs 1997; 26(3):565-571.
Abstract: Using diaries, eight women documented how they were living with
their fibromyalgia on a daily basis for 3 months. Aches and pains were the
most common symptoms experienced on nine to 81 of the 84 days of data
collection. Cross-correlations revealed significant patterns related to
pain, sleep and weather conditions for individual women. The narrative
portion of their diaries supports that pain is physical and mental, knowing
the self helps to control the intensity of the illness, and distraction
helps to decrease the associated discomforts. Use of diaries and active
listening (validation) are supported as interventions for these women
(655) Lautenbacher
S, Rollman GB. Possible deficiencies of pain modulation in fibromyalgia.
Clin J Pain 1997; 13(3):189-196.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To examine possible deficiencies in endogenous pain
modulating mechanisms in fibromyalgia patients compared with matched
pain-free control subjects. DESIGN/SUBJECTS/METHODOLOGY: Pain reduction was
investigated in 25 female patients with fibromyalgia and 26 age- matched
healthy women using the diffuse noxious inhibitory controls (DNIC) paradigm.
Tonic thermal stimuli at painful and nonpainful intensities, tailored to
individual heat pain thresholds, were employed to induce pain inhibition.
The anticipated effect was assessed by measuring the electrical pain
threshold and detection threshold, using a double staircase method. Only
nontender control points were stimulated (thermode on the foot, electrodes
on the inner forearm). RESULTS: The patients with fibromyalgia had
significantly lower heat pain thresholds than the healthy subjects, but
similar electrical detection and pain thresholds. The repeatedly applied
electrical stimuli resulted in a degree of perceptual adaptation that was
similar between the two groups. However, concurrent tonic thermal stimuli,
at both painful and nonpainful levels, significantly increased the
electrical pain threshold in the healthy subjects but not in the
fibromyalgia patients. The electrical detection threshold was not affected
in either group. CONCLUSIONS: Pain modulation, produced by a concurrent
tonic stimulus in healthy persons, was not seen in the fibromyalgia group.
The patients either had deficient pain modulation or were unable to tolerate
a tonic stimulus intense enough to engage a modulatory process. It remains
to be established whether the pain reduction found in the healthy subjects
was the conventional DNIC effect, another effect (e.g., distraction), or a
combination of both
(656) Winfield JB.
Fibromyalgia: what's next? Arthritis Care Res 1997; 10(4):219-221.
(657) Briggs FE.
Fibromyalgia: an important diagnosis to consider. Nurse Pract 1997;
22(8):27-28.
(658) Hadler NM.
Fibromyalgia, chronic fatigue, and other iatrogenic diagnostic algorithms.
Do some labels escalate illness in vulnerable patients? Postgrad Med 1997;
102(2):161-6, 171.
Abstract: Contemporary medicine has the sophistication to identify the
clinical settings in which the hunt for a diagnosis can be harmful to a
patient's health. Which patients are best served by a prolonged search for a
cause? Why has the disease-illness paradigm backfired for so many patients?
Dr Hadler challenges readers to look at the difficult questions linked with
diagnostic labels that might teach patients to stay sick
(659) Potter PJ.
Musculoskeletal complaints and fibromyalgia in patients attending a
respiratory sleep disorders clinic. J Rheumatol 1997; 24(8):1657-1658.
(660) Sorensen J,
Bengtsson A, Ahlner J, Henriksson KG, Ekselius L, Bengtsson M.
Fibromyalgia--are there different mechanisms in the processing of pain? A
double blind crossover comparison of analgesic drugs. J Rheumatol 1997;
24(8):1615-1621.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: Pain was analyzed in patients with fibromyalgia (FM) in
a randomized, double blind, crossover study using intravenous (i.v.)
administration of different drugs. METHODS: In 18 patients with FM muscle
pain to i.v. administration of morphine (0.3 mg/kg), lidocaine (5 mg/kg),
ketamine (0.3 mg/kg), or saline was studied. Spontaneous pain intensity,
muscle strength, static muscle endurance, pressure pain threshold, and pain
tolerance at tender points and non-tender point areas were followed. Drug
plasma concentrations and effects on physical functioning ability score
(FIQ) were recorded. A personality inventory (KSP) was used to related pain
response to personality traits. RESULTS: Thirteen patients responded to one
or several of the drugs, but not to placebo. Two patients were placebo
responders responding to all 4 infusions. Three were nonresponders
responding to no infusions. Seven of the responders had a reduction in pain
for 1-5 days. Pressure pain threshold and pain tolerance increased
significantly in responders. Plasma concentrations were similar in
responders and nonresponders. FIQ values improved significantly after the
ketamine infusion. Responders scored higher on KSP scales for somatic
anxiety, muscular tension, and psychasthenia compared with healthy controls.
CONCLUSION: FM diagnosed according to the American College of Rheumatology
criteria seems to include patients with different pain processing
mechanisms. A pharmacological pain analysis with subdivision into responders
and nonresponders might be considered before instituting therapeutic
interventions or research
(661) Romano TJ.
Possible concomitant fibromyalgia in systemic lupus erythematosus patients
with overt central nervous system disease but with cognitive deficits:
comment on the article by Kozora et al. Arthritis Rheum 1997;
40(8):1544-1545.
(662) Sprott H,
Muller A, Heine H. Collagen crosslinks in fibromyalgia. Arthritis Rheum
1997; 40(8):1450-1454.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To determine if abnormal collagen metabolism is a
characteristic of fibromyalgia. METHODS: The diagnosis of fibromyalgia was
made according to the American College of Rheumatology criteria. Skin biopsy
samples were obtained from the trapezius region of 8 patients with
fibromyalgia. Urine was collected under standardized conditions from 55
control subjects and 39 patients with fibromyalgia, and serum was obtained
from 17 controls and 22 patients with fibromyalgia. Pyridinoline (Pyd), an
indicator of connective tissue disease, and deoxypyridinoline (Dpyd), an
indicator of bone degradation, both of which represent products of lysyl
oxidase-mediated crosslinking in collagen, were analyzed by ion-paired and
gradient high- performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) methods with
fluorescence detection. Levels of hydroxyproline (Hyp), a collagen turnover
marker, were also measured. The findings were related to creatinine levels,
and the Pyd:Dpyd ratio was determined. RESULTS: Highly ordered cuffs of
collagen were observed around the terminal nerve fibers by electron
microscopic examination of biopsy tissue from all 8 patients with
fibromyalgia, but were not observed in any of the control skin samples. The
Pyd:Dpyd ratios in the urine and serum and the Hyp levels in the urine were
significantly lower in patients with fibromyalgia than in healthy controls.
CONCLUSION: Decreased levels of collagen crosslinking in fibromyalgia may
contribute to remodeling of the extracellular matrix and collagen deposition
around the nerve fibers, and may contribute to the lower pain threshold at
the tender points. Analysis of altered collagen metabolism either by
histologic examination on biopsy, or preferably, by HPLC analysis of
collagen metabolites in urine or serum may aid in understanding more about
the pathogenesis of fibromyalgia
(663) Mikkelsson M,
Sourander A, Piha J, Salminen JJ. Psychiatric symptoms in preadolescents
with musculoskeletal pain and fibromyalgia. Pediatrics 1997; 100(2 Pt
1):220-227.
Abstract: OBJECTIVES: To study the association of musculoskeletal pain with
emotional and behavioral problems, especially depressive symptoms in Finnish
preadolescents. STUDY DESIGN: A structured pain questionnaire was completed
by 1756 third- and fifth-grade schoolchildren for identifying children with
widespread pain (WSP), children with neck pain (NP), and pain-free controls
for the comparative study. There were 124 children with WSP (mean age, 10.7
years), 108 children with NP (mean age, 11.1 years), and 131 controls (mean
age, 10.7 years) who completed the Children's Depression Inventory (CDI) and
a sleep questionnaire. A blinded clinical examination was done to detect
fibromyalgia. For parental evaluation, the Child Behavior Checklist and a
sociodemographic questionnaire were used. For teacher evaluation the Teacher
Report Form was used. RESULTS: Children with WSP had significantly higher
total emotional and behavioral scores than controls, according to child and
parent evaluation. A significant difference in the mean total CDI scores was
also found between the WSP and NP groups. Children with fibromyalgia had
significantly higher CDI scores than the other children with WSP.
CONCLUSIONS: Musculoskeletal pain, especially fibromyalgia, and depressive
symptoms had high comorbidity. Pain and depressive symptoms should be
recognized to prevent a chronic pain problem
(664) Blunt KL,
Rajwani MH, Guerriero RC. The effectiveness of chiropractic management of
fibromyalgia patients: a pilot study. J Manipulative Physiol Ther 1997;
20(6):389-399.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To demonstrate the effectiveness of chiropractic
management for fibromyalgia patients using reported pain levels, cervical
and lumbar ranges of motion, strength, flexibility, tender points, myalgic
score and perceived functional ability as outcome measures. DESIGN: A.
Preliminary randomized control crossover trial. B. Before and after design.
PATIENTS: Twenty-one rheumatology patients (25-70 yr). CHIROPRACTIC
INTERVENTIONS: Treatment consisted of 4 wk of spinal manipulation, soft
tissue therapy and passive stretching at the chiropractors' discretion.
CONTROL INTERVENTION: Chiropractic management withheld for 4 wk with
continuation of prescribed medication. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Changes in
scores on the Oswestry Pain Disability Index, Neck Disability Index, Visual
Analogue Scale, straight leg raise and lumbar and cervical ranges of motion
were observed. RESULTS: Chiropractic management improved patients' cervical
and lumbar ranges of motion, straight leg raise and reported pain levels.
These changes were judged to be clinically important within the confines of
our sample only. CONCLUSIONS: Further study with a sample size of 81 (for
80% power at alpha < or = .05) is recommended to determine if these findings
are generalizable to the target population of fibromyalgia suffers
(665) Fitzcharles
MA, Esdaile JM. The overdiagnosis of fibromyalgia syndrome. Am J Med 1997;
103(1):44-50.
Abstract: PURPOSE: As fibromyalgia syndrome (FM) has gained greater
acceptance and awareness in both the medical and the lay community, the
possibility of overdiagnosis exists. Diffuse body pain in a woman is likely
to suggest this diagnosis. We report the diagnosis of FM in 11 female
patients whose primary cause for musculoskeletal symptoms was
spondyloarthritis rather than only FM. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Of a total of
321 new rheumatology referrals in a 1-year period, 35 (11%) were diagnosed
with FM. A further 11 (3%) were referred with either a previous diagnosis of
FM or a presumed diagnosis of FM in whom the musculoskeletal syndrome could
be attributed to previously unrecognized spondyloarthropathy. RESULTS: The
11 female patients had mostly experienced musculoskeletal symptoms for
prolonged periods of time ranging from 1 to 40 years. Symptoms included
prominent spinal pain involving at least 2 locations in the spine (n = 10),
night pain that disturbed sleep (n = 10), and prolonged morning stiffness (n
= 9). A previous history of enthesopathy, or history in the patient or
first- degree relative of one of the seronegative associated diseases, such
as psoriasis or ulcerative colitis, occurred in nine patients. Most patients
had already undergone extensive investigations by various specialists in
musculoskeletal medicine, but spondyloarthritis had only infrequently been
considered a diagnostic possibility. CONCLUSION: Spondyloarthropathy in
women may present subtly and have considerable overlap in symptomalogy with
FM. A diagnosis of spondyloarthropathy should be considered in women with an
ill-defined pain syndrome with prominent spinal pain and associated
enthesopathy, or history or family history of seronegative-associated
disease. It is possible that a primary diagnosis of FM is being made too
freely, without consideration of other diagnoses, in the setting of
ill-defined musculoskeletal pain
(666) Bennett RM,
Cook DM, Clark SR, Burckhardt CS, Campbell SM.
Hypothalamic-pituitary-insulin-like growth factor-I axis dysfunction in
patients with fibromyalgia. J Rheumatol 1997; 24(7):1384-1389.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To investigate the serum levels of insulin-like growth
factor-I (IGF-I) in patients with fibromyalgia (FM) compared to healthy
controls and patients with other rheumatic diseases, and to explore possible
etiologic mechanisms of low IGF-I levels in patients with FM. METHODS: Five
hundred patients with FM and 152 controls (74 healthy blood donors, 26
myofascial pain patients and 52 patients with other rheumatic diseases) were
studied. All had measurements of acid extracted serum IGF-I. A subset of 90
patients with FM were evaluated for clinical features that might explain low
IGF-I levels. Twenty-five patients with FM underwent growth hormone (GH)
provocation testing with l-dopa and clonidine. RESULTS: The mean serum IGF-I
level in patients with FM was 138 +/- 56 ng/ml and in controls 215 +/- 86 ng/ml
(p = 0.00000000001). Low levels of IGF-I were not due to depression,
tricyclic medications, nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs, poor aerobic
conditioning, obesity, or pain level. Patients with focal myofascial pain
syndromes had normal IGF-I levels (236 +/- 68), as did most patients with
other rheumatic disorders, unless they had concomitant FM. Patients with FM
with initially normal levels often had a rapid decline of IGF-I over 1 to 2
years. Most patients with FM with low IGF-I levels failed to secrete GH
after stimulation with clonidine and l-dopa. CONCLUSION: Many, but not all,
patients with FM have low levels of IGF-I that cannot be explained by
clinical associations. These results suggest that low IGF-I levels in
patients with FM are a secondary phenomenon due to hypothalamic-pituitary-GH
axis dysfunction
(667) Hadler NM.
Fibromyalgia: La Maladie est Morte. Vive le Malade! J Rheumatol 1997;
24(7):1250-1251.
(668) Wolfe F. The
fibromyalgia problem. J Rheumatol 1997; 24(7):1247-1249.
(669) Gordon DA.
Fibromyalgia--out of control? J Rheumatol 1997; 24(7):1247.
(670) Gjesdal S,
Kristiansen AM. [Norwegian fibromyalgia epidemic--its rise or possible
decline. What is the trend based on disability statistics?]. Tidsskr Nor
Laegeforen 1997; 117(17):2449-2453.
Abstract: The Norwegian National Insurance Scheme (Folketrygden) offers
universal coverage to all inhabitants between 16 and 67 years with respect
to disability pension. During the 1980s, the number of new disability-
pensioners increased rapidly. In 1991, 8.5% of the population at risk
received this pension. So called "diffuse" conditions in the musculoskeletal
system accounted for a large proportion of new cases. Myalgia/fibromyalgia
became a major reason for disability pension. In 1989 more than 7% of the
new cases had this diagnosis. The parliament (Stortinget) passed
controversial amendments to the National Insurance Acts in 1991 and 1995
which restricted the criteria for obtaining a disability pension. At present
the law demands that "a scientific concept of disease" should be applied in
these matters. The numbers of new disability-pensioners decreased
significantly during the period 1989-1993. The figures from 1994 and 1995
perhaps show a new upward trend, including also "diffuse" diagnoses like
fibromyalgia. The use of "diffuse conditions" as a cause for disability
pension is discussed in light of the official request for a scientifically
justified diagnosis
(671) Amir M, Kaplan
Z, Neumann L, Sharabani R, Shani N, Buskila D. Posttraumatic stress
disorder, tenderness and fibromyalgia. J Psychosom Res 1997; 42(6):607-613.
Abstract: The aims of the present study were to inquire into the prevalence
of fibromyalgia syndrome, to assess nonarticular tenderness, to measure
fibromyalgia syndrome-related symptoms, quality of life, and functional
impairment among posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) patients as compared
with control subjects. Furthermore, the differences between the PTSD
patients with and without fibromyalgia syndrome were studied. Twenty-nine
PTSD patients and 37 control subjects were assessed as to the diagnosis of
fibromyalgia syndrome according to the American College of Rheumatology.
Tenderness was assessed manually and with a dolorimeter. Fibromyalgia
syndrome-related symptoms, quality of life, physical functioning, PTSD
symptomatology, and psychiatric features were assessed by valid and reliable
self-report inventories. Results showed that the prevalence of fibromyalgia
syndrome in the PTSD group was 21% vs. 0% in the control group. Furthermore,
the PTSD group was more tender than the control group. PTSD subjects
suffering from fibromyalgia syndrome were more tender, reported more pain,
lower quality of life, higher functional impairment and suffered more
psychological distress than the PTSD patients not having fibromyalgia
syndrome. It is suggested that previous reports on diffuse pain in PTSD in
fact described undiagnosed fibromyalgia syndrome. The link between
psychological stress and pain syndromes is emphasized
(672) Neumann L,
Buskila D. Quality of life and physical functioning of relatives of
fibromyalgia patients. Semin Arthritis Rheum 1997; 26(6):834-839.
Abstract: OBJECTIVES: The quality of life (QOL) and health status of
fibromyalgia syndrome (FS) patients is impaired, and may adversely affect
their close relatives. The aim of this study was to assess the QOL and
physical functioning of relatives of FS patients. METHODS: A total of 118
relatives (parents, husbands, siblings, and offspring) of 30 FS female
patients were evaluated using a QOL scale and the Fibromyalgia Impact
Questionnaire (FIQ) and were compared with 124 healthy controls. These
measures of functioning and QOL were further studied in relatives with and
without FS. RESULTS: Although the QOL of the relatives was better than that
of the FS index women, they were significantly less satisfied than the
controls with functioning-related aspects, namely work (job or home),
independence, and health (P < .05). Relatives with FS (n = 29) and female
relatives (n = 40) reported lower QOL than relatives without FS (n = 89) and
male relatives (n = 78), respectively. Similarly, physical functioning of
relatives, though better than in FS index cases, was significantly worse
than in healthy controls. Furthermore, the health status of female relatives
and relatives with FS was significantly worse than that of male relatives
and relatives without FS, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The quality of life and
physical functioning of relatives of FS patients were found to be impaired,
especially in female relatives and those with undiagnosed FS. This finding
may be attributed to the psychological distress in families of FS patients
and to the high prevalence (25%) of undiagnosed FS among the relatives
(673) Buskila D,
Neumann L, Sibirski D, Shvartzman P. Awareness of diagnostic and clinical
features of fibromyalgia among family physicians. Fam Pract 1997;
14(3):238-241.
Abstract: OBJECTIVES: The aim was to assess the awareness and knowledge of
family physicians about diagnostic and clinical features of fibromyalgia
syndrome (FS), and to evaluate the contribution of rheumatology education to
the improvement of this knowledge. METHODS: A detailed questionnaire on FS
was completed by 172 family physicians. A composite score, based on five
items, was constructed to quantitatively assess knowledge of FS (maximum
score of 5). A comparison was made between physicians exposed to extensive
education on FS (in Beer Sheva medical centre) and physicians without such
exposure (in other centres). RESULTS: Ninety-six per cent of the physicians
claimed to be familiar with FS. They recognized most of the FS-related
symptoms, but had limited knowledge of the diagnostic criteria, treatment
modalities and prognosis. Only 55% knew that FS is associated with
widespread pain and 25% were familiar with the point count criterion.
Physicians trained in Beer Sheva scored significantly higher than those
trained elsewhere: 3.0 +/- 1.2 versus 2.4 +/- 1.2, respectively (P = 0.006),
and their knowledge of FS treatment was significantly better. CONCLUSION:
Family physicians in Israel are quite unfamiliar with the diagnostic
criteria of FS, though educational exposure improves their awareness and
knowledge
(674) Norregaard J,
Bulow PM, Lykkegaard JJ, Mehlsen J, Danneskiold-Samsooe B. Muscle strength,
working capacity and effort in patients with fibromyalgia. Scand J Rehabil
Med 1997; 29(2):97-102.
Abstract: The objective of the study was to evaluate the physical capacity
and effort in patients with fibromyalgia. Muscle strength and the
coefficient of variation of the strength measurements of 181 female
fibromyalgia patients and 126 healthy females were compared. These
measurements and ergometer exercise capacity, work status and psychometric
scoring (SCL-90-R) were correlated. The fibromyalgia patients exhibited
significant reduction in voluntary muscle strength of the knee and elbow,
flexors and extensors in the order of 20-30%. However, the coefficient of
variation was higher among patients, thus indicating lower effort. The
physical performance during an ergometer test corresponded to a maximal
oxygen consumption of 21 ml/kg-1 x min- 1. The maximal increase in heart
rate was only 63% (44-90%) of the predicted increase. Degree of effort or
physical capacity did not correlate to psychometric scores. Work status was
related to psychometric scoring, but not to physical capacity or effort. In
conclusion, we found a low degree of effort but near normal physical
capacity in the fibromyalgia patients
(675) Wolfe F,
Anderson J, Harkness D, Bennett RM, Caro XJ, Goldenberg DL et al. Work and
disability status of persons with fibromyalgia. J Rheumatol 1997;
24(6):1171-1178.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence and determinants of self-
reported work disability in persons with fibromyalgia (FM). METHODS: A
longitudinal, multicenter survey of 1604 patients with FM from 6 centers
with diverse socioeconomic characteristics was begun in 1988. Assessments
were by self-report questionnaire and telephone contact, and included work
and disability events that occurred before and after 1988. Comparative
analyses were performed on the entire data set and, separately, on the
Wichita data set. RESULTS: More than 16% of patients reported receiving US
Social Security disability (SSD) payments (highest center rate 35.7%; lowest
center rate 6.3%) compared to 2.2% of the US population (US Social Security
Administration data) and 28.9% of patients with rheumatoid arthritis seen at
the Wichita outpatient rheumatology clinic. Overall, 26.5% reported
receiving at least one form of disability payment when SSD and other sources
of disability payments were considered. In Wichita, less than 25% of SSD
awards were made specifically for FM, but after 1988 that figure increased
to 46.4%. Work disability was greatest at the San Antonio and Los Angeles
centers. Multivariate predictors (correlates) included pain, Health
Assessment Questionnaire disability, and unmarried status. In addition, more
than 70% of patients reporting being disabled did receive disability
payments. On the other hand, 64% reported being able to work all or most
days, and more than 70% were employed or were homemakers. CONCLUSION:
Although most patients (64%) report being able to work, we found high rates
of self-reported work disability awards among persons with FM followed in 6
rheumatology centers. But we also found great variability among centers as
to awards and as to self-reported work ability. Center differences in work
disability might reflect clinic referral patterns, physician beliefs, or
socioeconomic status
(676) Long DM, Jr.
Myofascial pain and fibromyalgia syndrome. Neurology 1997; 48(6):1740-1741.
(677) Romano TJ.
Myofascial pain and fibromyalgia syndrome. Neurology 1997; 48(6):1739-1740.
(678) Galer BS.
Myofascial pain and fibromyalgia syndrome. Neurology 1997; 48(6):1739-2.
(679) Nye DA.
Myofascial pain and fibromyalgia syndrome. Neurology 1997; 48(6):1739-2.
(680) Gantz NM,
Fukuda K. Myofascial pain and fibromyalgia syndrome. Neurology 1997;
48(6):1738-1739.
(681) Bernstein WJ.
Myofascial pain and fibromyalgia syndromes. Neurology 1997; 48(6):1738-2.
(682) Kovarsky J.
Which physicians are qualified to evaluate disability in fibromyalgia?
Comment on the article by Bennett. Arthritis Rheum 1997; 40(6):1184-1185.
(683) Shaver JL,
Lentz M, Landis CA, Heitkemper MM, Buchwald DS, Woods NF. Sleep,
psychological distress, and stress arousal in women with fibromyalgia. Res
Nurs Health 1997; 20(3):247-257.
Abstract: The purpose of this investigation was to compare self-reported
sleep quality and psychological distress, as well as somnographic sleep and
physiological stress arousal, in women recruited from the community with
self-reported medically diagnosed fibromyalgia (FM) to women without somatic
symptoms. Eleven midlife women with FM, when compared to 11 asymptomatic
women, reported poorer sleep quality and higher SCL- 90 psychological
distress scores. Women with FM also had more early night transitional sleep
(stage 1) (p < 0.01), more sleep stage changes (p < 0.03) and a higher sleep
fragmentation index (p < 0.03), but did not differ in alpha-EEG-NREM
activity (a marker believed to accompany FM). No physiological stress
arousal differences were evident. Less stable sleep in the early night
supports a postulate that nighttime hormone (e.g., growth hormone)
disturbance is an etiologic factor but, contrary to several literature
assertions, alpha-EEG-NREM activity sleep does not appear to be a specific
marker of FM. Further study of mechanisms is needed to guide treatment
options
(684) Sarnoch H,
Adler F, Scholz OB. Relevance of muscular sensitivity, muscular activity,
and cognitive variables for pain reduction associated with EMG biofeedback
in fibromyalgia. Percept Mot Skills 1997; 84(3 Pt 1):1043-1050.
Abstract: 18 patients suffering from primary fibromyalgia received nine
training sessions using EMG biofeedback over a period of four weeks. Pre-
and posttreatment measurement of the baseline EMG activity of the trapezius,
muscular sensitivity, and cognitive variables (helplessness and belief of
control) were taken. Analysis indicated a significant reduction occurred in
general intensity of pain and in EMG activity as well as a significant
increase in muscular sensitivity. Multiple regression analyses indicated
that the increase in muscular sensitivity correlated with the decrease of
EMG activity in the trapezius baseline. Self-reported pain reduction was
predicted by a change in cognitive variables
(685) Smart PA,
Waylonis GW, Hackshaw KV. Immunologic profile of patients with fibromyalgia.
Am J Phys Med Rehabil 1997; 76(3):231-234.
Abstract: Fibromyalgia is a musculoskeletal disorder characterized by
generalized myalgias, arthralgias widespread tender points in discreet areas
on examination. It is frequently accompanied by fatigue, stiffness, and a
nonrestorative sleep pattern. These patients generally have a normal blood
count and chemistry profile. There is a subset of people with fibromyalgia
(FM) who test positive for the antinuclear antibody (ANA) and have
constitutional symptoms that resemble those of patients with early lupus. We
studied the immunologic profile of patients with FM who are ANA-positive
(+). A retrospective review of patient records in a university-based
rheumatology practice was conducted. In a group of 66 FM patients, 30% (20)
were ANA+, with a 75% preponderance of the speckled pattern and 20% diffuse
pattern. The remaining 5% were equally split between diffuse-speckled and
speckled-nucleolar patterns. All had negative staining for extractable
nuclear antibodies. The Smart Index (SI), a ratio of the sedimentation rate
to one-half the patient's age, was developed to characterize each patient's
inflammatory response. The FM patients who were ANA negative (-) had a mean
SI of 0.55, whereas the FM patient's who were ANA+ had a SI of 1.07. These
ANA+ patients represent a subgroup of patients who have FM with an
inflammatory response profile larger than that of the ANA-patients
(686) Skeith KJ,
Hussain MS, Coutts RT, Ramos-Remus C , Avina-Zubieta JA, Russell AS. Adverse
drug reactions and debrisoquine/sparteine (P450IID6) polymorphism in
patients with fibromyalgia. Clin Rheumatol 1997; 16(3):291-295.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To assess the frequency of adverse drug reaction in
patients with fibromyalgia in relation to medications prescribed for this
condition. To evaluate the potential role of the P450IID6 phenotype in the
pathogenesis of these adverse drug reactions. METHODS: Thirty-five patients
with fibromyalgia were assessed using a structured questionnaire with
demographic and clinical data and perceived adverse drug reactions. A sample
of 60 patients with rheumatoid arthritis and 62 patients with localized back
pain served as controls. The P450IID6 phenotype was determined for each of
the fibromyalgia patients. RESULTS: Overall, 141 patients had used NSAID and
79 (56%) of them reported adverse effects. Antidepressant drugs were used by
68 patients and 35 (51%) patients had adverse effects. Muscle relaxant drugs
were used by 48 patients and 15 (31%) of them reported side effects.
Analgesics were used by 122 patients and 22 (18%) had experienced adverse
effects. Statistical differences in the frequency of adverse effects were
found with antidepressant drugs in the fibromyalgia group, compared with
rheumatoid arthritis (p=0.01) and back pain (p=0.02). Four of the 35
patients (11.4%) had a metabolic ratio (M.R.) greater than 0.30 (log M.R.=
-0.52) indicative of the poor metabolizers (PM) phenotype. M.R. varied from
0.005 (log M.R. = -2.30) to 4.99 (log M.R. = 0.70). CONCLUSIONS: The problem
of adverse drug reactions in fibromyalgia patients does not appear to
correlate with the PM phenotype of the P450IID6 oxidative enzyme. It also is
unlikely that altered xenobiotic detoxification attributable to this PM
phenotype would have a significant role in the development of fibromyalgia
(687) Bou-Holaigah
I, Calkins H, Flynn JA, Tunin C, Chang HC, Kan JS et al. Provocation of
hypotension and pain during upright tilt table testing in adults with
fibromyalgia. Clin Exp Rheumatol 1997; 15(3):239-246.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: Fibromyalgia is a common but poorly understood problem
characterized by widespread pain and chronic fatigue. Because chronic
fatigue has been associated with neurally mediated hypotension, we examined
the prevalence of abnormal responses to upright tilt table testing in 20
patients with fibromyalgia and 20 healthy controls. METHODS: Each subject
completed a symptom questionnaire and underwent a three stage upright tilt
table test (stage 1:45 minutes at 70 degrees tilt; stage 2, 15 minutes at 70
degrees tilt with isoproterenol 1-2 micrograms/min; stage 3, 10 minutes at
70 degrees tilt with isoproterenol 3-4 micrograms/min). An abnormal response
to upright tilt was defined by syncope or presyncope in association with a
drop in systolic blood pressure of at least 25 mm Hg and no associated
increase in heart rate. RESULTS: During stage 1 of upright tilt, 12 of 20
fibromyalgia patients (60%), but no controls had an abnormal drop in blood
pressure (P < 0.001). Among those with fibromyalgia, all 18 who tolerated
upright tilt for more than 10 minutes reported worsening or provocation of
their typical widespread fibromyalgia pain during stage 1. In contrast,
controls were asymptomatic (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: These results identify a
strong association between fibromyalgia and neurally mediated hypotension.
Further studies will be needed to determine whether the autonomic response
to upright stress plays a primary role in the pathophysiology of pain and
other symptoms in fibromyalgia
(688) Rothschild BM.
Zolpidem efficacy in fibromyalgia. J Rheumatol 1997; 24(5):1012-1013.
(689) Buskila D,
Neumann L. Fibromyalgia syndrome (FM) and nonarticular tenderness in
relatives of patients with FM. J Rheumatol 1997; 24(5):941-944.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of fibromyalgia (FM) and to
assess nonarticular tenderness in relatives of patients with FM. METHODS:
Thirty female patients with FM randomly chosen from 117 of their close
relatives (parents, brothers, sisters, children, husbands) were assessed for
nonarticular tenderness. A count of 18 tender points was conducted by thumb
palpation, and tenderness thresholds were assessed by dolorimetry at 9
tender sites. FM was diagnosed according to the 1990 American College of
Rheumatology criteria. RESULTS: The prevalence of FM among blood relatives
of patients with FM was 26%, and among their husbands 19%. FM prevalence in
male relatives was 14%, and in female relatives 41%. The mean tender point
counts of male and female young relatives was significantly higher than that
of controls: 6.1 vs 0.2 (p < 0.01), and 4.4 vs 0.4 (p < 0.01) respectively.
Similarly, adult relatives had considerably higher mean tender point counts
than controls: 4.0 vs 0.04 (p < 0.01) and 10.3 vs 0.28 (p < 0.01)
respectively, for males and females. CONCLUSION: Relatives of patients with
FM have a higher prevalence of FM and are more tender than the general
population, as recently reported and shown in a healthy control group. This
finding can be attributed to genetic and environmental factors
(690) Fitzcharles
MA, Esdaile JM. Nonphysician practitioner treatments and fibromyalgia
syndrome. J Rheumatol 1997; 24(5):937-940.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: Patients with fibromyalgia syndrome (FM) are high
consumers of alternative medical interventions and frequently consult
nonphysician practitioners. Although individuals may express satisfaction
with alternative treatment methods, their effect upon symptoms and outcome
of FM is not known. We compare symptom reporting and functional status in
patients with FM being treated or not being treated by nonphysician
practitioners. METHODS: 82 patients with FM enrolled in a cross sectional
study were divided into current users (n = 33) and nonusers (n = 49) of
nonphysician practitioner treatment over the preceding 6 months. Included
were treatments by physiotherapists and psychologists, as well as all
categories of alternative practitioners. The measurements studied were a
patient global assessment of disease severity on a 100 mm visual analog
scale (VAS), a physician global assessment on a 100 mm VAS, the Health
Assessment Questionnaire (HAQ), and the Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire
(FIQ). RESULTS: There were no differences for the FIQ, HAQ, or patient or
physician global severity scores for users and nonusers of nonphysician
practitioner treatments. The total number of health care professional visits
in the preceding 6 months was higher for users than nonusers (27.0 vs 9.3; p
< 0.001), although physician visits did not differ (9.0 vs 9.3). CONCLUSION:
Patients with FM who had been treated by nonphysician practitioners during
the preceding 6 months reported similar pain and functional impairment to
those not receiving treatments
(691) Ellis TM,
Hardt NS, Atkinson MA. Antipolymer antibodies, silicone breast implants, and
fibromyalgia. Lancet 1997; 349(9059):1173.
(692) Angell M.
Antipolymer antibodies, silicone breast implants, and fibromyalgia. Lancet
1997; 349(9059):1171-1172.
(693) Korn JH.
Antipolymer antibodies, silicone breast implants, and fibromyalgia. Lancet
1997; 349(9059):1171.
(694) Everson MP,
Blackburn WD, Jr. Antipolymer antibodies, silicone breast implants, and
fibromyalgia. Lancet 1997; 349(9059):1171-1173.
(695) Lamm SH.
Antipolymer antibodies, silicone breast implants, and fibromyalgia. Lancet
1997; 349(9059):1170-1171.
(696) Edlavitch SA.
Antipolymer antibodies, silicone breast implants, and fibromyalgia. Lancet
1997; 349(9059):1170.
(697) Wolfe F. The
relation between tender points and fibromyalgia symptom variables: evidence
that fibromyalgia is not a discrete disorder in the clinic. Ann Rheum Dis
1997; 56(4):268-271.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To investigate the relation between measures of pain
threshold and symptoms of distress to determine if fibromyalgia is a
discrete construct/ disorder in the clinic. METHODS: 627 patients seen at an
outpatient rheumatology centre from 1993 to 1996 underwent tender point and
dolorimetry examinations. All completed the assessment scales for fatigue,
sleep disturbance, anxiety, depression, global severity, pain, functional
disability, and a composite measure of distress constructed from scores of
sleep disturbance, fatigue, anxiety, depression, and global severity-the
rheumatology distress index (RDI). RESULTS: In regression analyses, the RDI
was linearly related to the count of tender points (r2 = 0.30). Lesser
associations were found between the RDI and dolorimetry measurements (r2 =
0.08). The RDI was more strongly correlated with the two measures of pain
threshold than any of the individual fibromyalgia symptom variables. In
partial correlation analyses, all of the information relating to symptom
variables was contained in the tender point count, and dolorimetry was not
independently related to symptoms. CONCLUSION: Tender points are linearly
related to fibromyalgia variables and distress, and there is no discrete
enhancement or perturbation of fibromyalgia or distress variables associated
with very high levels of tender points. Although fibromyalgia is a
recognisable clinical entity, there seems to be no rationale for treating
fibromyalgia as a discrete disorder, and it would seem appropriate to
consider the entire range of tenderness and distress in clinic patients as
well as in research studies. The tender point count functions as a
'sedimentation rate' for distress, and is a better measure than the
dolorimetry score
(698) Reid GJ, Lang
BA, McGrath PJ. Primary juvenile fibromyalgia: psychological adjustment,
family functioning, coping, and functional disability. Arthritis Rheum 1997;
40(4):752-760.
Abstract: OBJECTIVES: 1) To determine the importance of psychological
adjustment and family functioning in primary juvenile fibromyalgia by
assessing these factors in children with fibromyalgia and in their parents,
compared with children with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA) and with
pain-free control children and their parents. 2) To examine which of these
factors predict functional disability. METHODS: Fifteen children in each of
the 3 study groups, and their parents, completed self-report questionnaires
and pain diaries. A medical evaluation of each child was performed,
including assessment of tender points by palpation and by dolorimetry.
RESULTS: All children in the fibromyalgia group met the Yunus and Masi
criteria for fibromyalgia, and 11 met the American College of Rheumatology
criteria. There were almost no significant group differences in the
children's or parents' psychological adjustment, ratings of family
functioning, or coping strategies. Significant group differences in
functional disability, pain, fatigue, tender point threshold, and control
point tolerance were found. A number of the psychological adjustment, pain,
fatigue, and coping variables were significantly associated with functional
disability. CONCLUSION: The notion that fibromyalgia is a psychogenic
condition is not supported by these results. Fibromyalgia is associated with
disability of a magnitude comparable to that of other chronic pain
conditions. Disability among children with fibromyalgia or JRA is a function
of the children's psychological adjustment and physical state, and of the
parents' physical state and method of coping with pain
(699) Martinez-Lavin
M, Hermosillo AG, Mendoza C, Ortiz R, Cajigas JC, Pineda C et al.
Orthostatic sympathetic derangement in subjects with fibromyalgia. J
Rheumatol 1997; 24(4):714-718.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To assess the sympathetic-parasympathetic balance in
individuals with fibromyalgia (FM), and its response to orthostatic stress,
by power spectral analysis of heart rate variability. METHODS: We studied 19
women with FM and 19 age matched controls. A high resolution
electrocardiogram was obtained in supine and standing postures after
achieving a stable heart rate. Spectral analysis of R-R intervals was done
by the fast Fourier transform algorithm. RESULTS: Analyses of the different
frequency components revealed significant difference between the 2 groups in
the low frequency (0.050-0.150 Hz) band, which reflects modulation of the
sympathetic nervous system. Controls displayed an increased power spectral
density upon standing (+0.081 +/- 0.217 Hz); individuals with FM had a
discordant response (- 0.057 +/- 0.097 Hz) (p = 0.018). CONCLUSION: In FM,
there is a deranged sympathetic response to orthostatic stress. This
abnormality may have implications regarding the pathogenesis of FM
(700) Alvarez LB,
Viejo Banuelos JL. [Sleep respiratory disorders in fibromyalgia syndrome].
Arch Bronconeumol 1997; 33(3):143-147.
(701) Goldenberg DL.
Fibromyalgia, chronic fatigue syndrome, and myofascial pain syndrome. Curr
Opin Rheumatol 1997; 9(2):135-143.
Abstract: The diagnosis of fibromyalgia continues to generate heated debate.
The presence of multiple lifetime psychiatric diagnoses was not
intrinsically related to fibromyalgia but rather to the decision of patients
to seek specialty medical care. Better outcome measures in fibromyalgia were
tested. Neurally mediated hypotension may be associated with chronic fatigue
syndrome (CFS). Treatment of patients with fibromyalgia and CFS continues to
be of limited success, although the role of multidisciplinary group
intervention appears promising. Two position papers focused on the adverse
aspects of the medicolegal issues in fibromyalgia and CFS
(702) Landro NI,
Stiles TC, Sletvold H. Memory functioning in patients with primary
fibromyalgia and major depression and healthy controls. J Psychosom Res
1997; 42(3):297-306.
Abstract: Memory functioning was assessed in 25 primary fibromyalgia (FM)
patients by comparing them with 22 major depressed patients and 18 healthy
controls. A broad range of short- and long-term memory tasks were included.
Both major depressed and FM patients were significantly impaired on
long-term memory tasks requiring effortful processing, compared to healthy
controls. When the depressive status of the fibromyalgia patients was
accounted for, only the subsample with a lifetime major depressive disorder
showed memory impairment as compared with the healthy controls
(703) Kosek E,
Hansson P. Modulatory influence on somatosensory perception from vibration
and heterotopic noxious conditioning stimulation (HNCS) in fibromyalgia
patients and healthy subjects. Pain 1997; 70(1):41-51.
Abstract: In order to assess the function of endogenous mechanisms
modulating somatosensory input in fibromyalgia (FM), the effect of vibratory
stimulation (VS) and heterotopic noxious conditioning stimulation (HNCS) on
perception of various somatosensory modalities was assessed. Ten female FM
patients and 10 healthy, age-matched, females participated. VS (100 Hz) was
applied to the left forearm for 45 min and quantitative sensory testing (QST)
was performed within the vibrated area and in the right thigh before, during
and 45 min following vibration. Pressure pain thresholds (PPTs) were
assessed by pressure algometry. Perception thresholds to non-painful cold
(CT) and warmth (WT), heat pain thresholds (HPTs), cold pain thresholds (CPTs)
and stimulus-response curves of pain intensity as a function of graded
nociceptive heat stimulation were assessed using a Peltier element based
thermal stimulator. The effects of HNCS were tested using the upper
extremity submaximal effort tourniquet test. Subjects rated tourniquet
induced pain intensity on a visual analogue scale (VAS). QST was performed
in the right thigh before, during and 60 min following the tourniquet. FM
patients did not differ from controls in the response to VS. There was a
local increase of PPTs during vibration (P < 0.001) and of WTs following
vibration (P < 0.001). HPTs increased in the forearm and in the thigh (P <
0.009) during vibration. CTs and sensitivity to suprathreshold heat pain
were not influenced by VS. The intensity of pain induced by the tourniquet
did not differ between groups. PPTs increased during the tourniquet in
controls (P < 0.001) but not in FM patients (difference between groups P <
0.001). Decreased sensitivity to non-painful cold (P < 0.001) and
non-painful warmth (P < 0.001) was seen during and following (P < 0.001; P <
0.05, respectively) the tourniquet in both groups alike. HPTs and perception
of suprathreshold heat pain remained unaffected in both groups. In
conclusion, FM patients did not differ from healthy controls in their
response to vibration, but no modulation of pressure pain was induced by
HNCS, as opposed to controls, suggesting a dysfunction in systems subserving
'diffuse noxious inhibitory controls' (DNIC)
(704) Celiker R,
Borman P, Oktem F, Gokce-Kutsal Y, Basgoze O. Psychological disturbance in
fibromyalgia: relation to pain severity. Clin Rheumatol 1997;
16(2):179-184.
Abstract: Fibromyalgia is a form of nonarticular rheumatism characterized by
musculoskeletal aching and tenderness on palpation. The role of
psychological factors in fibromyalgia has been controversial. The aim of
this study was to evaluate the relationship of fibromyalgia to the intensity
of anxiety and depression and to determine the correlation between
psychological disturbances with disease duration and pain severity.
Thirty-nine patients with fibromyalgia and 36 healthy controls were included
in this study. Beck depression inventory, State and trait anxiety inventory
and Beck hopelessness scale were used to evaluate psychological
disturbances. Visual analog scale was used to determine pain intensity. We
found a significant difference in the psychological status between patients
with fibromyalgia and control subjects as measured by Beck depression
inventory and trait anxiety inventory; 35.9% of the patients scored higher
than the cut-off score on the Beck depression rating scale. Pain severity
was found to be correlated with trait anxiety inventory scores. These
results suggest that somatic expression of depression is an important
difference between fibromyalgia and control groups. The difference between
state and trait anxiety inventory reflects that current anxiety is not
secondary to pain but trait anxiety is possibly causally related to pain
(705) Aaron LA,
Bradley LA, Alarcon GS, Triana-Alexander M, Alexander RW, Martin MY et al.
Perceived physical and emotional trauma as precipitating events in
fibromyalgia. Associations with health care seeking and disability status
but not pain severity. Arthritis Rheum 1997; 40(3):453-460.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: We examined relationships between perceived physical
and emotional trauma that occur prior to, or that initiate, pain onset and
health care seeking for fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS). We also assessed
associations between perceived trauma and levels of health care usage,
symptom severity, functional disability, and receipt of disability
compensation among patients with FMS. METHODS: We evaluated these variables
using interviews and standardized instruments in a consecutive series of FMS
patients and community residents who met the American College of
Rheumatology criteria for FMS but had not sought medical care ("nonpatients").
RESULTS: Emotional trauma was associated with status as an FMS patient
independently of demographics, physical trauma, and sexual/physical abuse (P
= 0.007). Among patients, emotional trauma was related to a high number of
physician visits (P = 0.013), functional disability ratings (P = 0.012), and
fatigue (P = 0.029), but physical trauma was associated with receipt of
disability compensation (P = 0.019). Trauma history was not related to pain
severity or pain thresholds. CONCLUSION: Perception of physical trauma is a
greater determinant of disability compensation for FMS than is perceived
emotional trauma, symptom severity, or functional disability. Effort should
be devoted to understanding the social and legal factors underlying this
observation, as well as to reducing high health care usage among FMS
patients with emotional trauma
(706) Buskila D,
Neumann L, Vaisberg G, Alkalay D, Wolfe F. Increased rates of fibromyalgia
following cervical spine injury. A controlled study of 161 cases of
traumatic injury. Arthritis Rheum 1997; 40(3):446-452.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To study the relationship between cervical spine injury
and the development of fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS). METHODS: One hundred two
patients with neck injury and 59 patients with leg fractures (control group)
were assessed for nonarticular tenderness and the presence of FMS. A count
of 18 tender points was conducted by thumb palpation; and tenderness
thresholds were assessed by dolorimetry at 9 tender sites. All patients were
interviewed about the presence and severity of neck and FMS-related
symptoms. FMS was diagnosed using the American College of Rheumatology 1990
criteria. Additional questions assessed measures of physical functioning and
quality of life (QOL). RESULTS: Although no patient had a chronic pain
syndrome prior to the trauma, FMS was diagnosed following injury in 21.6% of
those with neck injury versus 1.7% of the control patients with lower
extremity fractures (P = 0.001). Almost all symptoms were more common and
severe in the group with neck injury. FMS was noted at a mean of 3.2 months
(SD 1.1) after the trauma. Neck injury patients with FMS (n = 22) had more
tenderness, had more severe and prevalent FMS-related symptoms, and reported
lower QOL and more impaired physical functioning than did those without FMS
(n = 80). In spite of the injury or the presence of FMS, all patients were
employed at the time of examination. Twenty percent of patients with neck
injury and 24% of patients with leg fractures filed an insurance claim.
Claims were not associated with the presence of FMS, increased FMS symptoms,
pain, or impaired functioning. CONCLUSION: FMS was 13 times more frequent
following neck injury than following lower extremity injury. All patients
continued to be employed, and insurance claims were not increased in
patients with FMS
(707) Roizenblatt S,
Tufik S, Goldenberg J, Pinto LR, Hilario MO, Feldman D. Juvenile
fibromyalgia: clinical and polysomnographic aspects. J Rheumatol 1997;
24(3):579-585.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To identify the child-mother diagnostic correlation in
fibromyalgia (FM), to study sleep disturbance in juvenile FM, and to compare
clinical aspects and sleep disorders between these groups. METHODS: We
studied 34 children with confirmed FM aged 11 +/- 1 years, 10 children with
diffuse pain, and 17 age and sex matched asymptomatic controls. The
respective 61 mothers were included: 34 asymptomatic and 27 with FM. All
participants were subjected to clinical evaluation, a sleep questionnaire,
and nocturnal polysomnography, preceded by a night of adaptation. Sleep
scoring was done visually and a computerized analysis was performed for
alpha, theta, and delta waves in slow wave sleep (SWS). RESULTS: A
significant predominance of mothers with FM was observed in the group of
children with FM (71%) compared to children with diffuse pain (30%) and
asymptomatic children (0%). According to the sleep questionnaire, the
complaints of superficial sleep and nonrestorative sleep were more prominent
in mothers with FM than in children with FM, whereas motor agitation during
sleep was more frequent in the children with FM. Polysomnographic anomalies
were also more prominent in mothers with FM than in children with FM in
terms of decrease in sleep efficiency, increase of number of arousals during
sleep, and alpha intrusion in SWS. Both FM groups presented an increased
alpha + theta time/delta time index during SWS compared to respective
controls, and mothers with FM also showed an increase in alpha time/delta
time index during SWS, compared to asymptomatic mothers. A correlation was
found between alpha + theta time/delta time index during SWS and intensity
of clinical manifestations of pain and sleep anomalies in children and their
mothers. CONCLUSION: Significant concordance was observed regarding FM
diagnosis in children and their mothers. Sleep complaints and
polysomnography findings were less prominent in affected children compared
to mothers with FM. In addition, we observed a significant correlation
between polysomnographic indexes, sleep anomalies, and pain manifestations
in children and their mothers
(708) Wolfe F,
Russell IJ, Vipraio G, Ross K, Anderson J. Serotonin levels, pain threshold,
and fibromyalgia symptoms in the general population. J Rheumatol 1997;
24(3):555-559.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To investigate the association of serum serotonin with
fibromyalgia (FM), and to study the relationship of serotonin to clinical
variables associated with FM. METHODS: Serum samples (n = 292) were obtained
on subjects without pain, with regional pain, and with widespread pain
during a population survey. The tender point examination was made according
to American College of Rheumatology examination criteria by an examiner
blind to the subjects' complaints. Serotonin was determined by high
performance liquid chromatography coupled to an electrochemical detector.
RESULTS: No associations between clinical variables and serotonin levels
were found in the group as a whole. Subjects with FM had lower serotonin
levels unadjusted (p = 0.019) and adjusted for age and sex (p = 0.059) than
those without FM. Within the FM group, associations between serotonin and
tender point count (r = 0.563) and depression (r = 0.549) were noted, but
the direction of association was opposite to previous reports and
expectations. CONCLUSION: Serum serotonin levels are significantly lower in
persons with FM compared to those without FM, but the range of values is
wide. Difficult to explain correlations with reversed directions are noted
for tender point count, dolorimetry, depression, and anxiety among those
with FM. Serotonin is not correlated with any clinical variables in the
general population, and separate pain groups cannot be distinguished
(709) Quintner JL,
Cohen ML. Fibromyalgia syndrome. Med J Aust 1997; 166(3):168.
(710) Perlis ML,
Giles DE, Bootzin RR, Dikman ZV, Fleming GM, Drummond SP et al. Alpha sleep
and information processing, perception of sleep, pain, and arousability in
fibromyalgia. Int J Neurosci 1997; 89(3-4):265-280.
Abstract: This study examined the relationship between alpha sleep and
information processing during sleep, perception of sleep, musculoskeletal
pain, and arousability in patients with fibromyalgia. Patients (n = 20) were
allowed to sleep undisturbed for the first 60 minutes of the study to assess
amount of alpha sleep and were classified as high or low alpha generators
based on quantitative analyses of alpha activity during this period. The
groups were compared for performance on two memory tasks, perceptions of
polysomnographically-defined sleep and EEG arousals in response to auditory
stimuli. Correlations between symptoms of fibromyalgia and alpha activity
were also examined. Alpha activity during sleep in fibromyalgic patients was
associated with the perception of shallow sleep and an increased tendency to
arouse in relation to auditory stimuli. Alpha activity was not associated
with increased memory for auditory stimuli presented during sleep, sleep
state misperception, or with myalgia symptoms. Alpha sleep appears to be,
electrophysiologically, a shallow form of sleep. Our results suggest that it
is perceived as such phenomenologically and that it is also associated with
increased arousability
(711) Lowe JC,
Cullum ME, Graf LH, Jr., Yellin J. Mutations in the c-erbA beta 1 gene: do
they underlie euthyroid fibromyalgia? Med Hypotheses 1997; 48(2):125-135.
Abstract: Fibromyalgia, a chronic condition of widespread pain, stiffness,
and fatigue, has proven unresponsive to drugs, the use of which is based on
the 'serotonin-deficiency hypothesis'. An alternative hypothesis-failed
transcription regulation by thyroid hormone-can explain the serotonin
deficiency and other objective findings and symptoms of euthyroid
fibromyalgia. Virtually every feature of fibromyalgia corresponds to signs
or symptoms associated with failed transcription regulation by thyroid
hormone. In hypothyroid fibromyalgia, failed transcription regulation would
result from thyroid-hormone deficiency. In euthyroid fibromyalgia, failed
transcription regulation may result from low- affinity thyroid hormone
receptors coded by a mutated c-erbA beta 1 gene, yielding partial peripheral
resistance to thyroid hormone. The hypothesis of this paper is that, in
euthyroid fibromyalgia, a mutant c- erbA beta 1 gene (or alternately, the c-erbA
alpha 1 gene) results in low-affinity thyroid-hormone receptors that prevent
normal thyroid hormone regulation of transcription. As in hypothyroidism,
this would cause a shift toward alpha-adrenergic dominance and increases in
both cyclic adenosine 3'-5'-phosphate phosphodiesterase and inhibitory Gi
proteins. The result would be tissue-specific hypothyroid-like symptoms
despite normal circulating thyroid-hormone levels
(712) Wallace DJ.
The fibromyalgia syndrome. Ann Med 1997; 29(1):9-21.
Abstract: The term fibromyalgia describes a complex syndrome characterized
by pain amplification, musculoskeletal discomfort, and systemic symptoms.
Although its existence has been controversial, nearly all rheumatologists
now accept fibromyalgia as a distinct diagnostic entity. In fact, in the
United States it is the third or fourth most common reason for rheumatology
referral. Exciting new insights into the aetiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis
and treatment of fibromyalgia will be reviewed
(713) Johnson SP.
Fluoxetine and amitriptyline in the treatment of fibromyalgia. J Fam Pract
1997; 44(2):128-130.
(714) Okifuji A,
Turk DC, Sinclair JD, Starz TW, Marcus DA. A standardized manual tender
point survey. I. Development and determination of a threshold point for the
identification of positive tender points in fibromyalgia syndrome. J
Rheumatol 1997; 24(2):377-383.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To (a) develop a standardized tender point examination
protocol [Manual Tender Point Survey (MTPS)] as a diagnostic procedure to
evaluate the tender point (TP) criterion for fibromyalgia syndrome (FM) and
(b) determine a threshold point for positive TP. METHODS: A standardized
MTPS consisted of standardized components including (a) location of the
survey sites, (b) patient and examiner positioning, (c) order of
examination, (d) pressure application technique, and (e) pain severity
rating scores [0 (no pain) - 10 (worst pain)]. Seventy patients with FM and
70 with chronic headache were examined using the MTPS protocol. RESULTS: A
pain severity score of 2 (i.e., 0-1 = negative) was found to be an optimal
threshold point for identifying positive TP, with sensitivity of 88.57% and
specificity of 71.43%. These results are comparable to the sensitivity and
specificity of the 1990 multicenter study. CONCLUSION: The MTPS provides a
step-by-step, standardized TP examination protocol, which is sensitive and
specific in discriminating patients with FM from patients with chronic
headache
(715) Bennett R. The
concurrence of lupus and fibromyalgia: implications for diagnosis and
management. Lupus 1997; 6(6):494-499.
(716) Kelly MC.
Fibromyalgia syndrome. Ir Med J 1997; 90(1):14, 16.
(717) Volkmann H,
Norregaard J, Jacobsen S, Danneskiold-Samsoe B, Knoke G, Nehrdich D.
Double-blind, placebo-controlled cross-over study of intravenous S-
adenosyl-L-methionine in patients with fibromyalgia. Scand J Rheumatol 1997;
26(3):206-211.
Abstract: The objective of this study was to test the efficacy of
intravenously administered S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAMe) in patients with
fibromyalgia (FM). Thirty-four out-patients with fibromyalgia symptoms
received SAMe 600 mg i.v. or placebo daily for 10 days in a cross-over
trial. There was no significant difference in improvement in the primary
outcome: tender point change between the two treatment groups. There was a
tendency towards statistical significance in favour of SAMe on subjective
perception of pain at rest (p = 0.08), pain on movement (p = 0.11), and
overall well-being (p = 0.17) and slight improvement only on fatigue,
quality of sleep, morning stiffness, and on the Fibromyalgia Impact
Questionnaire for pain. No effect could be observed on isokinetic muscle
strength, Zerrsen self-assessment questionnaire, and the face scale. No
effect of SAMe in patients with FM was found in this short term study
(718) Clauw DJ,
Schmidt M, Radulovic D, Singer A, Katz P, Bresette J. The relationship
between fibromyalgia and interstitial cystitis. J Psychiatr Res 1997; 31(1
):125-131.
Abstract: Interstitial cystitis (IC) is a relatively uncommon and enigmatic
disorder characterized by pain in the bladder and pelvic region, typically
accompanied by urinary urgency and frequency. Fibromyalgia is a more common
disorder, with the prominent symptoms being diffuse musculoskeletal pain and
fatigue, and it has been well established that there is substantial clinical
overlap between fibromyalgia and chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS). Although
genitourinary and musculoskeletal symptoms predominate in IC and
fibromyalgia respectively, both disorders share a number of features,
including similar demographics, "allied conditions" (e.g. irritable bowel
syndrome, headaches, etc.), natural history, aggravating factors, and
efficacious therapy. We hypothesized that there was substantial clinical
overlap between fibromyalgia and IC, and examined cohorts of individuals
with these two disorders in parallel, to compare the spectrum of
symptomatology. Sixty fibromyalgia patients, 30 IC patients, and 30
age-matched healthy controls were questioned regarding current
symptomatology. A dolorimeter examination was also performed in the three
groups to assess peripheral nociception. We found that the frequency of
current symptoms was very similar for the fibromyalgia and IC groups. Both
the fibromyalgia and IC patients displayed increased pain sensitivity when
compared to healthy individuals, at both tender and control points. These
data suggest that IC and fibromyalgia have significant overlap in
symptomatology, and that IC patients display diffusely increased peripheral
nociception, as is seen in fibromyalgia. Although central mechanisms have
been suspected to contribute to the pathogenesis of fibromyalgia for some
time, we speculate that these same types of mechanisms may be operative in
IC, which has traditionally been felt to be a bladder disorder
(719) Shelkovnikov
IA, Krivoruchko BI. [Pathogenesis of fibromyalgia]. Patol Fiziol Eksp Ter
1997;(1):41-42.
(720) Tuncer T,
Butun B, Arman M, Akyokus A, Doseyen A. Primary fibromyalgia and allergy.
Clin Rheumatol 1997; 16(1):9-12.
Abstract: Primary fibromyalgia (PF) has attracted much interest since the
80's. There are many controversies as to whether it is a true disease or not
and many studies are carried on. In this study 32 patients which were
accepted as PF were examined for some frequent symptoms and allergy and
compared with controls. Migraine, irritable bowel syndrome, sleep
disturbance and morning stiffness were investigated and found to be 40.6%,
12.5%, 71.9%, 68.8% respectively. Sleep disturbance and morning stiffness
showed a positive correlation. Allergy background of PF patients was found
frequently when compared with an age and sex matched control group. Though
serum IgE levels were found elevated in PF group, they were not
statistically significant. Allergic skin tests which could not be performed
in the control group, were positive in 10 of 15 PF patients
(721) Fassbender K,
Samborsky W, Kellner M, Muller W, Lautenbacher S. Tender points, depressive
and functional symptoms: comparison between fibromyalgia and major
depression. Clin Rheumatol 1997; 16(1):76-79.
Abstract: The degree of symptomatic overlap between fibromyalgia and major
depression should be estimated by assessing the amount of local tenderness
and the frequency and severity of depressive and functional symptoms. Tender
points were assessed by palpation and symptoms by psychometric scales in 30
patients with fibromyalgia and 26 patients with major depression. The
patients with fibromyalgia had markedly more tender points (16.5) than the
depressive patients (1.3). In contrast, depressive and functional symptoms
were present in both groups of patients, and some depressive patients (26%)
also suffered from clinical pain. An increased sensitivity to pressure pain
clearly distinguishes fibromyalgia from depression even if there is an
overlap of other symptoms
(722) Tishler M,
Barak Y, Paran D, Yaron M. Sleep disturbances, fibromyalgia and primary
Sjogren's syndrome. Clin Exp Rheumatol 1997; 15(1):71-74.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To investigate the association and prevalence of sleep
disturbances and fibromyalgia (FM) in a group of patients with primary
Sjogren's syndrome (pSS). METHODS: Sixty-five patients with pSS were
investigated. A 10-point Mini Sleep Questionnaire (MSQ) was completed
focusing on sleep complaints. The same questionnaire was also used in three
control groups: Group A-67 patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Group B-53
patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and sicca symptoms; Group C-31
patients with osteoarthritis. All patients with pSS were also studied fro
the presence of FM. RESULTS: Moderate or severe sleep disturbances were
reported by 49 out of 65 pSS patients (75%). This frequency was
significantly higher than that reported by patients in the three control
groups (p < 0.001). FM was present in 36 out of 65 pSS patients (55%) and
was associated with sleep disturbances. FM or sleep disturbances were not
associated with any clinical or laboratory parameters. CONCLUSION: Our
results suggest that sleep abnormalities and FM in pSS patients are frequent
and their etiology might involve other mechanisms besides joint pain or
sicca symptomatology
(723) Mannerkorpi K,
Ekdahl C. Assessment of functional limitation and disability in patients
with fibromyalgia. Scand J Rheumatol 1997; 26(1):4-13.
Abstract: Fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS) is characterized by diffuse widespread
musculoskeletal pain. The aims of this literature study were to review
measures and instruments used to assess functional limitations and
disability in patients with FMS. A 10-year search was done on Medline, CATS,
and CINAHL. Of the 73 articles found, only standardized instruments and
tests permitting quantification were included. Reviews, trials of medication
therapy, epidemiological studies, and measures of the psychological and
impairment level were excluded. The articles were divided into
cross-sectional and longitudinal studies. No studies evaluating the
reliability, validity or sensitivity of the functional tests applied to the
FMS were found. Of the disability instruments reviewed, only the Arthritis
Impact Measurement Scales and Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire were
evaluated for reliability and validity for the FMS population. The Arthritis
Self-Efficacy Scales and Quality of Life Scale proved their sensitivity,
detecting change in a controlled longitudinal study
(724) Strobel ES,
Krapf M, Suckfull M, Bruckle W, Fleckenstein W, Muller W. Tissue oxygen
measurement and 31P magnetic resonance spectroscopy in patients with muscle
tension and fibromyalgia. Rheumatol Int 1997; 16(5):175-180.
Abstract: Muscle tissue oxygen tension was measured by a polarographic
oxygen fine-needle probe, and inorganic phosphate and creatine phosphate
spectra were recorded using magnetic resonance spectroscopy in patients with
chronic low back pain and in patients with fibromyalgia. Results were
compared with healthy controls. The tissue oxygen tension was markedly
higher in those with tense muscles than in normal subjects. Magnetic
resonance spectra for inorganic phosphate were higher in patients
demonstrating muscle contraction, and intracellular pH was shifted in the
alkaline direction in cases with increased muscle tension. Results show that
hypoxia is not the result of increased muscle tension, as was thought
previously, but results from oversupply of oxygen demanded by the muscle,
leading to increased capillary perfusion and rising oxygen tension
(725) Bendtsen L,
Norregaard J, Jensen R, Olesen J. Evidence of qualitatively altered
nociception in patients with fibromyalgia. Arthritis Rheum 1997;
40(1):98-102.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To investigate the perception of pain in tender muscles
of patients with fibromyalgia. METHODS: Twenty-five women with fibromyalgia
and 25 healthy women were examined. Seven different pressure intensities
were used to palpate a highly tender muscle and a largely normal muscle.
Subjects then recorded their response to induced pain on a visual analog
scale. The examiner was blinded to each subject's response. RESULTS: The
stimulus-response function for pressure versus pain recorded for normal
muscle was well described by a power function. For highly tender muscle, the
stimulus-response function was displaced toward lower pressures and, more
importantly, it was linear, i.e., qualitatively different from that of
normal muscle. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrates that nociception is
qualitatively altered in patients with fibromyalgia, which is consistent
with recent findings in other patients with tender muscles. The data
strongly indicate that fibromyalgic pain, at least in part, is due to
aberrant central pain mechanisms
(726) Pellegrino MJ,
Waylonis GW. Fibromyalgia and disability. J Rheumatol 1997; 24(1):229-230.
(727) Duro JC.
Fibromyalgia and disability. J Rheumatol 1997; 24(1):229-1.
(728) Smith MD.
Fibromyalgia and disability. J Rheumatol 1997; 24(1):229-1.
(729)
Krsnich-Shriwise S. Fibromyalgia syndrome: an overview. Phys Ther 1997;
77(1):68-75.
(730) Eisinger J,
Zakarian H, Pouly E, Plantamura A, Ayavou T. Protein peroxidation, magnesium
deficiency and fibromyalgia. Magnes Res 1996; 9(4):313-316.
Abstract: Lipid and protein peroxidations were investigated in female
patients with magnesium deficit (MD), fibromyalgia (FM) and age matched
controls: malondialdehyde and protein carbonyls (PC), as well as serum,
leucocyte and erythrocyte magnesium (EMg) were assessed in 20 controls, 25
FM and 16 MD patients. MDA are unchanged in MD and FM. PC are significantly
increased (P < 0.01) in FM. EMg is significantly decreased in MD. There is a
slight, but not significant, negative correlation between PC and EMg, in
controls and MD. Protein peroxidations are demonstrated in FM. Further
studies are needed in MD
(731) Rosenhall U,
Johansson G, Orndahl G. Otoneurologic and audiologic findings in
fibromyalgia. Scand J Rehabil Med 1996; 28(4):225-232.
Abstract: Patients with fibromyalgia were studied with otoneurological and
audiological tests. Altogether 168 patients (141 women) participated.
Vertigo/dizziness was reported by 72% of the patients. Sensorineural hearing
loss was found in 15% of the cases. Auditory brainstem responses (ABR) and
oculomotor tests were applied, and statistical comparisons between patients
and controls were performed. Significant differences were found for the
absolute latency of wave V and for the I- V and III-V interpeak latencies,
indicating brainstem dysfunction. Abnormal ABR recordings were found in 30%
of the cases. In the oculomotor study the mean velocity gain for the smooth
pursuits and the mean saccadic latency were significantly different between
patients and controls. Abnormal saccades were seen in 28% and pathological
smooth pursuit eye movements in 58% of the patients. Electronystagmography
was pathological in 45% of the cases. The findings indicate that CNS
dysfunction frequently occurs in patients with fibromyalgia, although
proprioceptive disturbances might also explain some of the abnormalities
observed
(732) Turk DC,
Okifuji A, Starz TW, Sinclair JD. Effects of type of symptom onset on
psychological distress and disability in fibromyalgia syndrome patients.
Pain 1996; 68(2-3):423-430.
Abstract: The purpose of the study was to investigate the differences
between two types of onset (post-traumatic versus idiopathic) in pain,
disability, and psychological distress in patients with fibromyalgia
syndrome (FS). Forty-six FS patients with post-traumatic onset and 46 FM
patients with idiopathic onset, who were matched in age and pain duration,
were included in the study. All participants completed self-report
inventories assessing their adaptation to the pain conditions, and during
the medical examination, an examining physician completed an inventory
(Medical Examination and Diagnostic Information Coding System; MEDICS) to
indicate the degree of physical abnormality. The analysis revealed that the
degrees of physical abnormality of the patients were comparable in the two
groups. However, controlling for the involvement with financial compensation
issues (e.g. disability, litigation), the post-traumatic FS patients
reported significantly higher degrees of pain, disability, life
interference, and affective distress as well as lower level of activity than
did the idiopathic FS patients. Furthermore, evaluation of the treatment
history in these patients revealed that a significantly larger number of the
posttraumatic FS patients were receiving opioid medications and had been
treated with nerve block, physical therapy, and TENS. The results suggest
that (1) post-traumatic onset is associated with high level of difficulties
in adaptation to chronic FS symptoms and (2) FS patients are a heterogeneous
group of patients
(733) Kosek E,
Ekholm J, Hansson P. Sensory dysfunction in fibromyalgia patients with
implications for pathogenic mechanisms. Pain 1996; 68(2-3 ):375-383.
Abstract: This study, addressing etiologic and pathogenic aspects of
fibromyalgia (FM), aimed at examining whether sensory abnormalities in FM
patients are generalized or confined to areas with spontaneous pain. Ten
female FM patients and 10 healthy, age-matched females participated. The
patients were asked to rate the intensity of ongoing pain using a visual
analogue scale (VAS) at the site of maximal pain, the homologous
contralateral site and two homologous sites with no or minimal pain.
Quantitative sensory testing was performed for assessment of perception
thresholds in these four sites. Von Frey filaments were used to test
low-threshold mechanoreceptive function. Pressure pain sensitivity was
assessed with a pressure algometer and thermal sensitivity with a Thermotest.
In addition the stimulus-response curve of pain intensity as a function of
graded nociceptive heat stimulation was studied at the site of maximal pain
and at the homologous contralateral site. FM patients had increased
sensitivity to non-painful warmth (P < 0.01) over painful sites and a
tendency to increased sensitivity to non- painful cold (P < 0.06) at all
sites compared to controls, but there was no difference between groups
regarding tactile perception thresholds. Compared to controls, patients
demonstrated increased sensitivity to pressure pain (P < 0.001), cold pain
(P < 0.001) and heat pain (P < 0.02) over all tested sites. The
stimulus-response curve was parallely shifted to the left of the curve
obtained from controls (P < 0.003). Intragroup comparisons showed that
patients had increased sensitivity to pressure pain (P < 0.01) and light
touch (P < 0.05) in the site of maximal pain compared to the homologous
contralateral site. These findings could be explained in terms of
sensitization of primary afferent pathways or as a dysfunction of endogenous
systems modulating afferent activity. However, the generalized increase in
sensitivity found in FM patients was unrelated to spontaneous pain and thus
most likely due to a central nervous system (CNS) dysfunction. The
additional hyperphenomena related to spontaneous pain are probably dependent
on disinhibition/facilitation of nociceptive afferent input from normal (or
ischemic) muscles
(734) Affleck G,
Urrows S, Tennen H, Higgins P, Abeles M. Sequential daily relations of
sleep, pain intensity, and attention to pain among women with fibromyalgia.
Pain 1996; 68(2-3 ):363-368.
Abstract: Fifty women with fibromyalgia syndrome (FS) recorded their sleep
quality, pain intensity, and attention to pain for 30 days, using palm- top
computers programmed as electronic interviewers. They described their
previous night's sleep quality within one-half hour of awakening each day,
and at randomly selected times in the morning, afternoon, and evening rated
their present pain in 14 regions and attention to pain during the last 30
min. We analyzed the 30-day aggregates cross- sectionally at the
across-persons level and the pooled data set of 1500 person-days at the
within-persons level after adjusting for between- persons variation and
autocorrelation. Poorer sleepers tended to report significantly more pain. A
night of poorer sleep was followed by a significantly more painful day, and
a more painful day was followed by a night of poorer sleep. Pain attention
and sleep were unrelated at the across-persons level of analysis. But there
was a significant bi- directional within-person association between pain
attention and sleep quality that was not explained by changes in pain
intensity
(735) Sardini S,
Ghirardini M, Betelemme L, Arpino C, Fatti F, Zanini F. [Epidemiological
study of a primary fibromyalgia in pediatric age]. Minerva Pediatr 1996;
48(12):543-550.
Abstract: BACKGROUND: The aim of the present epidemiological research was to
select paediatric subjects who were suspicious of Primary Fibromyalgia (PF)
and estimate its incidence in the students of the schools of Castiglione
delle Stiviere (Mantova). METHODS: The students had to answer Campbell's
questionnaire which was varied and simplified in order to make it
comprehensive to everybody even if the key answers were unchanged. The
questionnaire was distributed in primary schools (3dr up to 5th class),
secondary schools and high schools and its compilation was carried out with
a doctor's help. The authors collected and examined 2408 forms. After this
evaluation 66 subjects, corresponding to 2.74%, had been considered
suspected of PF and had been called to our Paediatric Department to continue
the study. In the second phase of the research these 66 students have been
submitted to a deep anamnesis, a careful clinical evaluation, a test of
tender-points with a digital pressure algometer and some laboratory tests to
exclude other rheumatic diseases. The map of the American College of
Rheumatology adapted by Wolfe et al. (1990) was used to evaluate tender-
points. RESULTS: After this phase 29 students (1.20%) proved to be affected
by primary fibromyalgia
(736) Buskila D,
Neumann L, Hazanov I, Carmi R. Familial aggregation in the fibromyalgia
syndrome. Semin Arthritis Rheum 1996; 26( 3):605-611.
Abstract: The authors studied the familial occurrence of fibromyalgia (FMS)
to determine a possible role of genetic and familial factors in this
syndrome. Fifty-eight offspring aged 5 to 46 years (35 males and 23 females)
from 20 complete nuclear families ascertained through affected mothers with
FMS were clinically evaluated for FMS according to the ACR 1990 diagnostic
criteria. FMS symptoms, quality of life, physical functioning, and
dolorimetry thresholds were assessed in all subjects. Sixteen offspring
(28%) were found to have FMS. The M/F ratio among the affected was 0.8
compared with 1.5 in the whole study group. Offspring with and without FMS
did not differ on anxiety, depression, global well- being, quality of life,
and physical functioning. A high prevalence of FMS was observed among
offspring of FMS mothers. Because psychological and familial factors were
not different in children with and without FMS, the high familial occurrence
of this syndrome may be attributable to genetic factors
(737) Buskila D.
Fibromyalgia in children--lessons from assessing nonarticular tenderness. J
Rheumatol 1996; 23(12):2017-2019.
(738) Ruderman EM,
Golden HE. Psychiatric diagnoses in patients with fibromyalgia: comment on
the article by Aaron et al. Arthritis Rheum 1996; 39(12):2086-2087.
(739) Martin MY,
Bradley LA, Alexander RW, Alarcon GS , Triana-Alexander M, Aaron LA et al.
Coping strategies predict disability in patients with primary fibromyalgia.
Pain 1996; 68(1):45-53.
Abstract: We adminis |
